Anisotropic Variation Law of Rock Permeability with the Burial Depth of Limestone

Permeability tensors of both macrofracture and microfracture systems were measured progressively along the depth of limestone formations at severed sites. It was found that the principal permeability values KX, Ky and Kz in these permeability tensors all decrease simultaneously and logarithmically with depth. However, the limestone aquifers are composed of an upper region where the larger permeability ellipsoid is upright or prolate and characterized by Kz>Kx and Kz>Ky, a transitional zone, and a lower zone whose smaller permeability ellipsoid is horizontal or oblate and characterized by KZ相似文献   

Permeability tensors for sedimentary structures

Accurate modeling of fluid flow through sedimentary units is of great importance in assessing the performance of both hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers. Most sedimentary rocks display structure from the mm or cm scale upwards. Flow simulation should therefore begin with grid blocks of this size in order to calculate effective permeabilities for larger structures. In this paper, we investigate several flow models for sandstones, and examine their impact on the calculation of effective permeability for single phase flow. Crossflow arises in some structures, in which case it may be necessary to use a tensor representation of the effective permeability. We establish conditions under which tensors are required, e.g., in crossbedded structures with a high bedding angle, high permeability contrast, and laminae of comparable thickness. Cases where the off-diagonal terms can be neglected, such as in symmetrical systems, are also illustrated. We indicate how the method of calculating tensor permeabilities may be extended to model multiphase flow in sedimentary structures.     

含裂缝压实膨润土的渗透性能研究

为评价膨润土裂缝的自愈合效果,通过渗透-饱和试验,研究了不同裂缝形态、数量的压实膨润土试样渗透系数的变化规律,采用统计学方法分析了各组试样渗透系数的差异性.研究显示：在饱和过程中,干密度为1.2 g/cm3的含裂缝压实膨润土的渗透系数随时间呈逐渐递减趋势,且含裂缝试样渗透系数与完整试样渗透系数之间无显著性差异.表明裂缝形态和数量对压实膨润土的渗透性无显著影响,压实膨润土具有良好的自愈性能.     

基于离散裂隙网络模型的节理岩体渗透张量及特性分析

节理岩体几何结构非常复杂,研究其渗流特性对于指导含水岩层稳定性分析具有重要价值。应用离散裂隙网络模型DFN方法,基于VC++6.0软件平台,建立了平面渗流分析方法,分析了节理岩体不同几何分布情况下的渗透率张量特征,通过定义渗流定向性系数对岩体渗流的定向性特征进行了定量分析。结果表明：单组节理岩体渗流具有明显的各向异性特征,渗流定向性随着节理角度变化显著;节理随着节理贯通性增加,节理渗透率呈现对数增加趋势;两组节理情况下,各向异性特征随着节理组间夹角变化;两组节理岩体渗流特征研究中,正交分布下,岩体仍存在各向异性,但渗流定向性系数较低;当节理倾角服从正态分布时,随着节理倾角标准差增大,渗透率增加;两组节理夹角不同时,节理渗透主方向倾角随着夹角增大而相应增大,基本沿两组节理夹角方向的角平分线方向。     

基岩裂隙渗透性的野外研究

本文着重探讨了基岩裂隙的野外测量及渗透张量的计算方法，并给出了作者在湖南辰溪煤矿的实测计算结果及在指导采煤中的应用。     

基于各向异性AVO的裂缝弹性参数叠前反演方法

基于各向异性理论,将具有水平对称轴的高角度裂缝介质等效为HTI介质。首先,通过分析HTI介质反射界面的纵波反射系数公式,研究裂缝介质振幅随偏移距和方位角的变化特征,探索了方位各向异性介质弹性参数和各向异性参数的叠前反演方法。其次,为更好地估测介质的弹性参数:纵波阻抗IP、横波阻抗IS以及各向异性梯度Γ,对反射系数近似式进行了简化,同时对简化公式的精度进行了对比分析。最后,选取2D逆掩断层模型,利用褶积公式制作不同方位的合成地震道集,并对合成地震道集添加随机噪声(信噪比为2∶1),将其应用于方位AVO叠前反演算法试算中。结果表明,当信噪比为2时,方位AVO叠前反演所得纵波阻抗、横波阻抗及各向异性梯度的估测值与模型真实值基本吻合,而且估测值能够较准确地反映原始模型的地层特征,验证了方位AVO叠前反演算法的准确适用性。     

油气盆地低渗透储层裂缝预测研究现状及进展

我国拥有相当数量裂缝型低渗储层的地质储量,在我国油气生产中起举足轻重的作用。系统开展低渗储层中裂缝特征和分布规律研究预测,无疑对我国的低渗透储层油气勘探开发具有指导作用。目前,国内外在油气盆地低渗透储层中对裂缝预测及评价已经形成了很多富有特色的方法,但是由于裂缝成因的复杂性、发育的多阶段性,对低渗储层裂缝的预测及评价研究还处于探索阶段。本文较为系统地综述了油气盆地低渗透储层裂缝预测研究现状与进展、不同成因的裂缝预测方法、裂缝研究存在问题和解决方法。     

Numerical Calculation of Equivalent Cell Permeability Tensors for General Quadrilateral Control Volumes

A new method for upscaling fine scale permeability fields to general quadrilateral-shaped coarse cells is presented. The procedure, referred to as the conforming scale up method, applies a triangle-based finite element technique, capable of accurately resolving both the coarse cell geometry and the subgrid heterogeneity, to the solution of the local fine scale problem. An appropriate averaging of this solution provides the equivalent permeability tensor for the coarse scale quadrilateral cell. The general level of accuracy of the technique is demonstrated through application to a number of flow problems. The real strength of the conforming scale up method is demonstrated when the method is applied in conjunction with a flow-based gridding technique. In this case, the approach is shown to provide results that are significantly more accurate than those obtained using standard techniques.     

Use of Border Regions for Improved Permeability Upscaling

A procedure for the improved calculation of upscaled grid block permeability tensors on Cartesian grids is described and applied. The method entails the use of a border region of fine-scale cells surrounding the coarse block for which the upscaled permeability is to be computed. The implementation allows for the use of full-tensor permeability fields on the fine and coarse scales. Either periodic or pressure–no flow boundary conditions are imposed over the extended local domain (target block plus border regions) though averaged quantities, used to compute the upscaled permeability tensor, are computed only over the target block region. Flow and transport results using this procedure are compared to those from standard methods for different types of geological and simulation models. Improvement using the new approach is consistently observed for the cases considered, though the degree of improvement varies for different models and flow quantities.     

基于岩石物理模型的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演

针对富有机质页岩储层复杂的矿物组分与微观孔缝结构,本文提出基于岩石物理模型和改进粒子群算法的页岩储层裂缝属性及各向异性参数反演方法。应用自相容等效介质理论与Chapman多尺度孔隙理论建立裂缝型页岩双孔隙系统岩石物理模型。开发基于岩石物理模型的反演流程,引入模拟退火优化粒子群算法解决多参数同时反演问题,反演算法能够避免陷入局部极值且收敛速度快。将本文方法应用于四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气储层,反演得到的孔隙纵横比、裂缝密度等物性参数和各向异性参数与已有研究结果一致,能为页岩储层的评价提供多元化信息。     

A Connectivity Index for Discrete Fracture Networks

Connectivity is an important measure for assessing flow transport in rock, especially through fractures. In this paper, rock fracture systems are modelled by a discrete fracture model simulated by a marked point process. A connectivity index is then introduced to quantify the connectivity between any two points in space. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the connectivity index for stationary cases and relationships between the connectivity index and the parameters of the discrete fracture model are analysed. The average number of intersections per fracture, X_f, and the fracture intensity, P12 (P32), are calculated and the relationships between these parameters and the connectivity index are investigated, concluding that X_f is the more suitable parameter for the classification of rock mass flow properties. The relationships between the connectivity index and the percolation state of the fractured medium are also discussed. An edge correction is briefly discussed and a practical example is used to demonstrate the method of computing the connectivity index.     

基于压水试验下的某水电站坝址区基岩裂隙网络系统透水特性的研究

依据单孔压水试验,分析了木里河流域某水电站坝址区基岩裂隙网络系统渗透特性,得到了坝址区不同岩性岩体中不同成因类型的裂隙渗透特性随埋深的变化规律,并为以后构建基岩裂隙介质等效连续介质数值模型时的参数选取提供依据。     

Anisotropic UH model for soils based on a simple transformed stress method

A simple method called anisotropic transformed stress (ATS) method is proposed to develop failure criteria and constitutive models for anisotropic soils. In this method, stress components in different directions are modified differently in order to reflect the effect of anisotropy. It includes two steps of mapping of stress. First, a modified stress tensor is introduced, which is a symmetric multiplication of stress tensor and fabric tensor. In the modified stress space, anisotropic soils can be treated to be isotropic. Second, a TS tensor is derived from the modified stress tensor for the convenience of developing anisotropic constitutive models to account for the effect of intermediate principal stress. By replacing the ordinary stress tensor with the TS tensor directly, the unified hardening model is extended to model the anisotropic deformation of soils. Anisotropic Lade's criterion is adopted for shear yield and shear failure in the model. The form of the original model formulations remains unchanged, and the model parameters are independent of the loading direction. Good agreement between the experimental results and predictions of the anisotropic unified hardening model is observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

离散裂隙渗流方法与裂隙化渗透介质建模

流体渗流模拟的连续介质方法通常适用于多孔地质体，并不一定适用于裂隙岩体，由于裂隙分布及其特征与孔隙差异较大。若流体渗流主要受裂隙的控制，对于一定尺寸的裂隙岩体，多孔介质假设则较难刻划裂隙岩体的渗流特征。离散裂隙渗流方法不但可直接用于模拟裂隙岩体非均质性和各向异性等渗流特征，而且可用其确定所研究的裂隙岩体典型单元体及其水力传导（渗透）张量大小。主要讨论了以下问题：（1）饱和裂隙介质中一般的离散流体渗流模拟；（2）裂隙岩体中的REV（典型单元体）及其水力传导（渗透）张量的确定；（3）利用离散裂隙网络流体渗流模型研究裂隙方向几何参数对水力传导系数和REV的影响；（4）在二维和三维离散裂隙流体渗流模型中对区域大裂隙和局部小裂隙的处理方法。调查结果显示离散裂隙流体渗流数学模型可用来评价不同尺度上的裂隙岩体的水力特征，以及裂隙方向对裂隙化岩体的水力特征有着不可忽视的影响。同时，局部小裂隙、区域大裂隙应当区别对待，以便据其所起的作用及水力特征，建立裂隙化岩体相应的流体渗流模型。     

绿泥石片岩各向异性特性研究

为研究十堰地区片岩的各向异性特性,开展了武当群绿泥石片岩长方体试样的单轴压缩和圆盘试样的间接拉伸试验,探讨了试样各向异性的力学特性和在不同受力状态下的变形破裂特性,揭示了不同变形破裂的力学机制。研究表明,武当群绿泥石片岩具有明显的各向异性性质,平行片理方向强度高,垂直片理方向强度低。该片岩特殊的定向排列片束状构造和片理间的弱胶结作用,致使不同方向上的破坏特征具有明显差异,其力学机制也不相同。在压应力作用下,泊松效应容易引起平行片理面的张拉劈裂和压杆失稳,垂直片理方向容易发生片理面间的剪切破坏。在同一方向上强度具有一致性,即平行片理面抗压和抗拉强度均较垂直片理面强度大。由于片理面间的抗拉承载力极低,在小角度劈裂荷载下,容易发生张拉劈裂和拉剪破坏,因此,实际工程中应尽可能避免片理面间的受拉破坏和沿片理的拉剪破坏。研究结果可以为隧道、边坡支护加固和防水处理提供参考。     

延安Q3原状黄土渗透各向异性及微结构分析

为研究原状马兰黄土的渗透各向异性,以延安削山造地重大工程开挖所揭露的完整黄土剖面中的马兰黄土层为研究对象,采用室内变水头渗透试验获取不同埋深不同渗流时长原状黄土垂直向和水平向的渗透系数,并对试验前后黄土试样垂直向和水平向SEM（scanning electron microscope）电镜扫描结果进行分析,从微观结构上揭示原状马兰黄土结构各向异性的原因。结果表明：原状黄土垂直向和水平向饱和渗透系数具有显著各向异性,且垂直向和水平向渗透系数都随渗流时间的持续而减小,各向异性渗透性能在时间尺度上具有某种衰减关系;同时,原状黄土各向异渗透性能随埋深的增大而逐渐减弱;土颗粒结构的接触、排列方式是导致黄土原生各向异性的根本原因,也是导致渗流初始阶段渗透系数各向异性的原因,而渗流作用产生的次生结构各向异性则使渗透系数各向异性在时间尺度上表现得更为明显。     

关于上海勘察规范中钻孔降水头注水试验计算公式几点讨论

本文分析了钻孔降水头试验的渗透系数计算公式,并与上海勘察规范的渗透系数计算公式进行对比,发现上海规范公式未能反映渗水段的各种边界条件、套管内径与渗水段直径差异、土层各向异性。在粉土或砂土层做注水试验、且套管隔水设置在上覆粘性土层中或者在夹粉土较多粘性土层做注水试验,采用上海规范公式计算得到的渗透系数将偏小。采用钻孔+隔水带注水试验方法时,采用上海规范公式计算得到的渗透系数将偏大。综合分析结果,建议对上海规范公式进行适当修正。     

上海浅部黏土渗透系数及其各向异性

为研究上海浅部黏土的渗透系数及其各向异性,沿水平及竖直方向对上海浅部主要黏土层进行了不同压力下的固结试验,联合使用时间平方根法和时间对数法获取了试样的渗透系数,探讨了渗透系数与孔隙比及渗流方向之间的关系,并通过电镜扫描,从微观角度分析了水平和竖直方向渗透系数存在差异的原因。研究结果表明：上海浅部主要黏土层的渗透系数均随着孔隙比的增加而增大。对于单组试验来说,渗透系数k与孔隙比e在e lgk坐标系中呈现很好的线性关系,且渗透变化指数Ck大致呈现Ck = 0.5e0的规律;但对于整体试验而言,渗透系数与孔隙比在e lgk坐标系中大致呈现出曲线关系。通过扫描电镜观察,揭示了沉积形成的絮状微观结构是竖直和水平渗透系数差异较小的主要原因。     

基于微结构张量理论的柱状节理岩体各向异性强度分析

复杂的结构面是控制岩体力学性质的主要因素,由结构面引起的岩体各向异性一直是岩体力学研究的热点问题。柱状节理是一类特殊的岩体地质结构面,具有强烈的各向异性特性,微结构张量理论是目前国际岩石力学领域一种较有效地探讨结构面各向异性问题的新方法。材料的微结构张量和加载向量是微结构张量法描述的两个重要参量。采用多组节理面局部坐标系与整体坐标系的投影关系,定义了材料的微结构张量计算方法,引入各向异性参数ψ表述微结构张量在加载方向的投影,将其引入Jaeger针对岩体沿节理面滑动破裂提出的基于Mohr-Coulomb强度准则,得到了多组节理岩体的各向异性强度准则。同时,结合白鹤滩坝址区的柱状节理特性,分析柱状节理引起的各向异性对坝址区稳定性的影响     

单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律试验研究

以石嘴山矿西翼采区为研究背景,通过三轴应力作用下岩石单裂隙渗流试验、裂隙开度与有效压力关系试验和大尺度岩石表面粗糙度量测试验,结合渗流力学基本理论,揭示了三维应力下单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律,建立了有效压力、裂隙开度与渗透系数的关系式,以期丰富裂隙岩体渗流的理论研究。