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利用GPS观测分析青藏高原东缘应变特征

根据青藏高原东缘2004~2007年的GPS观测资料,通过多面函数法建立青藏高原东缘地壳水平运动速度场模型,给出球面坐标系下的视应变场。对照该区同期发生的地震活动,讨论了水平运动、应变场空间分布与强震和区域构造变形的关系。结果表明,松潘块体东西向地壳缩短显著,川滇块体以左旋剪切变形和顺时针转动为主。地应变特征表明,2008年汶川地震前龙门山地区为面应变能次高值区,呈面压特性,应变快速积累,龙门山断裂带中段震前处于闭锁状态。鲜水河断裂带西段南北地壳呈北东-南西向挤压缩短,东段两侧呈北西-南东向压缩。川滇菱形块体为应变能和面应变率梯度高值区,金沙江西部的应变能次高值区与羌塘块体的构造应力作用有关。     

用GPS资料分析青藏高原现今应变率场

基于中国大陆构造环境监测网络的GPS观测资料,获取青藏高原及周边地区地壳水平运动速度场以及应变率场。结果表明,青藏高原及周边地区10 a尺度应变率场分布的整体特征与该地区长期地质构造背景和地震活动具有继承性,主应变、剪应变以及面膨胀率的分布特征与高原边缘和天山地区的地壳缩短、藏中南地壳的东西向伸展以及高原内部走滑断裂的构造活动一致。     

川滇菱形块体东边界现今应变积累特征及强震危险性

基于川滇地区2013~2018年GNSS速度场结果,解算区域地表应变率场,分析川滇菱形块体东边界现今地表应变特征,反演其断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布,并重点分析芦山地震后该区域的深部应变积累程度。结合已有历史地震破裂及断层库仑应力结果,综合分析芦山地震后川滇菱形块体东边界不同段的强震危险性。结果表明,川滇菱形块体东边界现今呈现出明显的左旋应变积累特征,三岔口地区剪切应变积累速率最大,最大量值为3.5×10^-8/a;同时,川滇菱形块体东边界还表现出NS-NE向的拉张和近EW-NW向的挤压变形,康定-石棉段EW向挤压应变率最高,为-3×10^-8/a;安宁河-则木河断裂带EW向挤压应变率为-2×10^-8/a ~ -3×10^-8/a,而小江断裂带由北至南挤压变形逐渐减缓,东川以南转为拉张变形;断层闭锁反演结果与GNSS应变率结果具有较好的一致性,同样反映出川滇菱形块体东边界左旋剪切应变兼局部挤压或拉张的应变积累特征。综合分析认为,鲜水河断裂带道孚-八美段、康定以南的磨西至安宁河断裂带及小江断裂带的巧家-东川段、宜良-建水段具有较高的闭锁程度和左旋滑动亏损速率,是强震危险性较高的段落。     

GRACE监测青藏高原及邻区陆地水储量变化结果的可变性

结合4种不同的去相关滤波和2种平滑滤波,利用5组GRACE数据反演了青藏高原及邻区陆地水储量变化趋势,研究了结果的可变性。结果表明,采用S&W（P2M8）变宽度滑动窗口去条带效果较好,其结果中的湖水、冰川信号与卫星测高观测的信号位置具有较好的一致性。高斯滤波的异常幅值与扇形滤波相差10%~30%,平滑处理后异常幅值减少,观测分辨率降低,部分湖和冰川信号甚至消失。CSR/GFZ/JPL重力场模型反演的结果相近,但CSR去条带效果最好;JPL质量模型MAS/MAS_S的结果也相近,但在高原西部有较大差异。重力场模型与质量模型的结果相差很大。在利用GRACE卫星监测本地区陆地水储量变化时,推荐使用S&W（P2M8）去条带滤波器、CSR重力场模型数据。     

青藏高原冬季降水时空分布特征研究

青藏高原冬季降水的气候特征认识对高原冬季雪灾的防御有着重要意义。基于青藏高原54个气象站1971~2010年冬季(12~2月)逐月降水量资料,利用现代统计方法分析了青藏高原冬季降水的时空分布特征及突变现象,利用经验正交函数(EOF)和旋转经验正交函数(REOF)概括出高原冬季降水的6种主要空间分布型以及区域性特征进行分析。结果表明:冬季降水分布不均匀,偏东偏南部降水量相对较多,冬季降水在12月最少,2月最多;EOF对青藏高原地区冬季降水分解为6种模态,全区一致型、南北部型、东西部型、川西型、高原腹地型和西部型模态;EOF第1模态时间系数表明高原大部分地区冬季降水在20世纪90年代有显著增加、且存在14年左右的周期变化特征。REOF分析表明,高原地区冬季降水的局地特征显著,而高原腹地与中东部地区变化特征显示了高原冬季降水的主要变化特征,与EOF分析第1模态的变化特征较为一致。     

全球地壳模型CRUST1.0在青藏高原东南部的重力检核

利用全球地壳模型CRUST1.0提供的地壳密度、厚度等分层信息,计算青藏高原东南部地壳各分层引起的重力异常,并累加获取总体布格重力异常,最后与利用全球重力场模型EGM2008获得的布格重力异常进行对比。结果表明,两种模型在大部分区域基本一致,布格重力异常变化在-600~20mGal之间,少数地区存在较大的差距,说明CRUST1.0模型的精度还有待提高。     

青藏高原东南缘现今地壳运动速度场分析

利用“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”1999~2015年GPS观测数据,获得ITRF2014框架下青藏高原东南缘滇西菱形块体区域测站的水平速度场。结果表明,相对于欧亚板块固定,该区域现今地壳运动方向总体上呈现由东向到东南向、再到南西向的顺时针旋转分布;从运动速度大小分布来看,则呈现菱形块体中间大两侧小、由北向南逐渐减弱的态势。采用三角形法计算得到的区域最大剪应变率分布表明,最大剪应变率高值区基本上都集中在滇西菱形块体的东西边界上,主应变方向主要表现为东西向压缩和南北向拉伸。东侧断裂带主要呈现左旋运动,西侧断裂带主要呈现右旋运动,与基于地质调查的断层新生代构造运动基本一致。     

Active tectonics and erosional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Introduction The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, adjacent to the Sichuan Basin (Figure 1), has become a testing ground for a variety of models that contrast mechanisms of extrusion and crustal thickening associated with the India-Asia collision (Avouac and Tapponnier 1993, England and Houseman 1986),but that also address the extent to which the upper crust and upper mantle are coupled (Royden et al. 1997, Holt 2000). The margin is characterized by topographic relief of over 5 km an…     

Rangeland privatization and its impacts on the Zoige wetlands on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

The high Zoige Basin （Ruoergai Plateau） on the eastern Tibetan Plateau is a fault depression formed during intensive uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. The wetland is globally important in biodiversity and is composed of marshes, bogs, fens, wet meadows and shallow water interspersed with low hills and sub-alpine meadows. Most of the Zoige wetlands have long been one of the most important grazing lands in China. Recent rangeland policy has allowed grazing, and usable wetland areas have been being legally allocated to individuals or groups of households on a long-term lease basis. Privatizafion of the wetland has impacted the Zoige wetlands in aspects of hydrologic condition, landscape and biodiversity. The uneven spatial distribution of water resources onprivatelands has led to the practice of extracting ground water, which has decreased the perched water table in Zoige. Fencing off the rangelands and grazing on expanding sand dunes have affected landscapes. Variation in the water table has led to the changes in vegetation diversity, resulting in the changes in wildlife and aquatic diversities and ecosystem processes. Making use all year round of the pasture that was previously grazed only in summer has shrunk the daily activity space of wildlife, and the newly erected fences blocked the movement of wild animals looking for food in the snow to lower and open areas. To maintain the favorable conditions of the Zoige wetland ecosystem, the author suggests that, in addition to biophysical research and implementation of conservation practices, there is an immediate need to initiate an integrated management program, increase public awareness of wetland functions and provide better training for the local conservation staff.     

青藏高原及周缘深部结构的重力异常解释与尼泊尔Ms8.1地震

利用离散小波变换获得青藏高原布格重力异常不同尺度的总水平梯度(HGM)和横向、纵向、对角分量平方和的平方根(HVDM)图像。结果表明:1)4、5阶小波细节之和的HGM高值区域存在于尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区、喜马拉雅东构造结和阿尔金断裂带中段,即青藏高原周缘较为活跃的构造带;2)尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区和阿尔金断裂带西段存在5阶小波逼近高值HGM,较高值HGM带呈现环青藏高原形态,反映了青藏高原与周缘构造块体地壳深度变化和岩石圈地幔顶部物质性质的差异性变化特征;3)HVDM高值带分布于喜马拉雅地区、喜马拉雅东构造结地区、阿尔金断裂带和龙门山断裂带,体现了青藏高原周缘构造带形态特征;4)2015尼泊尔Ms8.1地震发生在地壳深部的HGM高-低-高分布形态的低值区和HVDM高值带的边界,是印度板块和欧亚板块持续汇聚及周缘大型走滑断裂带的调节作用、累积能量释放的结果。