基于功率谱密度筛选的高海拔区背景噪声快速成像技术

真实且高信噪比的经验格林函数是准确提取面波频散和反演地下结构的前提,而实际噪声源分布与理论存在差异,且高海拔区噪声源数量少、能量弱,不仅需要长时间的数据采集,也难以获得高信噪比的经验格林函数。因此本文提出基于功率谱密度的背景噪声数据筛选方法,对某高海拔地区采集的92 h的背景噪声数据进行筛选,不仅大幅缩短了互相关计算时长,更有效提取了高信噪比的面波,减弱了高视速度干扰波,并获得了浅层0～140 m高分辨率的横波速度结构。本次研究为作业难度大的高海拔区开展周期短的水利水电勘察工作提供了新思路。     

时间域航空电磁系统探测深度研究

时间域航空电磁系统探测深度与采样时间、发射磁矩、大地电导率、仪器背景噪声和灵敏度等诸多因素相关。本文基于时间域航空电磁一维正演对时间域航空电磁系统探测深度进行研究。正演算法从麦克斯韦方程出发,结合准静态近似条件,得到一维层状介质上空中心回线频率域电磁场响应的垂直分量,并采用汉克尔积分进行计算,进而通过时-频变换获得时间域电磁场响应。探测深度研究参考仪器背景噪声水平,通过设定最小可识别信号阈值（本文设定为系统背景噪声三倍）获取最大可探测分离时间,进而利用该分离时间结合平均电导率求取最大探测深度。最后本文以VTEM系统为例,对不同层状介质模型以及不同发射磁矩、背景噪声、发射脉宽和飞行高度下的时间域航空电磁系统最大探测深度进行分析和讨论。     

基于背景噪声的自相关与HVSR联合成像在广东惠州城市浅层结构探测中的应用

随着我国城市化进程快速推进,大中小城市呈现地下空间全面开发的态势。然而城市地下空间开发利用存在地下情况不明、结构不清的问题,这在很大程度上影响了地下空间的开发利用和城市战略布局规划。广东惠州是典型的东部中型城市,为了避免老城区建成后地下水土质量不清楚、地下空间资源量不明确、城市地下空间资源开发无科学数据支持等问题,特在研究区开展绿色无损的背景噪声成像研究,以查明惠州地区的第四系及断层的发育情况,为新区成功建成提供数据支持。笔者等以台间距10 m、测线总长度1 km的密集地震台阵为基础,利用两条测线共200台的背景噪声数据,使用噪声自相关与噪声HVSR两种方法分别对研究区两条线性测线分别进行计算,通过数据预处理,单台数据处理,多台数据整合,最后得到了两条测线的自相关剖面和HVSR剖面。研究显示,研究区第四系基岩顶面时间域范围为20~100 ms,深度域范围为5~20 m,浅层P波速度范围为400~500 m/s,这与收集到的钻孔等资料相一致。研究表明基于密集台阵的噪声自相关与HVSR联合成像方法是一种高效、绿色、低成本的方法,可用于调查第四系分界面（强波阻抗分界面）及浅层沉积物中的活动断层。     

基于背景噪声的自相关与HVSR联合成像在广东惠州城市浅层结构探测中的应用

随着我国城市化进程快速推进,大中小城市呈现地下空间全面开发的态势。然而城市地下空间开发利用存在地下情况不明、结构不清的问题,这在很大程度上影响了地下空间的开发利用和城市战略布局规划。广东惠州是典型的东部中型城市,为了避免老城区建成后地下水土质量不清楚、地下空间资源量不明确、城市地下空间资源开发无科学数据支持等问题,特在研究区开展绿色无损的背景噪声成像研究,以查明惠州地区的第四系及断层的发育情况,为新区成功建成提供数据支持。笔者等以台间距10 m、测线总长度1 km的密集地震台阵为基础,利用两条测线共200台的背景噪声数据,使用噪声自相关与噪声HVSR两种方法分别对研究区两条线性测线分别进行计算,通过数据预处理,单台数据处理,多台数据整合,最后得到了两条测线的自相关剖面和HVSR剖面。研究显示,研究区第四系基岩顶面时间域范围为20~100 ms,深度域范围为5~20 m,浅层P波速度范围为400~500 m/s,这与收集到的钻孔等资料相一致。研究表明基于密集台阵的噪声自相关与HVSR联合成像方法是一种高效、绿色、低成本的方法,可用于调查第四系分界面（强波阻抗分界面）及浅层沉积物中的活动断层。     

叠前去噪技术在煤矿采区全数字高密度三维地震中的应用

高密度三维地震采用数字检波器单点接收,数字检波器灵敏度高,对信号采取宽频接收,使得更多弱背景噪声和有效信号一起被记录下来。因此,全数字高密度三维地震资料单炮信噪比偏低,需要在叠前采用针对性去噪技术以提高处理效果。以淮北矿区全数字高密度三维地震数据为例,讨论了高密度空间采样的充分性以及高密度三维地震数据中面波、异常振幅与多次波等主要干扰波的特点,结合高密度三维地震数据宽方位、宽频带、高密度等特点,针对性地压制面波、异常振幅与多次波。在纵测线和非纵测线方向上对面波进行十字排列分析,根据面波空间分布规律设计锥形滤波器进行滤除;通过计算多个地震道的包络并设定阈值自动识别后进行单道压制以处理异常振幅。应用抛物Radon变换把CMP道集变换到τ-ρ域剔除多次波。原始数据经过处理后,有效信号得以保留,信噪比得到较大提升,取得了良好的效果,对今后的全数字高密度三维地震数据处理工作有借鉴意义。      

藏东南察达泥石流的发育特征及对拟建车站的影响

针对藏东南地区普遍发育的泥石流灾害影响川藏铁路车站选址的情况,通过实地调查并结合遥感解译,在查明察达泥石流区域现状的基础上,从泥石流的物质来源、诱发因素、动力因素等成灾条件分析泥石流的形成机理,并计算泥石流的动力学参数。藏东南察达泥石流沟口处的流速为7.63 m/s,静储量及动储量分别为1 519.81万m ³、38.08万m ³,泥石流危险度为中度危险级别,综合确定泥石流为大型-黏性-暴雨型-沟谷型-发展期-中等易发-中度危险泥石流。鉴于察达泥石流直接影响川藏铁路洛隆车站站址安全,为选择合适的线路方案,考虑桥梁和隧道两种不同的工程设置,在穿越泥石流处比选了4种方案;比选结果表明桥梁工程的DK方案桥面不存在淤埋风险,局部或全部堵塞桥涵孔径的风险较低,并便于修建排导槽等防护工程,泥石流引发的风险可控,为最优方案。研究成果可为该地区相似条件下铁路车站站址的选择提供借鉴。     

分频信噪比加权叠加

笔者给出一种分频信噪比加权叠加方法,根据定量计算的地震资料信噪比给出加权因子.该方法能有效地提高叠加剖面的信噪比,而又不过分降低剖面的分辨率.通过对实际地震资料处理取得了较好的效果.     

工作面长度对覆岩空间结构演化及大采高采场矿压规律的影响

工作面长度的增加是导致采场矿压强度增加的原因之一。通过相似模拟试验证明了覆岩能破断成梯形台形态,并指出了梯形台形成机制及梯形台的参数计算原理。利用梯形台分析了工作面长度对覆岩破断规律的影响,指出了梯形台与关键层理论的关系。基于薄板理论推导了岩层破断步距的计算公式,分析了工作面长度对梯形台空间结构演化及采场矿压显现特征的影响。结果表明：由于覆岩按梯形台破断,工作面长度较短时,加载层厚度较小,来压强度小。对比研究了赵庄2号井1305大采高工作面（工作面长度为85 m）和1302大采高工作面（工作面长度为180 m）矿压特征。结果表明：1305工作面基于梯形台和薄板理论进行选型计算,支架计算工作阻力为4 738 kN,现场选用额定阻力5 500 kN能够满足顶板控制的要求;1302工作面基于梁理论进行选型计算,支架计算工作阻力为7 623 kN,现场需选用额定阻力7 800 kN才能满足顶板控制的要求。     

Shearlet域尺度角度自适应深反射地震数据随机噪声压制方法

深反射地震探测技术是研究地球深部地质结构最为有效的手段之一。受大地滤波作用的影响,地震波能量成指数衰减,造成深层有效反射能量弱,受背景噪声干扰严重,难以实现深部地质结构的准确成像。本文通过研究深反射地震数据在Shearlet域中各个尺度角度上有效信号和随机噪声的分布差异,发现在不同的尺度角度上地震信号受随机噪声的影响程度不同。进一步将深反射地震数据尺度角度域中的信噪比、Shearlet系数二范数及随机噪声残差作为阈值的估计参数,实现随尺度角度自适应的随机噪声压制方法,最大限度地去除随机噪声的影响。通过理论模型数据和实际深反射地震数据测试,验证了Shearlet域自适应阈值随机噪声压制方法可以有效地去除随机噪声干扰,提升地震剖面的整体信噪比,实现深层微弱反射信号的精准成像。     

双谱估计法在海底钴结壳微地形探测中的应用

海洋环境中水下超声测量系统往往因环境中机械噪声、背景噪声以及混响等强噪声而导致测距精度低,因而具有一定局限性。双谱的时延估计方法对高斯噪声具有屏蔽能力,能更好地压制噪声,并准确估计信号的时间延迟,且双谱功率谱重构要比直接用FFT变换方法估计功率谱具有更好的性能。利用双谱估计对背景噪声不敏感的特性来处理超声回波信号,根据实验室水池实测数据,验证了该方法的适用性。研究结果表明:在先验知识较少和背景噪声较强时双谱法比广义互相关法的适用性更好。     

GPS在滑坡监测中的应用——以四川省丹巴县亚喀则滑坡为例

本文通过在四川丹巴县梭坡乡亚喀则滑坡区布设的GPS监测网的测量,阐述了GPS在滑坡监测时监测点位选择、监测网布设、数据处理的方法。亚喀则滑坡的GPS监测结果表明,其精度达到毫米级,完全满足滑坡监测的精度要求。     

GPS技术在鸳鸯湖矿区的应用

鸳鸯湖矿区位于宁夏回族自治区宁东煤田,该次GPS作业利用3个三等三角点作为起算数据,2个四等三角点作为检核数据,进行网平差及高程拟合。外业数据质量检验结果表明其重复基线及同、异步环闭合差均小于限差,符合规范要求。内业数据处理采用广播星历网基线处理,无约束平差、约束平差基线分量改正绝对值均小于限差值。6个水准点的网平差高程拟合结果证实GPS高程精度优于三角高程。测量成果经宁夏测绘产品质量监督检查站检查,成果精度达到《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》（GB/T18314-2001）的有关精度要求。说明鸳鸯湖矿区清水营井田GPS控制网的成果可靠。     

GPS在滑坡监测中的应用研究——以四川雅安峡口滑坡为例

本文主要介绍GPS用于地质灾害滑坡监测的技术和方法,并通过在中国四川雅安峡口滑坡示范区布设的GPS监测网的测量试验,阐述了在地形复杂、观测条件恶劣的山区进行GPS滑坡监测时,监测点位选择、监测网布设、数据处理的方法。监测结果表明,GPS滑坡监测的精度达到毫米级,完全可以应用于滑坡监测。     

GPS在滑坡监测中的应用研究

本文主要介绍GPS用于地质灾害滑坡监测的技术和方法,并通过在中国四川雅安峡口滑坡示范区布设的GPS监测网的测量试验,阐述了在地形复杂、观测条件恶劣的山区进行GPS滑坡监测时,监测点位选择、监测网布设、数据处理的方法。监测结果表明,GPS滑坡监测的精度达到毫米级,完全可以应用于滑坡监测。      

Study the feasibility of using PPP for establishing CORS network

Nowadays many continuously operating reference stations (CORS) network were established in Middle East to improve the surveying tasks. Establishing such geodetic control networks can be a costly business where multiple stations should be occupied simultaneously and post-processed with scientific software. Recently, precise point positioning (PPP) provides precise positioning values that may be an alternative to precise relative processing. The current research aims to investigate that PPP has a potential as a reliable absolute positioning technique operational simplicity as well as to investigate the capability of PPP approach to be a low cost alternative to the conventional positioning methods used in position determination of core networks stations. In comparison with common relative GPS techniques, the costs are reduced; because no base stations and no simultaneous observations are necessary, no need for control network maintenance which could be the most defective factors that Egypt HARN network suffered from. To see the feasibility study of using PPP for precise determination of the CORS, 14 days of GNSS data for the 14 Kuwait integrated with 27 IGS stations were processed by Bernese software to calculate the precise coordinates of Kuwaiti CORS network in the latest terrestrial geodetic frame. Three days of these data were processed by Trimble business center software and using PPP approach to calculate the precise coordinates of Kuwait network. In the current research, a comparable investigation was carried out between the coordinates obtained from Bernese software, Trimble business center, and PPP approach. The comparison proved high level of agreement between the coordinates which confirm that PPP approach can be applied for establishment of CORS network.     

Precision assessment of the orthometric heights determination in northern part of Algeria by combining the GPS data and the local geoid model

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the use of GPS positioning together with a gravimetrically determined geoid, for deriving orthometric heights in the North of Algeria, for which a limited number of GPS stations with known orthometric heights are available, and to check, by the same opportunity, the possibility of substituting the classical spirit levelling. For this work, 247 GPS stations which are homogeneously distributed and collected from the international TYRGEONET project, as well as the local GPS/Levelling surveys, have been used. The GPS/Levelling geoidal heights are obtained by connecting the points to the levelling network while gravimetric geoidal heights were interpolated from the geoid model computed by the Geodetic Laboratory of the National Centre of Spatial Techniques from gravity data supplied by BGI. However, and in order to minimise the discordances, systematic errors and datum inconsistencies between the available height data sets, we have tested two parametric models of corrector surface: a four parameter transformation and a third polynomial model are used to find the adequate functional representation of the correction that should be applied to the gravimetric geoid. The comparisons based on these GPS campaigns prove that a good fit between the geoid model and GPS/levelling data has been reached when the third order polynomial was used as corrector surface and that the orthometric heights can be deducted from GPS observations with an accuracy acceptable for the low order levelling network densification. In addition, the adopted methodology has been also applied for the altimetric auscultation of a storage reservoir situated at 40 km from the town of Oran. The comparison between the computed orthometric heights and observed ones allowed us to affirm that the alternative of levelling by GPS is attractive for this auscultation.     

中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场

利用 1991— 1999年间 36 2个全球定位系统 (GPS)测站的观测资料 ,初步获得了中国大陆及周边地区现今地壳水平运动的统一速度场。该速度场主要涵盖青藏高原 ,天山 ,塔里木、川滇 ,河西走廊 ,福建东南沿海等重要构造活动区 ,测定精度总体优于 2～ 3mm/a ,速度场站点的分布和测定精度基本上满足中国大陆现今构造变形和动力学研究的需求。现代大地测量第一次比较全面、定量地展示出中国大陆在周边板块作用下大幅度构造变形的图像 ,为模拟大陆岩石圈动力过程提供了基础性的运动学约束条件。     

Integrated geodynamical network in Russia. (Scientific objectives and realization)

Determination of a geodetic reference frame and a unique system of normal heights, meeting requests of geodynamic studies, demands an accomplishment of a complex of different types of geodetic measurements (space and terrestrial), as each of techniques separately unable to give a singular interpretation. A problem of precise determination of the quasigeoid heights can be solved by joined analysis of GPS/GLONASS measurements and gravimetric data, if for the GPS sites precise levelling data are available. An establishment of the Fiducial Astro-Geodetic network (FAGN), based mainly on the use of space geodesy technique, is a principal objective of the national programme which is carried out in Russia, under the management of the Federal Department of Geodesy and Cartography and in collaboration with research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A real situation with the existing russian stations for geodynamical monitoring is considered, and a programme of upgrading of the integrated fundamental geodetic network is discussed.     

Crustal motion and deformation in Greece from a decade of GPS measurements, 1993–2003

The Hellenic plate boundary region, located in the collision zone between the Nubian/Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates, is one of the seismo-tectonically most active areas of Europe. During the last 15 years, GPS measurements have been used to determine the crustal motion in the area of Greece with the aim to better understand the geodynamical processes of this region. An extended reoccupation network covering whole Greece has been measured periodically in numerous GPS campaigns since the late eighties, and a continuous GPS network has been operated in the region of the Ionian Sea since 1995. In this paper, we present a new detailed high-quality solution of continuous and campaign-type measurements acquired between 1993 and 2003. During the GPS processing, a special effort was made to obtain consistent results with highest possible accuracies and reliabilities. Data of 54 mainly European IGS and EUREF sites were included in the GPS processing in order to obtain results which are internally consistent with the European kinematic field and order to allow for a regional interpretation. After an overview of the results of the IGS/EUREF sites, the results from more than 80 stations in Greece are presented in terms of velocities, time series, trajectories and strain rates. Previous geodetic, geological and seismological findings are generally confirmed and substantially refined. New important results include the observation of deformation zones to the north and to the south of the North Aegean Trough and in the West Hellenic arc region, arc-parallel extension of about 19 mm/yr along the Hellenic arc, and compression between the Ionian islands and the Greek mainland. Due to continuous long-term observations of 4–8 years, it was possible to extract height changes from the GPS time series. In Greece, we observe a differential subsidence of the order of 2 mm/yr between the northern and central Ionian islands across the Kefalonia fault zone. The differential subsidence of the central Ionian islands with respect to the northwestern Greek mainland amounts to 4 mm/yr.     

Determination of zero difference GPS differential code biases for satellites and prominent receiver types

The differential code bias (DCB) is the differential hardware (e.g., the satellite or receiver) delay that occurs between two different observations obtained at the same or two different frequencies. There are two approaches used to estimate DCBs for receivers and satellites: the relative and absolute methods. The relative method utilizes a GPS network, while the absolute method determines DCBs from a single station (zero difference). Three receiver types based on the pseudo-range observables were used here to collect the GPS data: Codeless Tracking, Cross Correlation, and Non-Cross Correlation styles. According to its types, GPS receivers have responded to restrictions on the GPS signal structure in different ways. The main goal of the current research is providing a method to determine the DCBs of GPS satellites and dual frequency receivers. The developed mathematical model was based on spherical harmonic function and geometry-free combination of pseudo-range observables (C/A or/and P-code) according to receiver type. A new elevation-dependent weighting function with respect to GPS satellites in our algorithm was applied. The applied weighting function was used to consider the quality variation of satellite DCBs, which is caused by pseudo-range measurement errors. The code of the proposed mathematical model was written using MATLAB and is called “zero difference differential code bias estimation (ZDDCBE)”. This code was tested and evaluated using data from IGS GNSS stations and different types of GPS stations out of IGS network installed in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The estimated values from the ZDDCBE code show a good agreement with the IGS analysis centers with a mean error of estimation for the receiver DCB equal 5.94%. Therefore, the ZDDCBE code can be used to estimate the DCB for any type of receiver regardless if the receiver is from IGS network or not.