Multi-Element Analysis of 15 International Standard Rocks by Isotope-Dilution Spark Source Mass Spectrometry

The concentrations of 25 trace elements have been determined in 15 international standard rock samples by isotope-dilution spark source mass spectrometry (ID-SSMS). This technique yields reliable data down to the ppb concentration range. The agreement between most of our data and recommended values is within 10%. However, for reference samples with low trace element contents (BIR-1, NIM-N, PCC-1, DTS-1), differences between our data and the literature can be as large as a factor of 80.     

Radioactive occurrence in sediments of Cenozoic age near Bandha village,Jaisalmer district,Rajasthan

The radioactivity is dependent on the isotope and their concentration in the mineral such as potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th). In this paper the presence of a 3 to 5 m thick uranium and thorium bearing sediment of Cenozoic age is reported above Goru Formation of Jaisalmer basin. Gamma ray log response of Well-1 which falls under the study area has marked with very high GR (gamma ray) readings ranging from 350-1488 API coupled with high uranium and thorium content from spectral gamma ray log ranging from 92-178 ppm and 60-80 ppm respectively at the depth of 50 m from ground surface (-110m above MSL). Further studies are required to delineate the lateral thickness variation for mining purpose which may be a radioactive source.     

Sandstone-hosted thorium-bitumen mineralization in the Northwest Irish Basin

Low-grade sandstone-hosted thorium mineralization is recorded in the Carboniferous Northwest Irish Basin in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The thorium is concentrated within bitumen nodules which are replacive within the sandstones. A source of thorium was available in a Caledonian granite in the basin watershed, and the bitumen was a product of hydrocarbons generated within the basin. The thorium occurs as thorite inclusions in the bitumen, and the development of the nodules was enhanced by the polymerization of fluid hydrocarbons by irradiation from the thorium. Thorium mobility may have been enhanced by the formation of organometallic complexes. Mineralization probably therefore occurred during hydrocarbon migration, dated as Late Carboniferous to Permian.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组凝灰岩夹层Th元素的富集特征

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组凝灰岩夹层分布广泛,能谱测井资料解释凝灰岩夹层Th元素含量为25×10~(-6)～35×10~(-6),元素地球化学测试结果Th含量在15×10~(-6)～80×10~(-6)之间,平均36.6×10~(-6),明显高于与其互层的泥岩或炭质泥岩的平均值,也高于地球各圈层的平均值,属于Th富集状态。延长组凝灰岩夹层中Th的富集可能主要有2个方面的原因,其一是原始岩浆中Th含量较高,因其性质相对不活泼,未发生明显的迁移;其二是凝灰岩经历了较强烈的水解蚀变作用,蚀变产物以粘土矿物为主,从而可能吸附了上下地层中的Th,最终导致了凝灰岩夹层中Th的富集。Th的富集可以作为研究区识别凝灰岩夹层的标志,有利于进行更精细的地层对比。同时,Th/U比值反映出的延长期凝灰岩沉积作用所引起的元素迁移和古环境变化,可能对延长组优质烃源岩的发育有重要作用。     

Tuffaceous sediments as source rocks for uranium: A case study of the White River Formation, Wyoming

Fine-grained tuffaceous sediments of the White River Formation (Oligocene) are evaluated as a possible source of uranium for the sedimentary uranium deposits of Wyoming. The evaluation is based upon a model in which volcanic glass is considered to be a major host of uranium and thorium and in which uranium and silica are released during alteration of glass to montmorillonite. The evaluation scheme is applicable to other tuffaceous sediments in similar geologic settings. The average uranium and thorium contents of glass separates and glassy air-fall ashes of the White River Formation are 8 ppm and 22.4 ppm respectively, and these values approximate the average composition of glass deposited in Wyoming basins in Oligocene time. Comparison of these values with the uranium and thorium concentrations in montmorillonite separates indicates little change in thorium concentrations but reductions in uranium concentrations which average 3.3 ppm. In spite of the apparent major removal of uranium during alteration of glass to montmorillonite, whole-rock samples of tuffaceous siltstones show an average uranium loss of only 0.4 ± 0.4 ppm, because of generally small amounts of clay alteration. This conclusion is generated by comparisons between glassy ash and partially altered vitric siltstones, the latter corrected for dilution of glass and clay-altered glass with uranium- and thorium-poor primary and detrital materials. The original volume of the White River Formation is adequate to generate economically significant quantities of mobile uranium, even with such modest losses. Uranium and silica which are mobilized during glass alteration can coprecipitate as uraniferous secondary silica in areas where solutions become silica saturated. These precipitates indicate pathways of ancient, uranium-rich solutions in tuffaceous rocks. Exploration efforts in the White River Formation and underlying units should concentrate on areas where such pathways intercept reducing environments. Intercepts of this type are present at some uranium deposits in the study area and this lends support to a tuffaceous source rock model.     

上海城市水网地区电火花震源地震探测隐伏断裂的应用探索

人工地震勘探是目前公认最为有效的城市地区隐伏断裂探测手段之一,但其受限于激发震源和城市高干扰环境背景,在高度城市化区域往往难以获取良好的地震勘探资料。文章通过利用上海市城市水网发育的优势,在大治河水域开展大功率电火花震源激发方式的地震探测,对电火花震源激发能量、放电水深、不同震源的地震成像效果等对比试验,获得了上海地区内河水域（大治河东段）最佳地震勘探激发参数,确认了在城市水网开展电火花震源激发地震勘探方式的有效性。与其他常规激发方式相比,电火花激发地震勘探资料具有较高的信噪比,并且可以达到较深的勘探深度,对城市地区隐伏断裂探测具有良好效果。      

岩石化探样中微量铀 钍的XRFA法测定

本文提出以粉末样品直接压饼法测定岩石化探样品中的微量U,Th,其方法简便、快速,适用于各类地质样品,尤其是岩石化探样品测量。     

Geochemical application of spark source mass spectrography—III. Element sensitivity,precision and accuracy

Developments in the spark source mass spectrographic technique of trace element analysis have improved the precision of the method by about a factor of three. The main improvements have stemmed from corrections for interferences and corrections to the internal standard. The magnitude of interference corrections for the REE depends on the relative rather than the absolute abundances, being negligible for flat REE patterns and large for heavy REE depleted patterns. Precise determination of the photoplate intensity-density relationship is also considered to be important.Our data for BCR-1 fell within ± 3% of the “best estimate” of the “true” values. A set of relative sensitivity values for 31 elements show a factor of 25 between the most sensitive element (Rb) and the least sensitive (Ir). The relative element sensitivities depend on elemental boiling point, ionisation potential, and nuclide mass.     

贵州下寒武统黑色岩系多金属矿层成矿物质来源的铅同位素示踪

为探讨贵州黑色岩系多金属矿层的成因和成矿物质来源,文章对镇远江所出露的黑色岩系多金属层铅同位素进行了测试。结果表明,黑色岩系多金属矿石铅来源于壳源混合铅,且具有富铀铅贫钍铅的特点,下寒武统牛蹄塘组的下伏灯影组富铀铅而贫钍铅的化学沉积物可能提供了较多的成矿物质。成矿物质主要来源于地壳,具有地幔铅混染的特点,是岩浆作用,化学沉积作用,海底热水作用共同参与的结果。黑色岩系多金属矿层的形成是多种成矿作用过程叠加的结果,具有多来源,多期次的成矿特点。     

Uranium and Thorium Concentration and Isotopic Composition in Five Glass (BHVO‐2G,BCR‐2G,NKT‐1G,T1‐G,ATHO‐G) and Two Powder (BHVO‐2, BCR‐2) Reference Materials

Here we report uranium and thorium isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations measured in solid reference materials from the USGS (BHVO‐2G, BCR‐2G, NKT‐1G), as well as those from the MPI‐DING series (T1‐G, ATHO‐G). Specifically created for microanalysis, these naturally‐sourced glasses were fused from rock powders. They cover a range of compositions, elemental concentrations and expected isotopic ratios. The U‐Th isotopic ratios of two powdered source materials (BCR‐2, BHVO‐2) were also characterised. These new measurements via multi‐collector thermal ionisation mass spectrometry and multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry can now be used to assess the relative performance of techniques and facilitate comparison of U‐Th data amongst laboratories in the geoscience community for in situ and bulk analyses.     

广东省云浮大降坪黄铁矿区铅锌银多金属矿体地质特征

大降坪黄铁矿区铅锌银多金属矿体赋存于震旦系大绀山组b段(Zdb)。本文综合研究了该矿体的地质特征,并指出黄铁矿底板的黑色岩系是矿区铅、锌、银、锡等金属的矿源层和矿体赋矿层位,旨在外围及深部找矿,以实现扩大矿产资源量。     

固体粉末稳态法发射光谱分析新型进样器的研制及应用

介绍了一种新型固体粉末进样装置,它由样品气溶胶喷射系统、高频火花雾化控制电路等部分构成,并阐述了装置的工作原理和结构设计。通过对化探样品中痕量B、Pb、Sn和Ag等元素的对比测定试验表明,利用新研制的进样装置代替原来的双高频火花雾化进样器,可使单样平均残留率由原先的26.7%降到0.79%;对比试验表明,方法的精密度(RSD,n=12)由原先的4.31%～6.81%提高到2.37%～3.43%。     

Behavior of radium,thorium and uranium in groundwater near the Buena Lagoon in the Coastal Zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

Groundwater found near the head of the Buena Lagoon in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has high salinity and low pH values. There is a strong correlation between concentrations of radium and light rare earth elements (LREEs) that suggests the leaching of monazite as a common source. Radium is present predominantly as ²²⁸Ra. The factors responsible for high radium mobility in groundwater seem to be high levels of salinity resulting in the competition for adsorption sites, and low pH values resulting in the limited adsorption of Ra²⁺ on the positively-charged surface of adsorbents. The behavior of uranium and thorium is also influenced by their speciation and low pH conditions. Uranium is present as a positively charged uranyl ion UO₂²⁺ in low pH samples and is very mobile. Similarly, the presence of positively charged Th⁴⁺ and thorium complexes with sulfate result in relatively high thorium concentrations at a low pH range. On the other hand, the mobility of phosphate released by dissolving monazite is probably reduced due to its adsorption and precipitation close to its source.     

An improved method for determination of heat production with gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry

Gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry is often the method of choice for determination of the heat-producing elements (HPE's) uranium, thorium and potassium. This article updates the procedure, describing modern equipment and proposing revised measurement calculations and error analysis. New equations for calculating HPE concentrations and applicable errors from gamma-ray spectra allow for standards that contain all three HPE's, rather than requiring that there be only one element in each of three standards. The equations also account automatically for all peak interferences and quantify the error effects of varying counting times. Errors obtained from repeated analyses and distributions of paired analyses compare favorably with those obtained from the equations. The possibility and potential magnitude of secular disequilibrium can be evaluated simultaneously with an analysis by utilizing the low-energy part of the gamma-ray spectrum (<0.123 MeV). The factor that is calculated to test for secular disequilibrium also provides a first-order correction for its effects. Repeated analysis of a single sample crushed to varying degrees provides a test of the effects of net sample density on gamma-ray determinations. Uranium and thorium show no variation with sample density in the range studied, but potassium does show a variation, a result that has been observed before. This effect has been explained as a result of source attenuation due to potassium determination utilizing the lowest-energy gamma-rays (1.461 MeV), which should be most susceptible to source absorption. However, in the analyses presented here the energy range utilized for thorium is lower (0/916-0.969 MeV), but no source absorption effects are observed. The effect of the potassium variation observed on determination of heat production is negligible, however, and corrections are inadvisable.     

^232U示踪法测定样品中铀钍同位素的比活度

本文介绍了用（２３２Ｕ）作示踪同位素，测定岩石、土壤、水体中铀同位素及岩石中钍同位素比活度的方法。详细介绍了用两种标准方法［１．２］对样品进行化学富集、纯化、分离以及用电沉积法制备铀、钍α源的方法。对α射线多道能谱测量系统的配置，工作条件的选择，本底测定，实验样品的测定，推导出的计算公式、测量结果等均做了详实的论述。     

Factors Controlling Low Uranium and Thorium Concentrations in the ?ay?rhan Bituminous Shales (?BS) in the Beypazar? (Ankara) Area, Turkey

In this study uranium and thorium contents and depositional characteristics of ay rhan bituminous shales（ BS）, west of Ankara（central Anatolia）, are investigated. Samples used were collected from boreholes opened by Park Holding Ltd. A total of 25 samples were taken from bituminous shale levels in boreholes drilled at 6 different locations in the study area. The H rka formation which hosts bituminous shale deposits is a volcanosedimentary sequence and all lithofacies indicate that a lacustrine environment where the water level was continuously changed. In addition to hydrocarbon generation potential, bituminous shales also accumulate significant amount of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. The average uranium and thorium concentrations of BS（1.83/2.62 ppm） are much lower than averages of UC, NASK and PAAS（uranium： 2.70/2.66/3.10 ppm; thorium： 8.50/12.30/14.60 ppm）. Low uranium contents in comparison to those of similar lacustrine environments might be attributed to that waters of depositional environment of BS contain low concentration of dissolved uranium and redox conditions were of oxic and dioxic character. Correlation data indicate that U and Th have a similar source and are associated predominantly with clays and phosphates and dominantly with organic material. Radioactive elements in the basin might be derived from Paleozoic granites and metamorphites（e.g. gneiss, schist） which comprise the basement and volcanism which was active in the region throughout the Miocene period. These elements are probably associated with uraniferous phosphate minerals（e.g. autunite, torbernite） which occur in granite, gneiss and schist. BS with average TOC content of 10.96 % shows very good/perfect source rock potential. Positive correlations between Gamma-Ray values and U, Th and K concentrations imply that radioactivity might be originated from these three elements.     

743型大孔阳离子交换树脂分离偶氮胂Ⅲ分光光度法测定样品中钍的不确定度评定

对743型大孔阳离子交换树脂分离偶氮胂Ⅲ分光光度法测定样品中钍的不确定度进行了评定。根据其测定方法和测定程序,通过对各不确定度的来源分析,计算了相对不确定度分量、合成相对不确定度和扩展不确定度,详细介绍了不确定度的评定过程,分析结果显示出整个测定过程中易带来误差的步骤,为分析人员获得更为准确的结果提供很好的指导作用。     

废光谱感光板中银的提取

废光谱感光板用自来水浸泡，剥离的乳胶经氢氧化钠和双氧水溶解后，在微酸性溶液中加入锌粉置换出银，银沉淀经过滤和硼砂与碳酸钠的混合熔剂熔炼后得到成品银锭。采用建立的方案提取废光谱感光板中成品银的纯度达到95．4％，工艺操作简便，成本低、环境污染小。     

沿海滩涂区浅层地震不同类型激发震源适用性分析

受复杂地表地质条件影响,沿海滩涂区地质调查程度较低,限制了相关地质调查方法技术的发展水平.浅层地震勘探技术在沿海滩涂地质调查中作用显著,但其勘探设备在沿海滩涂的适用性问题制约了地震探测数据采集工作,尤其体现在激发震源的适用性问题上.文中针对沿海滩涂复杂的地表地质条件,在满足探测要求的前提下,以提高地震记录分辨率和信噪比...     

The partitioning behavior of silver in a vapor-brine-rhyolite melt assemblage

The partitioning of silver in a sulfur-free rhyolite melt-vapor-brine assemblage has been quantified at 800 °C, pressures of 100 and 140 MPa and f_O2≈NNO (nickel-nickel oxide). Silver solubility (±2σ) in rhyolite increases 5-fold from 105 ± 21 to 675 ± 98 μg/g as pressure increases from 100 to 140 MPa. Nernst-type partition coefficients describing the mass transfer of silver at 100 MPa between vapor and melt, brine and melt and vapor and brine are 32 ± 30, 1151 ± 238 and 0.026 ± 0.004, respectively. At 140 MPa, values for for vapor and melt, brine and melt, and vapor and brine are 32 ± 10, 413 ± 172 and 0.06 ± 0.03, respectively. Apparent equilibrium constant values (±2σ) describing the exchange of silver and sodium between vapor and melt, , at 100 and 140 MPa are 105 ± 68 and 14 ± 6. The average values (±2σ) for silver and sodium exchange between brine and melt, , at 100 and 140 MPa are 313 ± 288 and 65 ± 12. These data indicate that the mass transfer of silver from rhyolite melt to an exsolved volatile phase(s) is enhanced at 100 MPa relative to 140 MPa, suggesting that decompression increases the silver ore-generative potential of an evolving silicate magma. Model calculations using the new data suggest that the evolution of low-density, aqueous fluid (i.e., vapor) may be responsible for the the silver tonnage of many porphyry-type and perhaps epithermal-type ore deposits. For example, Halter et al. (Halter W. E., Pettke T. and Heinrich C. A. (2002) The origin of Cu/Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits. Science296, 1842-1844) used detailed silicate and sulfide melt inclusion and vapor and brine fluid inclusions analyses to estimate a melt volume on the order of 15 km³ to satisfy the copper budget at the Bajo de la Alumbrera copper-, gold-, silver-ore deposit. Using their melt volume estimate with the data presented here, model calculations for a 15-km³ felsic melt, saturated with pyrrhotite and magnetite, suggest that a low-salinity magmatic vapor may scavenge on the order of 7 × 10¹² g of silver from the melt. This quantity of silver exceeds the discovered 2 × 10⁹ g of Ag at Alumbrera. Calculated tonnages for numerous other deposits yield similar results. The excess silver in the vapor, remaining after porphyry formation, is then available to precipitate at lower PTconditions in the stratigraphically higher epithermal environment. These data suggest that silver, and perhaps other ore metals, in the porphyry-epithermal continuum may be derived solely from the time-integrated flux of dominantly low-salinity vapor exsolved from a series of sequential magma batches.