Soil resource survey of silent valley and its environ using landsat MSS data

This paper presents a case study of the utility of Landsat MSS imagery for soil resoruces mapping in Silent Valley and its environs covering about 33,000 sq. km. area. A collective approach involving monoscopic visual interpretation of Landsat imagery in conjunction with the lithological and topographical information supported by limited field check has been followed to prepare a soil map on 1:250,000 scale showing sub-groups/association of sub-groups. Future prospect of using spaceborne data for soil mapping has also been discussed.     

Wheat acreage estimation for Haryana using satellite digital data

This paper summarizes the procedures adopted and results obtained since 1985–86 for wheat inventory for Haryana using satellite digital data (MSS: 1985–86 to 1987–88, LISS-I: 1988–89 onwards). The approach followed is based on sample segments (10 × 10 km during 1985–86 to 1988–89, 7.5 × 7.5 km during 1989–90) and 10 percent sampling fraction and stratified sample design. There has been consistent improvement in accuracy over the years as judged from lower biases when compared with Bureau of Economics and Statistics (BES) acreage estimates and higher precision. In 1989–90, the state-level estimate achieved an accuracy goal of 90 percent at 90 percent confidence interval. A number of studies which have been carried out to study effect of choice of sensor, acquisition date, stratification approach, classification procedure on wheat inventory are also mentioned.     

On urban heat island of Beijing based on landsat TM data

Land surface temperature (LST) of Beijing area was retrieved from Landsat TM thermal band data utilizing a radiative transfer equation and the urban heat island (HUI) effects of Beijing and its relationship with land cover and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were discussed. The result of LST showed that the urban LST was evidently higher than the suburban one. The average urban LST was found to 4. 5°C and 9°C higher than the suburban and outer suburban temperature, respectively, which demonstrated the prominent UHI effects in Beijing. Prominent negative correlation between LST and NDVI was found in the urban area, which suggested the low percent vegetation cover in the urban area was the main cause of the urban heat island.     

Relative utility of Landsat-TM and MSS data small scale soil mapping

The Landsat MSS and TM data in the form of false colour composite (FCC) prints at 1∶250,000 scale over parts of Mirzapur (U.P.) and Rohtas district of (Bihar) were interpreted monoscopically in concert with the collateral data and limited field check for soilscape boundary delineation. The study has revealed that at the mapping scale, except for improved image contrast and capturing features of relatively smaller dimensions, no additional advantage has been noticed with TM data over MSS data with respect to exhibition of soilscape boundaries. However, the capability of TM data to withstand enlargement upto 1∶50,000 which is not feasible with MSS data is an additional feature from soil mapping viewpoint.     

A comparative evaluation of IRS-1A LISS-II and landsat MSS images using computer-aided lineament data analysis

Lineament patterns detected from remotely sensed data provide useful information to geoscientists, specially in the study of basement tectonics, groundwater targetting and mineral exploration. Improvements in the spatial resolution of satellite images have resulted in the detection of short and faint lineaments which have hitherto gone unnoticed The IRS-1A LISS-II data offers a significant improvement in spatial resolution as compared to the Landsat MSS. A set of computer programmes developed for analysis of lineaments were used to study the parameters such as lineament frequency, length and density in order to quantify the added information derived using IRS-1A LISS-II images. The incremental contribution of LISS-II images are of the order of 100 per cent for lineament frequency and about 60 per cent for total line kilometers of lineaments detected.     

Evaluation and integration of ERS-1-SAR and optical sensor data (TM and IRS) for geological investigations

The C-band imaging radar of ERS-1, due to its high sensitivity to terrain surface features, holds tremendous potential in topographic terrain mapping for various applications. This is being examined for geological applications, mainly structural and lithological mapping in a mineral belt of Bihar and Orissa, India. The high image contrast that facilitates structural interpretation and highlights topography on the SAR images, reflects the high sensitivity of the ERS-1-SAR to change in terrain slope in the study area. Extensive lineaments, fold structure and major lithological contacts are easily mappable from the SAR imagery. Many of the lineaments, lithological contacts and fold pattern are mapped equally from optical data (Landsat-TM and IRS-1B FCC). The close association of fold pattern and mineral deposits in the region has necessitated the study of those structures carefully from various remote sensing data products. Synergism between SAR and TM provided useful results regarding structure and lithology of the region. The advantage of SAR in highlighting topography and detecting lineaments are affected to a great extent by the speckle noise and low pixel resolution. The present study shows that future geologic interpretation demands high spatial resolution and efficient data processing technique which reduces the speckle noise more significantly.     

Area estimation of arecanut plantations in Sirsi Taluk using IRS data

Extent and distribution pattern of arecanut plantations in Sirsi Taluk, Uttara Kannada District, Kamataka have been studied using IRS, LISS II data. The plantations are found to exhibit perfect zonality, distinct structure and contrasting tonal characteristics and thereby enable their differentiation from other land use/land cover categories encountered in the area. The study not only established the utility of IRS data in acreage estimation of this unique category of land use having significant economic relevance in the area but also in assessing the scope for planning development of spices in these plantations.     

Modelling of radiation transfer in Earth’s hazy atmosphere and calculation of path radiances in IRS LISS-I Bands

A model (named ATMRAD) of radiation transfer in the Earth’s hazy atmosphere based on simplistic solution of radiation transfer equation and tropical model atmosphere is developed to estimate path radiance for correction of remote sensing multispectral data. The atmosphere is assumed to be cloud free and plane-parallel stratified with various quatities specified for 46 layers in its 100 km assumed thickness and model altitude profiles of haze aerosols specified for 23 km and 5 km visibility ranges. Altitude profiles of haze for any intermediate visibility ranges are deduced from linear mixing of the two profiles for 23 and 5 km visibilities. Deirmendjian size distribution function is assumed for aerosols. The radiation transfer calculations have been performed for 126 wavelengths in 0.25 to 3.0 μm range by considering Rayleigh and Mie Scatterings by air molecules and aerosols; and absorption by atmospheric gases. The model calculations have been carried out for path radiances in bands of IRS LISS-I sensor for different visibility ranges and solar illumination angles.     

Selection of band combination for IRS data

Selection of band combination for generating a colour composite image using IRS data is discussed from statistical considerations. Most suitable three band combination turns out to be bands 1, 3 and 4. It is also shown that intrinsic dimensionality of IRS data is approximately two.     

Thrust controlled lineaments of the Aravalli-Delhi fold Belt, Rajasthan, India mapped from landsat TM image

The litho-units of the area between Chawand to Kotra across the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt are referable to Bhilwara, Aravalli and and Delhi Supergroups. Earlier workers considered the sequence as progressively younger toward west across the Avavalli Orographic axis. Two-dimensional trend mapping of the planar tectonic anisotropy was carried out to map lineaments from landsat TM Image. Ground checks of the lineament along Chawand-Kotra section suggest that lineaments are tectonic dislocations, morphotectonically controlled by thrusts and ductile shears within the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt. The recognition of thrust bounded litho-tectonic units from interpretation of satellite remotely sensed data may necessitate reassessment of the Precambrian lithostraligraphy of the Aravalli and Delhi supergroups in the study area. The paper reports thrust tectonics from Aravalli-Delhi Fold Bell. The Antalia Schuppean Belt is possible duplex; imbricate thrusts are connected with base thrust and continuity with roof thrust has been punctuated by transverse faulting and erosion.     

Verification of net primary production estimation method in the Mongolian Plateau using landsat ETM+data

We plan to estimate global net primary production (NPP) of vegetation using the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) Global Imager (GLI) multi-spectral data. We derive an NPP estimation algorithm from ground measurement data on temperate plants in Japan. By the algorithm, we estimate NPP using a vegetation index based on pattern decomposition (VIPD) for the Mongolian Plateau. The VIPD is derived from Landsat ETM+multi-spectral data, and the resulting NPP estimation is compared with ground data measured in a semi-arid area of Mongolia. The NPP estimation derived from satellite remote sensing data agrees with the ground measurement data within the error range of 15% when all above-ground vegetation NPP is calculated for different vegetation classifications.     

An evaluation of landsat thematic mapper data for reforestation monitoring in British Columbia

Renewal of forests is important for continued wood supply and for other benefits. Consequently, restocking of forest cut-overs is a major forest management activity. Effective planning and successful implementation of reforestation programmes require efficient techniques for obtaining timely and accurate information regarding restocking status over clearcut forest lands. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for reforestation monitoring. B-distance, a multivariation distance measure, has been used to measure spectral separability. Attempt has been made to discriminate five restocking classes (with percent canopy classes of 0,10 -12,15 -18, 43 - 47 and 100). Finally selection has been made for the optimum multiband subset from the six reflective TM bands. The results indicate that the combinations of TM bands 3-4-5, 4-5-7,1-4-5, and 2-4-5 were most useful for discriminating various restocking classes. Overall classification accuracies are estimated to be approximately 90 percent using these three-band subsets.     

Retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) from landsat TM6 and TIRS data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using satellite and ground-based inputs

The present study proposes land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from satellite-based thermal IR data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using atmospheric correction parameters derived from satellite-based and in-situ data and land surface emissivity (LSE) derived by a hybrid LSE model. For example, atmospheric transmittance (τ) was derived from Terra MODIS spectral radiance in atmospheric window and absorption bands, whereas the atmospheric path radiance and sky radiance were estimated using satellite- and ground-based in-situ solar radiation, geographic location and observation conditions. The hybrid LSE model which is coupled with ground-based emissivity measurements is more versatile than the previous LSE models and yields improved emissivity values by knowledge-based approach. It uses NDVI-based and NDVI Threshold method (NDVI^THM) based algorithms and field-measured emissivity values. The model is applicable for dense vegetation cover, mixed vegetation cover, bare earth including coal mining related land surface classes. The study was conducted in a coalfield of India badly affected by coal fire for decades. In a coal fire affected coalfield, LST would provide precise temperature difference between thermally anomalous coal fire pixels and background pixels to facilitate coal fire detection and monitoring. The derived LST products of the present study were compared with radiant temperature images across some of the prominent coal fire locations in the study area by graphical means and by some standard mathematical dispersion coefficients such as coefficient of variation, coefficient of quartile deviation, coefficient of quartile deviation for 3rd quartile vs. maximum temperature, coefficient of mean deviation (about median) indicating significant increase in the temperature difference among the pixels. The average temperature slope between adjacent pixels, which increases the potential of coal fire pixel detection from background pixels, is significantly larger in the derived LST products than the corresponding radiant temperature images.     

Comparative evaluation of Indian remote sensing satellite and landsat thematic mapper data for geological and geomorphological applications

In order to evaluate the potentials of IRS‐1A Linear Imaging Self‐scanning Sensor (LISS‐I) data for geological and geomorphological applications and also to compare the IRS‐1A LISS‐I data with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, a study has been attempted for parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in Northern India. The first four spectral bands of Landsat TM sensor data which are similar and close to IRS‐1A LISS‐I senor have been utilised for the comparative evaluation. Various techniques employed for both the data set to derive the required geology and geomorphology related information include (i) band combination (ii) spectral response analysis (iii) principal component analysis (iv) supervised classification techniques and (v) visual observation of various outputs generated by the above methods. The Optimum Index Factor (OIF) method adopted for selecting suitable band combinations showed similar OIF rankings for IRS‐1A LISS‐I data and Landsat TM data. It has been visually observed that the band combination 1, 3 & 4 offers relatively better feature display. The spectral responses derived for various major geologic rock units such as Deccan Trap, Vindhyan Formation, Bundelkhand Granite and for a few landcovers such as surface water bodies and black soil show striking similarity in pattern for both LISS‐I and TM. The Principal Component (PC) analysis of both data sets suggested that the total scene brightness tends to dominate in the first PC. The percentage information contributed by PCs 1&2 as also by PCs 1,2 & 3 in both the LISS‐I and TM are comparable. It was observed from the classified image generated by performing supervised classification with a maximum likelihood algorithm that major geomorphic landforms were clearly distinguishable. Thus the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of both IRS‐1A LISS‐I and Landsat TM data showed that significant similarities exist between them. The study also revealed that IRS‐1A LISS‐I data can be effectively used for deriving geology and geomorphology related details.     

基于Landsat长时间序列数据估算树高和生物量

以Landsat长时间序列数据为研究对象,旨在以光谱序列信息反演森林参数为视角,应用Landtrendr算法从时间序列数据中提取森林扰动变量,使用随机森林计算方法建立扰动变量、反射率和GLAS激光点森林参数之间的关系模型,获取树高和生物量的空间分布信息。为多源遥感数据反演森林参数提供参考,研究证明基于Landsat长时间序列数据获得的森林扰动变量能够增强反射率和森林参数之间的相关性,可提高预测精度。     

Delineation of soil associations for a part of tamil nadu by digital processing of landsat multispectral data

The utility of Landsat multispectral data for small scale soil mapping has been demonstrated in this study. The scene used for the study has path-row number 153-054 of Landsat-1 dated 26th February, 1973 covering parts of Ramnad, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu. Associations of sub groups have been delineated on 1 : 250,000 scale using computer-aided multispectrcl data analysis system (M-DAS). Soil map prepared using the computer has been found to be camparable with the soil map prepared by conventional methods at the same scale. Apart from the soil associations, other land use/land cover classes like water bodies forest/scrub/hiliy areas, crcps etc. were also categorised in the colour coded soil map.     

Digital image processing of IRS LISS II data for urban studies case study of Delhi

Satellite Remote Sensing data has been found useful for various applications in natural resources survey because of its synoptic and repetitive coverage. It is further recognised that it has wide application in urban and regional studies. Till now much of the earlier work has been concentrated on visual interpretation of satellite data. It is felt that digital image processing of satellite data could be useful for urban studies. For this purpose the digital image processing of Delhi area has been considered to demonstrate its potentiality in urban applications. IRS LISS II data of Delhi area has been used on a low cost image processing system. The results of application of various image processing algorithms have been discussed to show the suitability for urban area studies.     

北京地区地表反照率TM数据反演与分析

反照率是一个广泛应用于地表能量平衡、中长期天气预测和全球变化研究的重要参数。本文利用2010年的TM影像反演北京地区地表反照率,首先利用6S模型对影像进行大气校正,得到地表反射率,进而,利用TM的5个波段的反射率,根据经验公式,计算了北京地区的地表反照率;对北京市地表反照率的分布情况、不同下垫面的反照率、以及反照率与LST和NDVI的关系进行了分析,得出了结论。     

Glacial mapping using landsat thematic mapper data: A case study in parts of gangotri glacier, NW himalaya

Glacial mapping is difficult and hazardous because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the terrain. In this context, remotely-sensed data from satellites provide valuable information on glaciers and the associated landforms. It is important to note that judicious selection of spectral bands is critical in mapping the glacial features. Glacial landforms in parts of Gangotri glacier, NW Himalaya, have been delineated using selected bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data. Digital image processing of Landsat data has helped in identifying the major features of the Gangotri glacier such as accumulation and ablation zones, and glacial moraines. The study shows that Thematic Mapper bands 4, 5 and 7 are more useful in snow mapping because of their distinct spectral discriminability in identifying the glacial features.     

Regional yield estimation for winter wheat with MODIS-NDVI data in Shandong, China

The significance of crop yield estimation is well known in agricultural management and policy development at regional and national levels. The primary objective of this study was to test the suitability of the method, depending on predicted crop production, to estimate crop yield with a MODIS-NDVI-based model on a regional scale. In this paper, MODIS-NDVI data, with a 250 m resolution, was used to estimate the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in one of the main winter-wheat-growing regions. Our study region is located in Jining, Shandong Province. In order to improve the quality of remote sensing data and the accuracy of yield prediction, especially to eliminate the cloud-contaminated data and abnormal data in the MODIS-NDVI series, the Savitzky–Golay filter was applied to smooth the 10-day NDVI data. The spatial accumulation of NDVI at the county level was used to test its relationship with winter wheat production in the study area. A linear regressive relationship between the spatial accumulation of NDVI and the production of winter wheat was established using a stepwise regression method. The average yield was derived from predicted production divided by the growing acreage of winter wheat on a county level. Finally, the results were validated by the ground survey data, and the errors were compared with the errors of agro-climate models. The results showed that the relative errors of the predicted yield using MODIS-NDVI are between −4.62% and 5.40% and that whole RMSE was 214.16 kg ha⁻¹ lower than the RMSE (233.35 kg ha⁻¹) of agro-climate models in this study region. A good predicted yield data of winter wheat could be got about 40 days ahead of harvest time, i.e. at the booting-heading stage of winter wheat. The method suggested in this paper was good for predicting regional winter wheat production and yield estimation.