Gold in “primitive” Archaean volcanics

Gold concentrations have been determined by neutron activation in sixteen samples of komatiites and related rocks from Barberton, South Africa. All the rocks give Au values in the ranges 1–1.5 ppb with no evidence for anomalously high values in such old primitive igneous types. As the rocks are extensively hydrated, it is possible that Au has been leached from the rocks during later hydration processes.     

藏东南地区早白垩世的安第斯型弧火

首次在藏东南发现一套早白垩世的陆相火山岩, 称雅则火山岩, 全岩 Ｒｂ Ｓｒ 等时线年龄１０７４ Ｍａ。其主体是高钾的安山岩系, 以强亏损高场强元素、富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土、 Ｌａ／ Ｎｂ 比值 ＞ ２ 为特征, 属活动大陆边缘火山岩; 微量元素等指示它产出在安第斯型陆缘环境。其南延即滇西南的腾冲 铁窑山 大松坡消减型花岗岩带 （１００～１１２ Ｍａ）, 反映新特提斯洋在早白垩世有过一次重要的消减过程;晚白垩世的花岗岩具不同的岩石组合和成矿特征,记录了消减后的陆 弧碰撞事件。     

藏东南地区早白垩世的安第斯型弧火山岩

首次在藏东南发现一套早白垩世的陆相火山岩,称雅则火山岩,全岩Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄１０７．４Ｍａ。其主体是高钾的安山岩系,以强亏损高场强元素、富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土、Ｌａ／Ｎｂ比值〉２为特征,属活动大陆边缘火山岩;微量元素等指示它产出在安第斯型陆缘环境。其南延即滇西南的腾冲－铁窑山－大松坡消减型花岗岩带（１００￣１１２ｍａ）,反映新特提斯洋在早白垩世有过一次重要的消减过程;晚白垩世的花岗岩具不同     

准噶尔盆地岛弧火山岩地体拼合基底的地球化学证据

准噶尔盆地基底火山岩主要岩石类型为玄武岩和安山岩，并有部分英安岩和流纹岩。火山岩的微量元素地幔标准化模式显示LREE弱富集，（La/Yb)N变化于1．9－5．23之间，高场强元素Nb、Ta相对于大离子亲石元素的亏损较明显，具俯冲带火山岩的典型特征。Nd-Sr同位素分析表明，3个火山岩区的火山岩εNd(0)均为正值，（^87Sr/^86Sr)i较低，说明它们主要来源于亏损地幔。Sm-Nd同位素单阶段模式年龄集中在400－700Ma之间，反映俯冲沉积物的形成时代不早于700Ma。玄武质火山岩微量元素和同位素研究表明3个火山岩岩区应分属不同的岛弧增生体系，原始地幔物质通过岛弧火山作用加入到地壳中，推测准噶尔盆地的基底由分属于周边的哈萨克斯坦、塔里木和西伯利亚板块的年轻岛弧增生地体拼合而成，前寒武纪地壳演化历史并不明显。     

Crustal assimilation versus subducted sediment input in west Sunda arc volcanics: An evaluation

Summary New geochemical and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic analyses of Quaternary to Cretaceous sediments from the northeastern Indian Ocean are used to estimate the composition of the sedimentary material subducted along the Sunda Trench, and to evaluate the effects of crustal contamination versus subducted sediment input in the Quaternary volcanics of the west Sunda arc. Two sediment endmember components are identified: siliceousclastic (SS) and calcareous-organogenic (CS); the latter can be regarded as SS strongly diluted by organogenic material, mainly CaCO₃. Siliceous-clastic sediments are characterised by a component isotopically and geochemically similar to typical average upper crust. Consequently, LILE and LREE concentrations, LILE/LILE and LILE/LREE values, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios in West Sunda arc volcanics cannot easily distinguish between assimilation of crustal material by uprising magmas and contamination of their mantle source by bulk sediments. Post-Miocene siliceousclastic sediments sampled in the vicinity of the Sunda arc are largely derived from the arc itself, and therefore should not be used to evaluate the extent of sediment contamination of Indonesian arc volcanics. In addition, geophysical evidence suggests that post-Miocene sediments are largely accreted rather than subducted, and existing¹⁰Be isotopic data imply that post-Miocene sediments are not recycled by present-day volcanism. As the least contaminated arc volcanics occur in the eastern section of the west Sunda arc, where the highest sediment fluxes have been calculated, subduction of pre-Miocene northeastern Indian Ocean sediments or incorporation of fluids released from them into the sources of west Sunda are volcanics seem unable to reproduce the range and spatial distribution of Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic values in the arc volcanics. By contrast, assimilation of crustal material by uprising melts derived from Indian Ocean-type mantle wedge, up to a maximum of approximately 10% for the most contaminated arc volcanics, seems better able to account for the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics of the arc volcanics, and is consistent with the variations in crustal thickness and composition along the arc, and with the spatial distribution of Sr, Nd, and Ph isotope values in mafic arc volcanics. These conclusions are also supported by the low¹⁰Be coupled with high B/Be values, and by the positive B/Be-SiO₂ and B/Be-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr correlations in calc-alkaline Sunda arc volcanics.

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Krustenassimilation versus Subduktions-bedingter Sedimenteintrag im westlichen Sunda-Vulkanbogen: eine Evaluation

Zusammenfassung Neue geochemische und Sr-, Nd-, und Pb-Isotopenanalysen von quartären und kretazischen Sedimenten des nordöstlichen Indischen Ozeans werden dazu herangezogen, um die Zusammensetzung des entlang des Sunda-Tiefseegrabens subduzierten Sedimentmaterials und die Effekte von Krustenassimilation versus Subduktionsbedingtem Sedimenteintrag in die quartären Vulkanite des westlichen Sundabogens zu evaluieren. Zwei sedimentäre Endglieder wurden identifiziert: eine silikatischklastische (SS) und eine karbonatisch-organische (CS) Komponente, letztere kann als durch organisches Material, insbesondere durch CaCO₃. stark verdünnte SS-Komponenete betrachtet werden. Silikatisch-klastische Sedimente sind durch eine Komponente charakterisiert, die isotopisch und geochemisch ähnlich der typischen durchschnittlichen Oberkruste ist. Daher erlauben LILE und LREE Konzentrationen, LILE/LILE und LILE/LREE Werte, sowie Sr-, Nd-, und Pb-Isotopenverhältnisse von Vulkaniten des West-Sundabogens keine einfache Unterscheidung zwischen Assimilation von Krustenmaterial durch aufsteigende Magmen und Kontamination ihrer Mantelquelle durch Sedimente. Post-miozäne silikatisch-klastische Sedimentproben, die in der Nähe des Sunda-Bogens genommen wurden, stammen großteils selbst vom Inselbogen und sollten daher nicht für eine Abschätzung des Ausmasses der Sedimentkontamination im indonesischen Vulkanbogens verwendet werden. Ferner gibt es geophysikalische Evidenz, die eher für Akkretion als Subduktion dieser Sedimente spricht und auch die¹⁰Be Isotopendaten zeigen, daß post-miozäne Sedimente nicht vom derzeitigen Vulkanismus rezykliert werden. Da die am geringsten kontaminierten Vulkanite im Ostabschnitt des Sunda-Bogens, von wo der höchste Sediment-Flux berechnet worden ist, zu finden sind, scheint die Subduktion prämiozäner Sedimente des nordöstlichen Indischen Ozeans oder die Beteiligung von aus diesen in die Quelle der Vulkanite Westsundas freigesetzten Fluiden, nicht auszureichen, um den Streubereich und die räumliche Verteilung von Sr-, Nd-, und Pb-Isotopenwerten in den Vulkaniten zu reproduzieren. Im Gegensatz dazu scheint Assimilation von Krustenmaterial - bis zu 10% für die am stärksten kontaminierten Vulkanite — durch aufsteigende Schmelzen, die aus dem Indischen Ozean-Typ Mantelkeil stammen, die Sr-, Nd- und Pb-Isotopensystematik der Vulkanite besser zu erklären. Sie ist auch konsistent mit der Variation der Krustendicke und Zusammensetzung entlang des Vulkanbogens und mit der räumlichen Verteilung der Sr-, Nd-, und Pb-Werte in den mafischen Vulkaniten. Diese Schlußfolgerungen werden durch die niedrigen¹⁰Be, gekoppelt mit hohen B/Be Werten und durch die positive B/Be-SiO₂ und B/Be-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr Korrelationen in den kalk-alkalischen Sunda-Vulkaniten, untermauert.

     

Late proterozoic island arc volcanics from Gebeit,Red Sea Hills,north-east Sudan

The area of Gebeit Mine in the northern Red Sea Hills, Sudan, is built up of voluminous volcanic rocks and minor volcaniclastic and clastic sequences. According to their chemical and modal compositions the Gebeit volcanics can be devided into four groups: (a) cpx-physic basalts with clinopyroxene and plagioclase as the dominant phenocrysts and minor opaques; (b) hbl-physic basalts with hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and subordinate magnetite including one rare dacite; (c) pl-phyric andesites with plagioclase phenocrysts in a matrix that is rich in magnetite; and (d) aphyric basalts. The compositional variation within the distinct volcanic groups can only partly be explained by fractional crystallization, and more than one magma source reservoir is required.Mineral and whole rock Sm/Nd data for the cpx-physic and hbl-physic basalts yield an isochron age of 832 ± 26 Ma (Nd_T = 6.74 ± 0.19, MSWD = 0.12) which is interpreted as the age of eruption. The Nd_t values for the aphyric basalts and pl-physic andesites range from 6.7 to 8.3, indicating the involvement of different depleted magma sources. The Nd and Sr isotopic data rule out any significant influence of older continental crust in the formation of the Gebeit volcanics and indicate an intraoceanic origin. This implies that the Gebeit terrane is a segment of juvenile crust that originated in a subduction-related environment and supports the arc accretion model for the Arabian-Nubian Shield.     

Insights into the origin of primitive silica-undersaturated arc magmas of Aoba volcano (Vanuatu arc)

Aoba picrites in Vanuatu arc (Southwestern Pacific) offer the opportunity to address the question of the origin of Si-undersaturated arc magmas, through the geochemical study of their olivine-hosted melt inclusions. These latter delineate a differentiation trend of calc-alkaline silica-undersaturated basalts, with typical trace-element patterns of arc magmas. The most primitive melt inclusions, preserved in olivines with Fo ≥ 89, have normative nepheline compositions with CaO/Al₂O₃ > 0.8, but belong to three distinct populations differing in their enrichment or depletion in LILE, Cl, and alkalis (Rb, K). The dominant population is characterized by medium-LILE concentrations (La/Yb ~ 7–8) and represents the parental magma of the Aoba lavas. The two others (La/Yb ~ 20 and 2) are either significantly enriched or extremely depleted in LILE, Cl, and alkalis. This compositional variability of primitive magma batches requires the multi-stage mixing between melts generated by partial melting of both peridotite and clinopyroxene-rich lithologies. Medium-LILE magma derives from the mixing between peridotite- and clinopyroxenite-derived melts, whereas the high- and low-LILE melts involve amphibole-bearing and amphibole-free clinopyroxenite sources, respectively.     

Formation conditions of allivalites, olivine-anorthite crystal enclaves, in the volcanics of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc

In this paper we address allivalites, coarse-and giant-textured olivine-anorthite rocks occurring as separate blocks in the eruption products of many volcanoes from the frontal part of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. New data are reported on the petrography, mineralogy, and composition of melt inclusions in minerals from ten allivalite samples from Ksudach, Il’inskii, Zavaritskii, Kudryavyi, and Golovnin volcanoes. The crystallization temperatures of allivalite minerals were estimated as 970–1080°C at a melt water content of 3.0–3.5 wt % and oxygen fugacity NNO = 1–2. A genetic link was established between the compositions of melt inclusions and interstitial glasses in allivalites and volcano rocks. The cumulate nature of allivalites was demonstrated. Using mass balance calculations, the degree of fractionation of primary melts during the formation of cumulate layers was estimated for various volcanoes as 22–46%.     

The geochemistry and petrogenesis of K-rich alkaline volcanics from the Batu Tara volcano,eastern Sunda arc

Mineralogical, major and trace element, and isotopic data are presented for leucite basanite and leucite tephrite eruptives and dykes from the Batu Tara volcano, eastern Sunda arc. In general, the eruptives are markedly porphyritic with phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine, leucite ±plagioclase±biotite set in similar groundmass assemblages. These K-rich alkaline volcanics have high concentrations of large-ion-lithophile (LIL), light rare earth (LRE) and most incompatible trace elements, and are characterized by high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70571–0.70706) and low ¹⁴³Nd/ ¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512609–0.512450) compared with less alkaline volcanics from the Sunda arc. They also display the relative depletion of Ti and Nb in chondrite-normalized plots which is a feature of subalkaline volcanics from the eastern Sunda arc and arc volcanics in general. Chemical and mineralogical data for the Batu Tara K-rich rocks indicate that they were formed by the accumulation of variable amounts of phenocrysts in several melts with different major and trace element compositions. The compositions of one of these melts estimated from glass inclusions in phenocrysts is relatively Fe-rich (100 Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺)=48–51) and is inferred to have been derived from a more primitive magma by low-pressure crystal fractionation involving olivine, clinopyroxene and spinel. Mg-rich (mg 90) and Cr-rich (up to 1.7 wt. % Cr₂O₃) zones in complex oscillatory-zoned clinopyroxene phenocrysts probably also crystallized from such a magma. The marked oscillatory zoning in the clinopyroxene phenocrysts is considered to be the result of limited mixing of relatively evolved with more primitive magmas, together with their phenocrysts, along interfaces between discrete convecting magma bodies.     

The petrogenesis of volcanics from Mt. Bulusan and Mt. Mayon in the Bicol arc,the Philippines

Pliocene to recent volcanic rocks from the Bulusan volcanic complex in the southern part of the Bicol arc (Philippines) exhibit a wide compositional range (medium- to high-K basaltic-andesites, andesites and a dacite/rhyolite suite), but are characterised by large ion lithophile element enrichments and HFS element depletions typical of subduction-related rocks. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that the more silicic syn- and post-caldera magmas have been influenced by intracrustal processes such as magma mixing and fractional crystallisation. However, the available data indicate that the Bicol rocks as a group exhibit relatively lower and less variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7036–0.7039) compared with many of the other subduction-related volcanics from the Philippine archipelago. The Pb isotope ratios of the Bicol volcanics appear to be unlike those of other Philippine arc segments. They typically plot within and below the data field for the Philippine Sea Basin on ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams, implying a pre-subduction mantle wedge similar to that sampled by the Palau Kyushu Ridge, east of the Philippine Trench. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are moderately variable (0.51285–0.51300). Low silica (<55 wt%) samples that have lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd tend to have high Th/Nd, high Th/Nb, and moderately low Ce/Ce* ratios. Unlike some other arc segments in the Philippines (e.g. the Babuyan-Taiwan segment), there is little evidence for the involvement of subducted terrigenous sediment. Instead, the moderately low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in some of the Bicol volcanics may result from subduction of pelagic sediment (low Ce/Ce*, high Th/Nd, and high Th/Nb) and its incorporation into the mantle wedge via a slab-derived partial melt.     

Mesozoic volcanics of western sicily

The Mesozoic lavas and minor intrusions in the thrust sheets of western Sicily have the following characteristics:

1. The lavas in the Triassic Mufara Formation in the north were broken into fragments which rotated independently within the incompetent strata that enclose them. This behavior is characteristic of igneous rocks found within the more internal (northerly) thrust units.
2. The Jurassic lavas in the more external (southerly) units have consistent directions which agree with those of the Ammonitico Rosso limestones in the same zone and lie about 30° clockwise from those of coeval autochthonous formations in Tunisia.Schult's presumed Cretaceous directions from Custonaci on the north coast (similar to those found in the Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa at Terrasini to the east byChannel et al., 1980) are rotated still more (140°) with respect to those of the autochthonous Iblean platform of SE Sicily. These differences are believed to reflect rotation of the thrust sheets during tectonic transport in Cenozoic times, the internal units being the most strongly rotated.
3. All the igneous rocks are highly altered: generally the original mineralogy cannot be completely determined. Relative abundances of some of the less mobile elements (Ti, Sr, Y) suggest that they are intraplate basalts.

     

大青山地区中生代玄武质火山岩岩石地球化学特征

对满洲里地区大青山盆地中生代玄武质火山岩类地球化学特征进行讨论,结合野外观察和前人资料,对其岩浆演化、成因及成岩构造环境进行探讨,为下一步工作提供依据。分析可知,该区玄武质火山岩类岩浆源于富集不相容元素的富集地幔,后有壳源物质参与,是岩石圈伸展背景下早期流体交代岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融的产物。通过火山岩地球化学特征分析以及和邻区产铀火山岩特征类比可知,本区具备较好的火山热液型铀及多金属成矿的构造环境及火山岩浆演化系列。     

A-type volcanics in Central Eastern Sinai, Egypt

Alkaline rhyolitic and minor trachytic volcanics were erupted 580–530 Ma ago. They occur with their A-type intrusive equivalents in Sinai, southern Negev and southwestern Jordan. At Taba-Nuweiba district, these volcanics outcrop in three areas, namely, Wadi El-Mahash, Wadi Khileifiya and Gebel El-Homra. Mineralogically, they comprise alkali feldspars, iron-rich biotite and arfvedsonite together with rare ferro-eckermannite. Geochemically, the older rhyolitic volcanics are highly evolved, enriched in HFSE including REE and depleted in Ca, Mg, Sr and Eu. The rhyolitic rocks of Wadi El-Mahash and Gebel El-Homra are enriched in K₂O content (5.3–10.1 wt.%) and depleted in Na₂O content (0.08–2.97 wt.%), while the rhyolites of Wadi Khileifiya have normal contents of alkalis. Their REE patterns are uniform, parallel to subparallel, fractionated [(La/Yb)_n = 5.4] and show prominent negative Eu-anomalies. They are classified as alkali rhyolites with minor comendites. The younger volcanics are classified as trachyandesite and quartz trachyte (56.6–62.9 wt.% SiO₂). Both older and younger volcanics represent two separate magmatic suites. The overall mineralogical and chemical characteristics of these volcanics are consistent with within plate tectonic setting. It is suggested that partial melting of crustal rocks yielded the source magma. Lithospheric extension and crustal rupture occurred prior to the eruption of these volcanics. The rather thin continental crust (35 km) as well as the continental upheaval and extensive erosion that preceded their emplacement favoured pressure release and increasing mantle contribution. The volatiles of the upper mantle were important agents for heat transfer, and sufficient for the anatexis of the crustal rocks. A petrogenetic hypothesis is proposed for the genesis of the recorded potassic and ultrapotassic rhyolitic rocks through the action of dissolved volatiles and their accumulation in the uppermost part of the magma chamber.     

Melting relations of some ultra alkali volcanics

The melting relations of a group of ultra alkali lavas are determined. They include a range of types rich in melilite and nepheline (melilite nephelinites) from the Nyiragongo volcano of the Congo and a group rich in olivine (olivine nephelinites). The liquidi of these assemblages range from 1100°C (the melilite nephelinite of the lava lake of Nyiragongo) through the Cameroons etindite (clinopyroxene nephelinite, 1118°C to 1300°C for the olivine nephelinites. For the most part the liquidi follow a course dependent on iron-enrichmcnt. Notable departures are examples rich in leucite.     

Source and H2O content of high-MgO magmas in island arc settings: an experimental study of a primitive calc-alkaline basalt from St. Vincent, lesser antilles arc

Liquidus phase relationships have been determined for a high-MgO basalt (STV301: MgO=12.5 wt%, Ni=250 ppm, Cr=728 ppm) from Black Point, St Vincent (Lesser Antilles arc). Piston-cylinder experiments were conducted between 7.5 and 20 kbar under both hydrous and oxidizing conditions. AuPd capsules were used as containers. Compositions of supraliquidus glasses and mass-balance calculations show that Fe loss is < 10% in the majority of experiments. Two series of water concentrations in melt were investigated: (i) 1.5 wt% and (ii) 4.5 wt% H₂O, as determined by SIMS analyses on quenched glasses and with the by difference technique. The Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ partitioning between Cr-Al spinel and melt and olivine-spinel equilibria show that oxidizing fO₂ were imposed (NNO + 1.5 for the 1.5 wt% H₂O series, NNO + 2.3 for the 4.5 wt% H₂O series). For both series of water concentrations, the liquid is multiply-saturated with a spinel lherzolite phase assemblage on its liquidus, at 1235°C, 11.5 kbar (1.5 wt% H₂O) and 1185°C, 16 kbar (4.5 wt% H₂O). Liquidus phases are homogeneous and comparable to typical mantle compositions. Mineral-melt partition coefficients are generally identical to values under anhydrous conditions. The modal proportion cpx/opx on the liquidus decreases from the 1.5 wt% to the 4.5 wt% H₂O series. The experimental data are consistent with STV301 being a product of partial melting of lherzolitic mantle. Conditions of multiple saturation progressively evolve toward lower temperatures and higher pressures with increasing melt H₂O concentration. Phase equilibria constraints, i.e., the necessity of preserving the mantle signature seen in high-MgO and picritic arc basalts, and glass inclusion data suggest that STV301 was extracted relatively dry (∼ 2 wt% H₂O) from its mantle source. However, not all primary arc basalts are extracted under similarly dry conditions because more hydrous melts will crystallize during ascent and will not be present unmodified at the surface. From degrees of melting calculated from experiments on KLB-1, extraction of a 12.5 wt% MgO melt with ∼ 2 wt% H₂O would require a H₂O concentration of 0.3 wt% in the sub-arc mantle. For mantle sources fluxed with a slab-derived hydrous component, extracted melts may contain up to ∼ 5.5 wt% H₂O.     

赣南橄榄安粗质火山岩的年代学与地球化学

中国东南部燕山早期EW向火山岩带东段的赣南会昌地区,分布有一套橄榄安粗岩系列火山岩,主要岩性为粗面玄武岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和粗面岩等。本文选择会昌代表性火山岩进行了LA—ICPMS锆石U—Pb年代学、LA—MC—ICPMS锆石Hf同位素和地球化学研究。结果表明,会昌火山岩形成于一181Ma,为早侏罗世晚期岩浆活动的产物。会昌火山岩中岩浆结晶锆石具正的且变化范围较大的εHf（t）值,为2．1—11．6。并含有少量来自富城花岗岩体的捕获锆石,年龄为213～225Ma,εHf（t）值为-8．5。在地球化学组成上,会昌火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。会昌橄榄安粗岩系火山岩岩浆由软流圈来源的熔体与富集岩石圈地幔熔融产生的熔体在源区混合产生,在成岩过程中受到了少量地壳物质的同化混染作用。会昌火山岩形成于古太平洋板块对中国东南大陆俯冲作用的板内岩浆活动期。它们与分布于赣南地区的早．中侏罗世的其它幔源岩浆活动产物类似,均是板内伸展构造背景下软流圈地幔-岩石圈地幔-地壳三者之间不同程度相互作用的表征。     

Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island,Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure

Cold Bay and Amak Island, two Quaternary volcanic centers in the eastern Aleutians, are orthogonal relative to the trench and separated by ~50 km. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of the calc-alkaline andesite magmas show no sign of contamination from continental crust (average ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}\text{= 0.70323}$, ${}^{143}\text{Nd}{}^{144}\text{Nd}\text{= 0.51301}$, ${}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{204}\text{Pb}\text{= 18.82}$, ${}^{207}\text{Pb}{}^{204}\text{Pb}\text{= 15.571}$). These samples plot within the mantle arrays for Sr-Nd and for Pb and are similar to arcs such as the Marianas and New Britain (Sr-Nd) and Marianas and Tonga (Pb). Incompatible element ratios for the Aleutian andesites (K/Rb ~ 332, K/Cs ~ 10,600, K/Sr ~ 22.4, K/Ba ~ 18.3, Ba/La ~ 60) are within the range reported for arc basalts, despite the difference in degree of fractionation.Average K content, K/Rb, K/Ba and K/Sr are approximately the same for basalts from arcs and from oceanic islands (OIB); K/Cs is a factor of 4 lower and Ba/La almost 3 times higher in arcs. Abundance ratio correlations indicate that arcs are enriched in Cs and depleted in La relative to OIB, with other incompatible element abundances very similar. Histograms of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions for MORB, OIB, and intraoceanic arcs show remarkably similar peaks and distribution patterns for intraoceanic arcs and OIB.A “plum pudding” model for the upper mantle best accommodates a) geochemical coherence of OIB and IAV, b) the existence of mantle plumes at some oceanic islands, and c) the presence of a MORB-type source at back arc spreading centers. In this model, OIB plums are imbedded in a MORB matrix; small degrees of melting generate OIB-type magmas while larger degrees of melting dilute the OIB magma with MORB matrix melts.OIB plums are merely less robust lower mantle plumes (i.e., blobs) which are distributed throughout the upper mantle by convection. The existence of at least two types of OIB, as indicated by Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes, suggests that nuggets of recycled oceanic lithosphère may coexist with lower-mantle plums and that both may be tapped in arcs and intraplate environments.     

The deposition of volcanics and pyritite in the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Stratiform pyritic deposits occur interbedded with sedimentary and volcanic rocks and may be considered to consist of sulphidic rock, called pyritite. In the Iberian Pyrite Belt such deposits are found at different levels and settings in the Volcanic-Siliceous Complex of Lower Carboniferous age, which comprises sediments and felsic to mafic volcanics. The felsic volcanics range from dust tuffs to lapilli tuffs of quartz-keratophyric to rhyolitic composition, and are interpreted as submarine ashflow tuffs laid down by sliding and flowing down volcanoes at the eruptive centres in the Hercynian geosyncline. The pyritite bodies are likewise regarded as redeposited: they originated on the volcano flanks from emanations towards the end of the felsic vulcanicity, to slump and move down into deeper water among tuffs or muds.

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Résumé Les gisements pyriteux stratiformes se trouvent intercalés dans des roches sédimentaires et volcaniques, ce qui mène à les considérer comme constitués d'une roche appelée »pyritite«. Dans la Ceinture Pyriteuse Ibérique, ces dépôts se présentent dans des niveaux et des milieux variés, dans le Complexe Vulcano-Siliceux, d'âge Carbonifère inférieur, qui comporte des sédiments et des roches volcaniques acides et basiques. Les volcanites acides sont des tufs variant de très fins à grossiers, de composition quartz-kératophyrique à rhyolitique. Nous admettons un mode de dépôt par des coulées sous-marines de cendres, à la suite d'éboulements sur les volcans aux centres éruptifs dans le géosynclinal hercynien. Nous estimons également que les masses de pyritite se sont déposées en deux étapes: engendrées par des exhalations sur les flancs des volcans, vers la fin du volcanisme acide, elles glissaient et coulaient dans des eaux plus profondes, parmi des tufs ou des boues.

     

Condensation in the primitive solar nebula

The distribution of the major elements between vapor and solid has been calculated for a cooling gas of cosmic composition. The assumption is made that high temperature condensates remain in equilibrium with the vapor, affecting the temperatures of appearance of successively less refractory phases. The model suggests that the major textural features and mineralogical composition of the Ca, Al-rich inclusions in the C3 chondrites were produced during condensation in the nebula characterized by slight departures from chemical equilibrium due to incomplete reaction of high temperature condensates. Fractionation of such a phase assemblage is sufficient to produce part of the lithophile element depletion of the ordinary chondrites relative to the cosmic abundances.     

Devonian volcanics in the New England Orogen: tectonic setting and polarity

The tectonic setting of the Devonian rocks in the New England Orogen has been the subject of considerable debate and controversy for many years. Our studies reveal that they have formed in intra-oceanic island arc and back arc basin (BAB) settings based on Th/Yb, Nb/Yb, Ba/La and Zr/Y ratios. Further, many of the samples that formed in a BAB have a mixture of MORB and arc-like characteristics, a few are almost entirely MORB-like. The arc-like features are believed to be due to the presence of a subduction component in the basaltic magma, the amount of which is controlled by the distance from the arc. Those samples with MORB-like compositions are thought to have originated at spreading centres. The compositions of Late Devonian basalts become more arc-like to the west suggesting a west facing polarity. Based on the tectonic setting and spatial relationship of Late Devonian sequences, we propose that two subduction zones existed during the Late Devonian, one dipping west beneath the Lachlan Orogen, the other dipping east beneath a rifted intra oceanic arc. Obduction of this intra oceanic arc over the continental margin of the Lachlan Orogen in the latest Devonian at approximately 375 Ma led to the development of a new west dipping subduction zone oceanward and commencement of continental, arc magmatism.