Specific features of the technique of airborne gravity surveys at high latitudes

Specific features of the technique of airborne gravity surveys in the Arctic are considered. The main requirements for aerogravimetric complexes used for such surveys and for reference GPS stations located at high latitudes are formulated, as well as the conditions necessary for converting an aircraft into an aircraft-laboratory. Specific features of the planning of measurements of aerogravimetric profiles in the Arctic are described. The need in the operations necessary for the rapid estimation of the results is substantiated. The obtained regional gravimetric map on a 1:200000 scale is presented as an example.     

Upgrading the GT-2A aerogravimetric complex for airborne gravity measurements in the Arctic

The methodical solutions for improving the GT-2A aerogravimetric complexes by incorporating the Javad Quattro-G3D GPS receiver connected to four antennas spaced in two orthogonal planes are discussed. The operation features of the advanced aerogravimetric complex are described and the results of its application during the testing flight to 78° N latitude are presented. The anomalous gravity obtained in the testing flight is compared with the EGM2008 and EIGEN-6C models.     

Ground-based observations and simulation of ionospheric VLF source in experiments on modification of the polar ionosphere

The phase velocities of TE and TEM waves at frequencies of 1017 and 3017 Hz, as well as the effect of precipitations during auroras on the velocities, are estimated in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide on the basis of observations of electromagnetic fields of an ionospheric source in experiments on modification of the lower ionosphere by a modulated high-power short-wave signals performed by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) at the EISCAT/Heating test bench in October 2016. Probable electron density profiles in the plane-stratified ionosphere are retrieved from the numerical solution of a wave equation, which are used for the calculation of the phase velocities close to measured ones.     

Development of stochastic dynamic Nash game model for reservoir operation II. The value of players’ information availability and cooperative behaviors

Stochastic dynamic game models can be applied to derive optimal reservoir operation policies by considering interactions among water users and reservoir operator, their preferences, their levels of information availability and cooperative behaviors. The stochastic dynamic game model with perfect information (PSDNG) has been developed by [Ganji A, Khalili D, Karamouz M. Development of stochastic dynamic Nash game model for reservoir operation. I. The symmetric stochastic model with perfect information. Adv Water Resour, this issue]. This paper develops four additional versions of stochastic dynamic game model of water users interactions based on the cooperative behavior and hydrologic information availability of beneficiary sectors of reservoir systems. It is shown that the proposed models are quite capable of providing appropriate reservoir operating policies when compared with alternative operating models, as indicated by several reservoir performance characteristics. Among the proposed models, the selected model by considering cooperative behavior and additional hydrologic information (about the randomness nature of reservoir operation parameters), as exercised by reservoir operator, provides the highest attained level of performance and efficiency. Furthermore, the selected model is more realistic since it also considers actual behavior of water users and reservoir operator in the analysis.     

New results on radiation effects on human health

Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation all the time, and it is known that it can induce a variety of harmful biological effects. Consequently, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the level of exposure to this radiation as the basis for estimating risks due to ionization radiation. During the Work Package 2400 of the COST-724/WG-2 action, a number of spacecraft and aircraft experiments have been performed with both active and passive detectors. A large data base has been created. In this contribution we would like to stress the results obtained and their importance in three particular directions: (i) Simultaneous investigation of galactic cosmic rays on aircraft and on the International Space Station (ISS); (ii) Onboard spacecraft neutron contribution as estimated on the basis of the comparison of results measured with MDU/Liulin equipment onboard ISS, foton capsule and a commercial aircraft flying at subsonic altitudes; (iii) Complex analysis of the results of long term measurements onboard a Czech Airlines aircraft. The results obtained are presented, analyzed, and discussed, and their complementary nature is underlined. The contribution represents a version of the Final Report of the Work Package 2400 of the COST-724/WG-2: Radiation Environment of the Earth.     

FFIM用于机载大气激光雷达 ABCT反演的可行性研究

Fernald前向积分法能否用于机载大气探测激光雷达气溶胶后向散射系数的反演一直是一个有争议的课题.本文利用青岛机载大气探测激光雷达实测数据、国外机载大气探测激光雷达实测数据和机载大气探测激光雷达模拟数据,对Fernald前向积分法应用于不同高度的机载大气探测激光雷达气溶胶后向散射系数反演的误差进行了定量分析,分析结果表明:飞机的飞行高度在3.5 km左右,标定值存在20%的误差时,离地面2 km的高度范围内反演得到的气溶胶后向散射系数的相对误差在12%以内,但在标定点附近相对误差可达20%;飞机飞行高度在7 km左右,当标定值存在100%的误差时,反演得到的气溶胶后向散射系数的相对误差大都在10%~15%之间,标定值存在400%的误差时,反演得到的气溶胶后向散射系数的相对误差大部分在15%~50%之间.本文从理论上对Fernald前向积分法应用于机载大气探测激光雷达气溶胶后向散射系数反演出现负值的原因进行了探讨.研究表明:Fernald前向积分法能够较准确地反演出中高空探测(4.5 km以上)机载大气探测激光雷达气溶胶后向散射系数,但应用于低空探测(4.5 km以下)机载大气探测激光雷达气溶胶后向散射系数反演时,反演误差较大甚至反演结果会出现负值.     

Anisotropy of ionospheric irregularities determined from the amplitude of satellite signals at a single receiver

A new method of determining the anisotropy parameters of small-scale irregularities in the ionospheric F region is presented and experimental results are shown. The method is based on observations of amplitude fluctuations of radio waves transmitted by satellites flying above the F region. In practice, Russian navigational satellites are used and both the amplitude and the phase of the signal is measured on the ground level. The method determines both the field-aligned anisotropy and the field-perpendicular anisotropy and orientation of the spatial spectrum of the irregularities, assuming that the contours of constant power have an elliptic shape. A possibility of applying the method to amplitude tomography is also discussed. Using a chain of receivers on the ground level, one could locate the regions of small-scale irregularities as well as determine their relative intensities. Then the large-scale background structures could be mapped simultaneously by means of ordinary ray tomography using the phase observations, and therefore the relations of small-scale and large-scale structures could be investigated.     

Temporal observations of a seasonal snowpack using upward‐looking GPR

An increase of the spatial and temporal resolution of snowpack measurements in Alpine or Arctic regions will improve the predictability of flood and avalanche hazards and increase the spatial validity of snowpack simulation models. In the winter season 2009, we installed a ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) system beneath the snowpack to measure snowpack conditions above the antennas. In comparison with modulated frequency systems, GPR systems consist of a much simpler technology, are commercially available and therefore are cheaper. The radar observed the temporal alternation of the snow height over more than 2·5 months. The presented data showed that with moved antennas, it is possible to record the snow height with an uncertainty of less than 8% in comparison with the probed snow depth. Three persistent melt crusts, which formed at the snow surface and were buried by further new snow events, were used as reflecting tracers to follow the snow cover evolution and to determine the strain rates of underlaying layers between adjacent measurements. The height in two‐way travel time of each layer changed over time, which is a cumulative effect of settlement and variation of wave speed in response to densification and liquid water content. The infiltration of liquid water with depth during melt processes was clearly observed during one event. All recorded reflections appeared in concordance with the physical principles (e.g. in phase structure), and one can assume that distinct density steps above a certain threshold result in reflections in the radargram. The accuracy of the used impulse radar system in determining the snow water equivalent is in good agreement with previous studies, which used continuous wave radar systems. The results of this pilot study encourage further investigations with radar measurements using the described test arrangement on a daily basis for continuous destruction‐free monitoring of the snow cover. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京首都机场的人工消雾及大气边界层特征的演变

在首都机场人工消雾作业过程中进行了大气边界层特征的观测,观测结果表明：用喷洒液氮进行人工消雾可以形成小面积降雪从而提高能见度,达到安全飞行的目的．人工消雾作业过程可影响小面积大气湍流特征,使湍流谱略偏离-5／3规律．人工消雾作业期间潜热通量明显大于作业期后．     

Application of Principles of the Theory of Information in Management of Reservoirs and Water Resource Systems

Using principles of the theory of information (especially, the notion of entropy), it is proved (the working hypothesis) that additional information in the so-called adaptive management of reservoirs or water resource systems, based on adapting operative management to real conditions, in most cases allows one not only to minimize the overall economic damage resulting from shortage in projected water supply, but also to decrease the entropy of water management processes describing the behavior of these systems. The analysis has been carried out for the hydrological conditions of several reservoirs of seasonal and year-to-year regulation in the Czech Republic.     

对国家地震应急小型移动指挥协同平台建设的探讨

本文阐述了国务院抗震救灾指挥部地震应急小型移动指挥协同平台建设的理论依据及必要性;介绍了平台设计、平台体系结构和建设内容;结合大震时的使用情况,总结了国务院抗震救灾指挥部地震应急小型移动指挥协同平台,在全方位、全天候地震应急决策支持信息服务保障方面发挥的作用及实践经验,并对我国今后的地震应急决策支持信息服务体系建设做了初步思考和探讨。     

Water source dynamics of high Arctic river basins

Arctic river basins are amongst the most vulnerable to climate change. However, there is currently limited knowledge of the hydrological processes that govern flow dynamics in Arctic river basins. We address this research gap using natural hydrochemical and isotopic tracers to identify water sources that contributed to runoff in river basins spanning a gradient of glacierization (0–61%) in Svalbard during summer 2010 and 2011. Spatially distinct hydrological processes operating over diurnal, weekly and seasonal timescales were characterized by river hydrochemistry and isotopic composition. Two conceptual water sources (‘meltwater’ and ‘groundwater’) were identified and used as a basis for end‐member mixing analyses to assess seasonal and year‐to‐year variability in water source dynamics. In glacier‐fed rivers, meltwater dominated flows at all sites (typically >80%) with the highest contributions observed at the beginning of each study period in early July when snow cover was most extensive. Rivers in non‐glacierized basins were sourced initially from snowmelt but became increasingly dependent on groundwater inputs (up to 100% of total flow volume) by late summer. These hydrological changes were attributed to the depletion of snowpacks and enhanced soil water storage capacity as the active layer expanded throughout each melt season. These findings provide insight into the processes that underpin water source dynamics in Arctic river systems and potential future changes in Arctic hydrology that might be expected under a changing climate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Arctic Climate and Water Change: Model and Observation Relevance for Assessment and Adaptation

The Arctic is subject to growing economic and political interest. Meanwhile, its climate and water systems are in rapid transformation. In this paper, we review and extend a set of studies on climate model results, hydro-climatic change, and hydrological monitoring systems. Results indicate that general circulation model (GCM) projections of drainage basin temperature and precipitation have improved between two model generations. However, some inaccuracies remain for precipitation projections. When considering geographical priorities for monitoring or adaptation efforts, our results indicate that future projections by GCMs and recent observations diverge regarding the basins where temperature and precipitation changes currently are the most pronounced and where they will be so in the future. Regarding late twentieth-century discharge changes in major Arctic rivers, data generally show excess of water relative to precipitation changes. This indicates a possible contribution to sea-level rise of river water that was previously stored in permafrost or groundwater. The river contribution to the increasing Arctic Ocean freshwater inflow is similar in magnitude to the separate contribution from glaciers, which underlines the importance of considering all possible sources of freshwater when assessing sea-level change. We further investigate monitoring systems and find a lack of harmonized water chemistry data, which limits the ability to understand the origin and transport of nutrients, carbon and sediment to the sea. To provide adequate information for research and policy, Arctic hydrological and hydrochemical monitoring needs to be extended, better integrated and made more accessible. Further water-focused data and modeling efforts are required to resolve the source of excess discharge in Arctic rivers. Finally, improvements in climate model parameterizations are needed, in particular for precipitation projections.     

Numerical models for the seismic assessment of St. Nicholas Cathedral,Cyprus

Within the scope of this study, seismic performance of the St. Nicholas Cathedral that dates back to 1300s was assessed. This structure resembles to the Rheims Cathedral of France with a nave of seven bays ending in a polygonal apse, together with flanking aisles ending in apsidal chapels of similar shape. According to historical records, it sustained heavy earthquake damage twice to its roof structure and flying buttresses. The main construction material used at St. Nicholas Cathedral is calcarenite. With the non-destructive and uniaxial compression tests carried out, mechanical properties of the material used and their variability throughout the structure were documented. Based on the information gathered on the structure, its 3 dimensional finite element model was built. After calibrating this model with ambient vibration test results, seismic performance of the cathedral was assessed. Findings of this study suggested that it will sustain severe damage at its flying buttresses and flying buttress–vault connection points (part of the roof structure) under an earthquake of 475 year return period. Based on the obtained analytical results, a number of rehabilitation recommendations were made.     

基于ArcGIS的地震灾害应急决策支持系统的设计与实现

在新型GIS平台软件ArcGIS（包括ArcObjects和AwIMS）的基础上,利用COM／DCOM、ActiveX、ASP等网络开发技术及OO4O、ArcSDE等空间数据库开发技术,论述了地震灾害损失评估模型的空间集成方案和可视化表达技术。同时。以软件工程为指导,提出了一种建立基于ArcGIS技术的地震灾害应急指挥系统的技术思路和解决方案,该方案阐述了城市地震应急决策支持系统的体系结构、技术路线以及功能构建等。最后给出了试验系统的界面。     

地震科技档案信息服务方式的变革

结合山东省地震局科技档案管理模式的现状，阐述了地震科技档案信息服务模式改革的必要性和重要性；结合信息社会发展的特点，指出了未来地震科技档案发展的方向。     

Experience in seismic signal recording using broadband electrochemical seismic sensors

Development and application of broadband seismic sensors, namely velocimeters of electrochemical type (chemotrons), are considered. The principle of operation and design of modern electrochemical (molecular-electronic) converters of seismic signals for linear and rotary motions are described. The data on metrological certification and prolonged trials of these seismic sensors on test benches are presented. Their advantages as compared to stationary broadband seismic sensors of electrodynamic type lie in impact immunity, high power supply efficiency, operability at large inclinations and in a wide temperature range. Comparative analysis of records of the Sichuan Earthquake (China, May 12, 2008) obtained in Moscow on a test bench at the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences with help of an electrodynamic seismic sensor and on a test bench at the Design Bureau of Oceanological Equipment of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the help of an electrochemical sensor is presented in conclusion.     

Detection of Impact Points of Fragments of Spent Launch Vehicle Stages Using Infrasound Direction-Finding Methods

The paper describes the principles and techniques used to detect signals propagating in the atmosphere in the infrasonic frequency range. Such signals can be generated by different sources: ground and atmospheric explosions, as well as objects moving in the atmosphere at supersonic speed (aircraft, rockets, bolides, fragments of spent stages of launch vehicles). Portable infrasound monitoring stations are described, each of which includes three spaced infrasonic microphones. Each such station makes it possible to determine three basic parameters of the detected infrasound signal, which are subsequently used to solve the direction- finding problem: the time of arrival of an infrasonic wave, the azimuth to the source in the horizontal plane, and the wave approach angle from the source of infrasonic waves to the Earth’s surface in the vertical plane. An acoustic detector used to extract useful signals against a noise background is described. The detector is based on an algorithm similar to the STA/LTA detection algorithm known in seismology. Examples of the operation of an acoustic detector with data obtained during real measurements are given. Passive infrasound direction-finding technology is described. It is based on mathematical modeling of the of infrasonic wave propagation in the atmosphere, which are generated by objects moving along possible trajectories; comparison of theoretical signals with real ones recorded by monitoring stations; and determination of the realized trajectories. The paper gives examples of experimental verification of the effectiveness of passive infrasound direction-finding technology for determining the impact points of the first and second stages of launch vehicles. It is shown that infrasound direction-finding systems makes it possible to reduce the estimated search area for launch vehicle fragments that fall to the Earth, significantly decrease the time and costs for their search and utilization, and mitigate the negative environmental impact of the rocket and space industry.     

Operational applications of remote sensing in hydrology: success,prospects and problems

Abstract

The use of remote sensing information in operational hydrology is relatively limited, but specific examples can be cited for determining precipitation, soil moisture, groundwater, snow, surface water and basin characteristics. The application of remote sensing in hydrology can be termed operational if at least one of two conditions are met: (a) the application produces an output on a regular basis, or (b) the remote sensing data are used regularly on a continuing basis as part of a procedure to solve a problem or make decisions. When surveying the various operational applications, simple approaches and simple remote sensing data sets are the most successful. In the data-sparse developing countries, many operational remote sensing approaches exist (out of necessity) that may not be needed in developed countries because of existing data networks. To increase the use of remote sensing in operational hydrology in developed countries, pilot projects need to be increased and information services must be improved. Increased utilization of GIS to combine remote sensing with other information will promote new products and applications. End user training must be improved by focusing on satellite data processing and manipulation. In developing countries the same improvements are needed plus some more basic ones. There is a need for international monetary assistance to establish long-term remote sensing data, improved database systems and image processing capabilities. There is also the need to set up innovative regional training centres throughout the developing world.     

Effect of the cryolithic zone electrical properties on the medium-frequency surface wave at high latitudes

Result of the measurements of the cryolithic zone electrical properties by the radio impedance sounding method are presented. The surface impedance and geoelectric section of the Arctic permafrost have been determined. The experiments have been performed near Cherskii in the continental zone. The surface wave attenuation function is considered. The accuracy of the surface wave field calculations at high latitudes has been estimated based on the local electrical characteristics of the underlying cryogenic medium. The effect of the Arctic Ocean on the operating zone of navigation and communication facilities in the kilometer wave band has been experimentally estimated.