扬子克拉通北西缘碧口群的解体与地层划分

碧口群组成十分复杂,论述了对其解体的必要性;解体出了包括鱼洞子花岗绿岩地体周缘的稳定陆缘沉积建造,扬子地台北西缘古元古代间裂谷型火山－沉积建造,中元古代洋壳残生及深海沉积物和新元古代的火山弧前盆地堆积,新元古代的残留地中海式堆积以造山后的山间盆地堆积等众多不同性质的构造地层单元;并对其形成过程作了初步讨论。     

造山带断片型地层层序恢复实例剖析

南皮河组和怕拍组分布于昌宁一孟连带西缘的耿马、沧源、澜沧地区,前人将其分别划归晚二叠世和早三叠世。新的研究表明,它们不是连续地层,而是由多个地层断片组成。通过逐个地层断片研究,恢复了该区被动陆缘的地层序列。在此基础上,重新进行地层划分,厘定了弄巴组、南皮河组和怕拍组。进而探讨了该被动陆缘的演化历史。     

扬子板块东北缘的随县－应山地区早古生代沉积盆地演化

位于扬子板块和大别变质地体之间的随－应地区，早古生代是一被动大陆边缘扩张盆地。根据沉积盆地基底、地层层序、沉积体系和火山岩亲缘关系，随一应地体的发展史可追溯到晚元古代，并划分为４个阶段：（１）晚元古代至早震旦世地壳上拱和拉伸阶段；（２）晚震旦世至早寒武世被动大陆边缘阶段；（３）中寒武世至奥陶纪海底扩张阶段；（４）志留纪至泥盆纪盆地充填回返阶段。本区沉积盆地发育模式是由大陆边缘裂谷盆地转化为前陆盆地模式。     

滇西南昌宁-孟连带南皮河群地层、沉积特征及其构造古地理意义

南皮河群位于滇西南昌宁－孟连带西区，其地层序列已受到后期构造作用改造，总体呈无序状态，但其内部的各岩片地层仍保持相对连续的地层层序、据此，我们将南皮河群划分为下、中、上段，对其中各段的沉积特征和构造背景作了详细研究。甫皮河群下段为一套浊流、滑塌浊流、碎屑流和等深流沉积类型；中、上段为深水洋盆边缘沉积类型、其沉积构造背景为被动大陆边缘呈拉张状态的深水陆坡－洋盆边缘环境，物源区为西侧的保山－耿马地块。     

Sequence Stratigraphy and Tectonic Enyironment of the Chartai Group,Inner Mongolia

Abstract The Middle Proterozoic Chartai Group separated by two unconformities consists of three depositional sequences: the Shujigou Formation-Zenglongchang Formation (DS I ), the Agulugou Formation (DS II ), and the Liuhongwan Formation (DSIU). The carbonate platform and back-platform basin are the basic environment model of the Chartai Group. The syndepositional faults on the oceanward side of the carbonate platform and large- scale slumping in the soft sediments are important marks of facies tracts. The newly established Zenglongchan uplifting, an epeirogenetic uplifting, plays an important role in the formation of the palaeogeographic framework of the Chartai Group. The stratigraphic correlation between the Chartai Group and the Bayan Obo Group is made for the first time by using sequence stratigraphic principie and model established by P.R. Vail. The Chartai Group, which was deposited on the northern passive continental margin of the North China platfom, represents the platform cover.     

若尔盖-松潘前陆盆地的沉积与构造特点

若尔盖-松潘盆地中、上三叠统沉积剖面研究表明以陆相沉积为主,只在东北部青山峪有浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积。盆地北部出现河流、浅湖相沉积,中部以浅湖相沉积为主,局部出现深湖相沉积,南部主要为深湖相沉积。中、上三叠统地层的变形构造以冲褶席(duplex)构造为特点,表现出从北向南应变强度减弱。深部构造反映了盆地位于扬子板块大陆壳基底之上,叠覆在扬子板块北缘的前陆褶皱冲断带上。大地构造位置、沉积相与构造特点,共同说明若尔盖-松潘盆地是三叠纪碰撞造山作用时期扬子板块北部北缘的前陆盆地。     

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系——晚古生代发育于扬子板块被动陆缘上的弧前盆地充填物

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系是一套巨厚的浊流沉积,以向南或南东倾的单斜构造产出。由下而上,该沉积层序包括深水盆地、深水浊积扇和斜坡水道3个相序。相应地,沉积物粒度变粗,厚度变大,火山质组分含量增加,凝灰层大量发育,表明横丹浊积岩系为活动型浊积岩;其古水流方向为NNW—NNE向,物源区为南侧的碧口火山岩系。另外,横丹浊积岩系内还见石英岩、重结晶大理岩成分的砾石,说明其物源还包括被动陆缘环境的沉积物。相序、组构、沉积特征和物源区综合分析表明,横丹浊积岩系为弧前盆地充填物。构筑这一弧前盆地的动力学机制是洋壳板块向南俯冲于扬子板块被动陆缘之下,时代可能晚于中晚泥盆世。     

青海南部治多-杂多地区石炭纪-三叠纪砂岩地球化学特征与构造背景探讨

选取青海南部治多-杂多地区石炭纪-三叠纪的砂岩、粉砂岩样品,进行主量元素地球化学分析,利用分析结果判别物源区大地构造背景,探讨北羌塘盆地的性质及演化。研究结果表明:北羌塘中段的治多-杂多地区物源区大地构造背景早石炭世为被动大陆边缘;早中二叠世为被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧;晚三叠世为被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧。结合地层学、沉积学和岩石学,治多-杂多地区的沉积盆地经历了早石炭世被动陆缘克拉通盆地-早中二叠世裂陷盆地和早中三叠世被动边缘克拉通盆地-晚三叠世弧后前陆盆地的两个演化旋回,体现了金沙江缝合带和甘孜-理塘缝合带成生发展在研究区内的沉积响应。     

中朝地块与扬子地块碰撞的时限与方式—长江中下游地区震旦纪一侏罗纪沉积环

古陆碰撞继之为海洋盆地关闭、山脉隆起和前陆盆地巨厚碎屑岩系的堆积。造山带的前陆地区，前身是被动陆,构造上位于较低的部位，其地质记录可以保存得相对完整。长江中下游地区，是大别造山带的前陆构造带。通过对那里沉积物形成环境，特别是物源区的分析研究，识别出震旦系至下三叠统被动陆缘沉积岩系和中三叠统至中侏罗统前陆盆地沉积岩系，据此推测大别造山带碰撞造山作用发生在中三叠世。早三叠世被动陆缘岩系和前陆盆地堆积物的空间分布，揭示出中朝与扬子两个地板之间的碰撞方式，在长江中下游地区从东到西基本是同时的。     

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the External Liguride units (Northern Apennines,Italy): insights in the pre-collisional history of a fossil ocean-continent transition zone

In the Northern Apennines, the External Liguride (EL) units are interpreted as derived from the domain that joined the Ligure–Piemontese oceanic basin to the Adriatic plate continental margin. The EL units can be divided into two different groups according to the lithostratigraphic features of the basal complexes underlying the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary carbonate flysch (e.g. Helminthoid flysch). The first group includes the western successions characterized by Santonian–Campanian sedimentary melanges where slide blocks of lherzolitic mantle, gabbros, basalts, granulites, continental granitoids are represented. The second group is represented by the eastern successions where the Cenomanian–Campanian basal complexes mainly consist of sandstones and conglomerates where the mafic and ultramafic rocks are scarce or completely lacking. Their original substrate is represented by the Middle Triassic to Lower Cretaceous, mainly platform carbonate deposits, found as slices at the base of the eastern successions.The stratigraphic features shown by the basal complexes allow the reconstruction of their source area that is assumed to be also representative for the pre-Upper Cretaceous setting. The proposed reconstruction suggests the occurrence in the EL domain of two distinct domains. The eastern domain was characterized by a thinned and faulted continental crust belonging to the Adriatic continental margin. The western domain was instead floored by subcontinental mantle associated with lower and upper continental crust, representing the ocean–continent transition. This setting is interpreted as the result of the opening of the Ligure–Piemontese oceanic basin by passive rifting, mainly developed by simple shear, asymmetric extension of the continental crust.     

Mesozoic sandstones and the reconstruction of tectonic depositional environments in the Bureya sedimentary basin in the Far East

The early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous tectonic environments were reconstructed for the first time on the basis of the study of sandstones from the Soloni-Urgal interfluve (Bureya sedimentary basin, Far East). The mineralogical-petrographic and lithochemical studies revealed that the sandstones are mostly quartz-feldspathic and feldspathic graywackes of acid composition with less common litites, graywacke arkoses, and arkoses. It was shown that the Lower-Middle Jurassic sediments were formed in active continental margin and continental volcanic arc settings, while the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sediments were accumulated in a passive continental margin setting. Orogenic events in the Toarcian-Aalenian, Late Bajocian, and Late Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian led to sedimentation gaps.     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代沉积岩源区构造背景及物源分析

鄂尔多斯盆地周缘物源均来自上地壳,以长英质岩石为主,主要为太古宇、元古宇的各类变火山-沉积岩组成的古老变质岩系,同时具有一定量的花岗岩和碱性玄武岩的混合,但物源成分及南北源区构造背景有所差异。在常量元素及稀土元素组成上,盆地南北物源区的沉积岩在地区及层位之间存在差异,且该变化符合大洋岛弧→大陆岛弧→活动大陆边缘→被动大陆边缘常量元素、稀土元素以及负Eu异常的变化趋势。常量元素变化分析表明盆地北部物源主要来自板块俯冲碰撞地带,与被动大陆边缘环境和活动大陆边缘环境相关,少数为与活动大陆边缘相关的岛弧构造环境有关,到晚古生代中晚期才逐渐与被动大陆边缘环境和活动大陆边缘环境相关。稀土元素对比分析表明,盆地北部物源与太古宙、元古宙的花岗片麻岩、闪长片麻岩、二长花岗岩、变余岩屑砂岩及千枚岩具有亲源性;而盆地南部早—中二叠世长期受被动大陆边缘物源影响,具有高SiO2,低Na2O的特征,这与太古宙—元古宙的太华群、秦岭群、宽坪群等岩系的高SiO2含量,K2O/Na2O>1的特征一致,到晚古生代后期,逐渐与活动大陆边缘物源相关。北秦岭晚古生代山间盆地具有快速混杂堆积的沉积特点,属于盆地外缘,并与鄂尔多斯盆地呈连续过渡的状况,物源上具有继承关系;盆地晚古生代沉积岩中Gd含量及(Gd/Yb)N比值具有随时间迁移的特征,分析表明北部物源区在太原期处于构造快速活动期,而南部物源从山西期才开始进入快速活动期,这与区域构造演化背景一致,即北部物源区抬升要早于南部。     

Comparative evolution of the Senegal and eastern central Atlantic Basins, from mineralogical and geochemical investigations

ABSTRACT
Cretaceous to Palaeogene sedimentary series in two long, continously recovered boreholes from the Senegal coastal basin and adjacent Cape Verde deep-sea basin have been compared by mineralogical, geochemical, electron-microscope and microprobe investigations. The transition between the diagenetic influences related to the depth of burial and the palaeoenvironmental influences, identified in the thick coastal-basin successions, is complicated by the tectonic instability of the margin during periods of high subsidence rates and crustal thinning. As the deep-sea basin sediments are only slightly affected by diagenetic changes, the comparison between the deep sea and coastal series allows the relative effects of lithostatic pressure, tectonics and other palaeoenvironmental factors to be evaluated. The disappearance of synsedimentary signatures (tectonics, climate, depositional conditions, etc.) expressed by clay mineralogy occurs below 4.5 km; there are no significant diagenetic changes in sediments at less than 2 km depth. By comparing identical time slices in coastal and deep-sea basins, it is possible to recognize from the clay stratigraphic record the main African detrital sources, the hot and often semi-arid character of the continental climate during the Cretaceous, the existence of minor but extensive stages of tectonic activity (Barremian-late Aptian, late Albian-early Cenomanian), the temporary existence of semi-closed basins on the shelf (Late Cretaceous, early Palaeogene) and the complexity of transport and sedimentation relationships between proximal and distal environments.     

豫西济源盆地中生代泥岩地球化学特征对物源区的指示

秦岭造山带印支期造山作用控制着济源盆地的形成与演化,对盆地中沉积物物源进行研究,有利于恢复造山带造山-隆升的细节.通过对济源盆地中生代泥岩地球化学的系统分析,发现样品的CIA(化学风化指数)校正值在早-中三叠世、晚三叠世、早-中侏罗世和中侏罗世后期的平均值分别为68.5、76.4、86.0和73.7,这一演化特征可能反映其经历了古气候控制的化学风化过程.但是三叠纪样品CIA值明显过低,可能与源区活动的构造背景相关;ICV(成分变异指数)值显示沉积物具有初次沉积的特征,反映了源区早期发生过弧-陆碰撞或具备陆缘弧特征的克拉通基底隆升.而早-中侏罗世样品表现为高的CIA值,ICV值显示沉积物具有再循环特征,其初次沉积可能发生在弧后盆地中,后随造山带的隆升,被剥露再搬运而沉积下来.泥岩物源区构造环境判别结果显示,沉积物主要来自活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘,且含有较多大陆岛弧(陆缘弧)的信息.由此说明,中生代济源盆地盆缘构造活动经历了由克拉通基底隆升到造山带剥露的过程,这一过程与秦岭造山带印支期的造山作用密切相关.      

华北典型箕状断陷盆地层序地层学模式及其与油气赋存关系

本文根据层序地层学的基本原理,立足东部箕状断陷盆地的特点,以冀中拗陷和二连盆地为重点研究对象,提炼出陆相断陷盆地层序地层学模式,在缓坡带,以风暴浪基面作为“陆架边角”的参照物,层序地层特征相似于海相被动大陆边缘背景;在陡坡带则截然不同,并以湖面与边界断裂的交点取代“陆架边角”,各体系域所含沉积体系与海相模式不尽相同,在盆地形成初期的层序,低水位体系域发育,湖泊消亡以后,主要发育高水位体系域。此外,本文还探索了层序地层与油气赋存的关系,指出富砂的“盆底扇”是今后勘探开发的重要方向。     

滇西漕涧地区崇山变质杂岩中崇山岩群的时代与构造属性

滇西崇山变质杂岩带位于三江造山带"峰腰"的北段,带内构造挤压变质作用强烈,主体由一套中-深变质岩系（崇山岩群）和晚期花岗岩组成.其中崇山岩群历来被认为是元古代的结晶基底,但至今无精确的年龄依据,其形成时代和构造属性存在较大争议,严重制约了对区域构造演化的认识.对滇西漕涧地区崇山岩群中的岩石组分开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究,结果显示副变质岩中的锆石均具明显的磨圆特征和较大的岩浆核,其中3件样品的最小一组碎屑锆石年龄分别为366~412 Ma（平均值为395 Ma）、435~508 Ma（平均值为473 Ma）和673~704 Ma（平均值为689 Ma）,指示了其原始沉积时代应不早于395 Ma;岩石地球化学表明,副变质岩是一套活动大陆边缘或被动大陆边缘构造背景有关的大陆岛弧碎屑岩,变质基性岩和变质中性岩为同源异相,均具活动大陆边缘的弧火山岩特征.结合副变质岩和两类正变质岩的构造属性相同以及普遍具相互伴生关系的特点,该3类岩石应属同一套地层系统的不同物质组分,崇山岩群主体为一套成岩于晚古生代（236~395 Ma）和形成于陆缘弧环境的火山-沉积地层单元;并与南东侧澜沧增生杂岩的志留纪弧火山岩组合成原-古特提斯洋盆东侧不同时代多岛弧的构造格局.综合研究认为,崇山变质杂岩带内的中-深变质岩系（崇山岩群）不（全）是前人认为的元古代结晶基底建造,应为原-古特提斯洋盆向东俯冲在兰坪-思茅地块西缘形成的一套火山-沉积地层系统;崇山岩群主要由年轻的（晚古生代）地层岩石组成,由于后期遭受中生代和新生代变质变形作用后形成了现今所见的"古老"岩石面貌的中-深变质系.      

层序充填动力学——层序地层研究的新方向

层序地层学经过近半个世纪的发展 ,研究领域由当初的被动大陆边缘盆地扩展到了活动大陆边缘盆地、前陆盆地和陆相盆地 ;从研究全盆地的层序地层到研究盆地中某一具体相带的层序地层 ,研究时代也从起初的中新生代拓宽到了古生代。定年技术的发展和同位素等手段的使用 ,使得对层序级别的划分越来越细 ,对层序发育控制因素的研究更加具体 ,冰川、气候、沉积物供应速率等因素对高级别 (三级或三级以上 )层序发育的控制较为明显 ,但对影响层序发育四大因素 (全球海平面变化、构造、气候、沉积物供应 )的动力机制一直未作根本性的探讨 ;大陆地质是地球动力学的信息库 ,沉积盆地是大陆地质过程的信息反馈和载体 ,是壳、幔动力活动的记录和见证 ,层序作为盆地演化的充填块体 ,记载着盆地的成生、发展、演化的信息 ,层序的旋回性是地球运动节律的直接反映。因此 ,以此为研究对象的层序充填动力学是沉积盆地动力学乃至地球动力学研究的基础 ,是层序地层研究的新方向。     

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the External Liguride units (Northern Apennines,Italy): insights in the pre-collisional history of a fossil ocean-continent transition zone

Abstract

In the Northern Apennines, the External Liguride (EL) units are interpreted as derived from the domain that joined the Ligure–Piemontese oceanic basin to the Adriatic plate continental margin. The EL units can be divided into two different groups according to the lithostratigraphic features of the basal complexes underlying the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary carbonate flysch (e.g. Helminthoid flysch). The first group includes the western successions characterized by Santonian–Campanian sedimentary melanges where slide blocks of lherzolitic mantle, gabbros, basalts, granulites, continental granitoids are represented. The second group is represented by the eastern successions where the Cenomanian–Campanian basal complexes mainly consist of sandstones and conglomerates where the mafic and ultramafic rocks are scarce or completely lacking. Their original substrate is represented by the Middle Triassic to Lower Cretaceous, mainly platform carbonate deposits, found as slices at the base of the eastern successions.

The stratigraphic features shown by the basal complexes allow the reconstruction of their source area that is assumed to be also representative for the pre-Upper Cretaceous setting. The proposed reconstruction suggests the occurrence in the EL domain of two distinct domains. The eastern domain was characterized by a thinned and faulted continental crust belonging to the Adriatic continental margin. The western domain was instead floored by subcontinental mantle associated with lower and upper continental crust, representing the ocean–continent transition. This setting is interpreted as the result of the opening of the Ligure–Piemontese oceanic basin by passive rifting, mainly developed by simple shear, asymmetric extension of the continental crust. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世构造属性与层序地层格架下聚煤特征

依据近年来最新资料,通过对羌塘盆地南、北边界构造带构造属性、地球动力学机制及构造演化历程的讨论,剖析了羌塘盆地晚三叠世构造属性与盆地演化历程;在对盆地内部不同位置上三叠统岩性、岩相研究的基础上,通过不同古地理背景下层序界面与体系域界面的识别,建立了羌塘盆地晚三叠世层序地层格架,讨论了煤层在层序格架下的位置、聚煤特征及空间分布规律。研究表明,羌塘盆地晚三叠世为一复杂叠合盆地,经历了晚三叠世早、中期被动陆缘盆地,晚三叠世晚期羌北前陆盆地和羌南被动陆缘裂陷-坳陷盆地等不同的盆地演化历程;上三叠统构成一个完整的构造层序和两个三级层序,煤层位于高位体系域中上部,主要受控于高频率低级次海平面变化。具含煤岩系厚度大,煤层层数多,单层厚度小的特征;三角洲平原地带有利于煤层发育,三角洲沉积体系沿分割羌南、羌北盆地的中央隆起带发育,进一步指出该带是羌塘盆地内今后重要的找煤方向,并得到新发现的赛包玛煤点验证。     

陆内软碰撞带的鉴别及伸展裂谷海盆地的聚合封闭过程

通过成因地层对比、构造形态和盆地演化过程分析,在黔中南至桂西鉴别出一条NNE向延续的陆内软碰撞带。它是在伸展裂谷海盆地(再生陆间海)聚合封闭过程中,由活动大陆边缘向被动大陆边缘缓慢仰冲而形成的。与其同期形成的还有晚三叠世黔西滇东前陆盆地,萍乐残留弧后盆地和十万大山及龙岩后陆盆地。软碰撞带的出现,不仅掩盖了晚二叠世至中三叠世陆间海的深海沉积和洋壳基底,而且造成碰撞带两侧的地层、构造和古地理环境的不连续,同时对盆地矿产的分布和再富集也有直接影响。