广西南宁地区泥盆纪硅质岩稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积背景

广西南宁附近从早泥盆世埃姆斯期到晚泥盆世弗拉期发育了一套黑色层状硅质岩,常夹凝灰岩(或凝灰质硅质岩)或与之互层,在弗拉期晚期硅质岩变为浅黄色。本文对该区埃姆斯期、艾菲尔期、吉维特期到弗拉期硅质岩的稀土元素地球化学特征进行了系统研究,其∑REE平均值分别为:18.59×10^-6,12.28×10^-6,27.44×10^-6和43.07×10^-6;页岩标准化后Ce含量在这4个阶段均表现为弱-中等的负异常,Ce/Ce^*平均值分别为:0.85,0.72,0.85和0.67;Eu/Eu^*为弱的正异常,平均值分别为:1.08,1.21,1.46和1.04;(La/Ce)_N值中等,平均值分别为:1.42,1.50,1.35和1.73;(La/Yb)_N值变化较大,平均值分别为:1.19,1.06,1.24和0.45。这些结果表明该区硅质岩开始形成于陆内裂谷盆地,受陆源影响较大,在晚泥盆世迅速扩张为比较开阔的海盆环境,陆源影响明显减弱。硅质岩的形成虽受到一定热液活动的影响,但热液活动的影响普遍较弱。     

Characteristics of Rare Earth and Trace Element Patterns in Bedded Cherts from the Bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China and Their Genetic Significance

The sedimentary sequence of the Lower Cambrian is a key interval to reveal the early evolution history of the Earth and there occur widespread cherts worldwide. These cherts possibly carry important information to decipher the breakup process of the Rodinia Continent. Black rock series at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, China, is composed of black shales interbedded with thin-bedded cherts. Ten chert samples were systematically collected from two outcrops at Xiaoerbulak and Sogatbulak, 8.8 and 7.5 m thick respectively. The cherts were crushed, and were analyzed for trace element and rare earth concentrations. Trace elements such as V, Cu, Zn, U, Pb, Ba, Cd, Ag, Mo,As and Sb are highly enriched, and others such as Rb, Zr, Cs, Hf, Ta, W, T1, Bi and Th are highly depleted in the cherts.These trace element patterns suggest that the cherts may be of deep crustal origin. The low ratios of Th/U and Rb/Sr further suggest that the cherts are of earth interior sources or received hydrothermal input during their deposition. Chondritenormalized Eu/Eu* value markedly decreases upward in the section from 5.54 at the lowermost to 0.73 at the top, and NASC-normalized Eu/Eu* value decreases from 8.05 to 1.03. The relatively high Eu/Eu* ratio for the cherts from the northern Tarim Basin is most likely due to a hydrothermal input (e.g., Eu/Eu*-10). The systematic decrease of Eu/Eu* ratio from the bottom to the top of the section reflects that the hydrothermal input is the largest in the lowermost portion of the section and gradually decreases upward. The chondrite-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.83, with an average of 0.60. North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.79, with an average of 0.57. Negative Ce anomalies are distinct. EREEs in the cherts generally increase from 10.50 ppm at the bottom to 35.97 ppm at the top of the sampled section. NASC-normalized (La/Lu)N ratio decreases from 2.72 at the bottom to 0.67 at the top. NASC-normalized (La/Ce)N ratio increases from 1.36 at the bottom to 3.13 at the top. These REE patterns are very similar to those for the cherts deposited in the pelagic ocean-basin floor in the Franciscan Complex exposed at Marin Headlands, California (F-MH chert) (Murray et al., 1991). These geochemical signatures are inconsistent with our previous sedimentological data, which suggests a continental shelf setting. Based on multiple lines of evidence including high TOC content in the concomitant black shales, phosphorite at the bottom of black rock series, regional rise of sea level,and beginning of the southern Tianshan Ocean geotectonic cycle, the authors infer that the hydrothermal fluid was carried to the continental shelf by upwelling from a divergent pelagic ocean floor setting.     

A giant late Precambrian chert-bearing olistostrome discovered in the Bohemian Massif: A record of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS) disrupted by mass-wasting along an outer trench slope

An intriguing example of chert–graywacke olistostrome is exceptionally well preserved within the late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian Blovice accretionary wedge, Bohemian Massif. The olistostrome exhibits a block-in-matrix fabric defined by chert blocks isolated within the graywacke matrix. The major and trace element composition indicates two distinct types of cherts that formed either in a hydrothermal pelagic or hemipelagic environment supplied with a distal terrigenous material. The former is documented by elevated contents of Fe, Co, Zn, Ni, and Ti whereas the latter by high Al₂O₃ contents, relatively lower La_N/Ce_N ratios, and higher Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* values. Based on these geochemical data integrated with field observations and detrital zircon U–Pb ages of the host graywackes (determined using laser ablation ICP-MS), a new model for the origin of chert–graywacke association is proposed. The cherts are interpreted as representing pelagic and hemipelagic members of the Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS) that formed in a sedimentary basin, carried on top of a subducting plate towards the trench. While moving over the outer swell (rise), the chert basin was intensely fractured and disrupted into large blocks or slabs. Subsequent motion of the plate brought the blocks onto an outer trench slope where they became gravitationally unstable to slide down and mix in the trench with distal, ca. 580–570 Ma turbidites derived from the overriding plate. Finally, this chert–graywacke olistostrome was covered by younger, ca. 560–547 Ma trench-fill turbidites (devoid of chert blocks) and accreted to the accretionary wedge toe, deformed, buried, and exhumed back to the wedge surface. We propose that such an olistostrome composed of pelagic/hemipelagic chert blocks and terrigenous, arc-derived graywacke matrix represents a rarely documented case of submarine, outer trench slope mass-wasting deposits and may be considered a new type of subduction-related mélanges. We coin the term outer-trench-slope mélange.     

信江盆地石炭纪硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

在信江盆地中存在数层和石炭纪海相火山岩及其海底块状硫化物矿层相伴生,与石炭纪地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。由对硅质岩常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、硅和氧同位素等地球化学特征研究表明,本区硅质岩具有一定的热水沉积硅质岩地球化学特征。在Al-Fe-Mn和Fe-Mn-(Ni+Co+Cu)三角图上,本区硅质岩属热水沉积硅质岩。由硅质岩MnO/TiO₂比值、δCe值和δ³⁰Si值分析表明,信江盆地石炭纪硅质岩的沉积环境主要为浅海。     

滇东北会泽灯影组硅质岩成因及沉积环境——来自岩石学和地球化学证据

通过1：50 000区域地质调查,发现云南省会泽县一带灯影组中普遍发育硅质岩。本文通过硅质岩岩石学特征和地球化学特征分析,重点探讨了灯影组各段硅质岩的成因机制和沉积环境。结果表明：震旦系-寒武系灯影组下段硅质岩中相对富集Al和Ti,总稀土（ΣREE）相对较高,Ce呈负异常,Eu呈正异常;中段硅质岩中相对富集Ca和Mg,总稀土较低,LREE>HREE,Ce呈负异常,Eu呈正异常;上段硅质岩总稀土较低,LREE>HREE,Ce大部分呈负异常,Eu呈正负异常。综合硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征,并结合震旦纪区域地质构造演化,认为研究区内下段硅质岩表现为正常海水沉积、中段硅质岩表现为典型热水沉积、上段表现出正常海水沉积受热水沉积影响的特征。硅质岩形成于复杂大陆边缘的浅海陆棚环境。     

塔里木盆地肖尔布拉克剖面下寒武统底部硅质岩微量元素和稀土元素地球化学及其沉积背景

对塔里木盆地北部肖尔布拉克寒武系露头剖面中 8.8m厚的黑色页岩夹硅质岩组合中的硅质岩的系统采样分析表明,该硅质岩具有深源成因特征。其低的Th/U和Rb/Sr比也证明了其沉积时所具有的深部物源和热水注入迹象。硅质岩的稀土元素经北美页岩标准化后的Ce/Ce 从 0.4 2到 0.79,平均 0.5 7。Ce的负异常明显。这些稀土元素的参数特征与加利福尼亚弗朗希斯科杂岩 (FranciscanComplex)中沉积在大洋海底硅质岩的稀土元素特征十分相似。北美页岩标准化后的Eu/Eu 值从 8.0 5下降到 1.0 3。其相对较高的Eu/Eu 值很有可能反映了热水的注入。Eu/Eu 值从剖面底部到顶部的系统降低反映了剖面底部的热水作用最强烈,向上热水作用逐渐减弱。上述一系列的地球化学标志指示该硅质岩应沉积在离洋中脊不远的、具有深源物质/热水注入的远洋盆地背景中。结合区域地质和伴生黑色页岩地球化学的综合分析认为,该套硅质岩的形成与上升洋流的影响有关。上升洋流将形成于大洋盆地背景中的物质带到大陆边缘陆棚环境中发生沉积,造成了沉积在陆棚环境中的硅质岩,在地球化学组成上保留了其大洋盆地背景的特征     

广西南宁地区泥盆系硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境

泥盆纪时,广西南宁附近发育了一套从早泥盆世埃姆斯期到晚泥盆世弗拉斯期末的硅质岩建造,硅质岩多为薄层,灰黑到黑色,至弗拉斯阶上部变为灰黄色,水平纹理发育,常夹火山凝灰岩或与之互层。这套硅质岩SiO2含量高（一般>90％）,其他主量化学成分均很低（一般<5%）。TFe2O3和含量相对比较富集（平均含量3.32％）, Al2O3、TiO2、MgO和MnO相对贫乏（平均含量分别为0.71％、0.04％、0.10％和0.02％）。常量元素Fe/Ti、（Fe+Mn）/Ti和Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）比值的平均值分别为91.65,92.12和0.25,微量元素Ti/V和U/Th比值的平均值分别为4.57和4.09,其中U/Th比值在弗拉斯期早期达到最大。这些数据说明,硅质岩在形成时受到了明显的海底热液活动影响,而这种热液活动在弗拉斯期早期达到最强,后逐渐减弱,而热液活动的强度可能主要受盆地裂解（或张裂作用）的影响;因此,盆地拉张作用在弗拉斯期早期达到最强,这与硅质岩的空间分布是吻合的。     

滇东南丘北地区上二叠统吴家坪阶硅质岩地球化学特征及地质意义

运用岩石学和地球化学的方法研究滇东南丘北地区晚二叠世吴家坪期硅质岩,取得以下主要认识:（1）滇东南丘北地区硅质岩SiO₂/Al₂O₃值除样品P29外均大于80,Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）为0.46~0.76,表明硅质岩主要为生物成因,受陆源碎屑影响较小;（2）硅质岩Ce/Ce*为0.517~0.858,La_N/Ce_N为1.12～1.80,经球粒陨石标准化的稀土模式则表现为轻稀土元素富集,且具有明显负Eu异常的右倾型,表明沉积环境为大陆边缘;（3）样品P29硅质岩Eu/Eu*为1.129,反映其受到一定程度热液的影响,可能受峨眉山地幔柱或（和）断裂的共同影响。     

Chemical Profiles across a Jurassic Stratiform Manganese Deposit at Katsuyama in the Mino Terrane of Central Japan: Implications for Depositional Environment, Diagenetic Metal Redistribution and Paleoceanography

Abstract. Inorganic chemical compositions are determined for a series of rocks crossing an Early Jurassic stratiform manganese ore deposit in a chert‐dominant sequence at Katsuyama, in the Mino Terrane of central Japan. The lithology in the vicinity of the manganese ore bed is classified into lower bedded chert, black shale, massive chert, manganese ore and upper bedded chert, in ascending order. The rocks surrounding the manganese deposit are anomalously high in certain elements: Pb (max. 29 ppm), Ni (1140) and Co (336) in the lower bedded chert, Mo (438), As (149), Tl (29) and U (12) in the black shales, V (210) and Cr (87) in the massive chert, and MnO and W (24) in the manganese ore. The aluminum‐normalized profiles reveal a distinct zonation of redox‐sensitive elements: Pb‐Zn, Ni‐Co‐Cu(‐Zn) and U‐Cr in the lower bedded chert, Mo‐As‐Tl in the black shale, V(‐Cr) in the massive chert, and Mn‐Fe‐Ba‐W in the manganese ore, in ascending order. The lower and upper bedded cherts and manganese ore generally exhibit flat rare earth element patterns with positive Ce anomalies, whereas the uppermost part of the lower bedded chert, the black shale and massive chert have flat patterns with weak or nonexistent negative Ce anomalies and weak positive Eu anomalies. The strong enrichment in Ni, Co, W, Tl and As detected in the Katsuyama section is not recognized in other sediments, including those of anoxic deposition origin, but is identified in modern ferromanganese nodules, suggesting that metal enrichment in the Katsuyama section is essentially due to the formation of ferromanganese nodules rather than to deposition in an anoxic environment. The observed elemental zonation is well explained by equilibrium calculations, reflecting early diagenetic formation and associated gradual reduction with depth. The concentration profiles in combination with litho‐ and biostratigraphical features suggest that formation of these bedded manganese deposits was triggered by an influx of warm, saline and oxic water into a stagnant deep ocean floor basin in Panthalassa at the end of the middle Early Jurassic. Paleoceanographic environmental controls thus appear to be important factors in the formation and preservation of this type of stratiform manganese deposit.     

Trace and rare earth elements as indicators of provenance and depositional environments of Lias cherts in Gumushane,NE Turkey

Trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) of Lias-aged cherts in the Gumushane area were studied in order to understand their origin and depositional environment. Twenty three chert samples from five stratigraphic sections were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and mineralogical investigation. Lias cherts in the study area are microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline quartz, and megaquartz depending on mineralogical content. Trace elements of the cherts were compared with PAAS, Co, Y, and Th had stronger depletions in the five sections, whereas V, Ni, Zr, Nb, and Hf had smaller depletions. The distribution of Zr, Hf, and Ta yields Zr/Hf, Zr/Ta and Hf/Ta ratios (25/645, 37/665, and 0.18/3, respectively) that differ from those of chondrites and average upper continental crust, suggesting that these elements are likely non-detrital but are sourced from seawater. Th/U ratios range from 0.04 to 0.45 and are lower than those of the upper continental crust (average: 3.9). Lias-aged cherts have low total REE abundances and stronger depletions in five sections of the PAAS and chondrite-normalised plots. The cherts are characterised by a positive Eu anomaly (average: 4.9) and LREE-enrichment (La_N/Yb_N = average: 3.5). In addition, about one-half of the cherts exhibit positive Ce anomaly (range: 0.25–2.58), chondritic Y/Ho values (range: 3.3–60), and low (La/Ce)_N values (average: 1.8). REE and trace element abundance in Lias cherts indicate that these elements were likely derived from hydrothermal solutions, terrigenous sources, and seawater. The REE patterns of the cherts show that they were probably deposited close to a continental margin.     

老挝西北部琅勃拉邦构造带放射虫硅质岩及其构造意义

琅勃拉邦构造带内放射虫硅质岩含有放射虫Entactinia vulgaris Won, Entactinosphaera palimpola Foreman和Belowea variabilis (Ormiston et Lane),时代为早石炭世,为老挝境内首次报告。硅质岩样品具有很高的SiO2质量分数(95.29%~98.17%),大部分样品表现出相类似的稀土配分模式,部分样品配分模式图表现为上凸状,具有中稀土富集,均具有明显的Ce负异常,Ce/Ce*值为0.64~0.74,其中部分样品具有Eu的负异常,为0.58~0.68。Y/Ho比值为31.05~40.96,类似日本Sasayama中-晚二叠世的远洋硅质岩。地球化学显示其为含酸性火山碎屑非热液成因的远洋硅质岩。这些研究证实了在思茅板块和印支板块之间存在一个开阔的石炭纪时期弧后盆地。     

广西来宾蓬莱滩剖面中上二叠统硅质岩的地球化学特征及沉积背景

广西来宾地区中上二叠统广泛发育硅质岩,蓬莱滩剖面和铁桥剖面是本地区中上二叠统出露最好的剖面.本文对蓬莱滩剖面28件硅质岩(分别为中二叠统茅口组3件与上二叠统合山组25件)的主量和稀土元素进行了分析研究,并结合岩石学特征,认为:蓬莱滩剖面合山组硅质岩沉积于受到陆源物质影响的边缘海盆环境,它们的硅质主要来源于硅质生物,为生物成因;而其茅口组硅质岩则沉积于远离陆源物质影响的边缘海盆环境,它们的硅质主要来源于热液,为热液成因.通过与铁桥剖面的热液成因硅质岩的沉积背景对比研究,结果表明:中晚二叠世时期,来宾地区为富硅的边缘海盆环境,而陆源物质输入程度的差异是造成本地区形成不同成因硅质岩的主要因素.     

湖北嘉鱼县蛇屋山金矿硅质岩地球化学特征及成矿环境约束

湖北蛇屋山金矿是亚洲最大的红土型金矿,矿区内硅质岩发育,覆于含矿红土层之上,并与硅化灰岩呈渐变过渡。硅质岩主要由微晶和隐晶组成,其SiO2含量为96.87%～97.90%,w(Si)/w(Al)=92.84～287.66,平均值为173,处于纯硅质岩的范畴。硅质岩样品的w(Al)/w(Al+Fe+Mn)为0.189～0.388,平均值为0.303,具热液成因硅质岩的特征。根据Al、Fe、Mn三角图的投点,认为本研究区硅质岩为热液成因硅质岩。微量元素w(Ni)/w(Co)、w(Fe)/w(Ti)、w(Ti)/w(V)、w(U)/w(Th)也说明了硅质岩具有热水沉积成因。w(Ce)/w(Ce*)为1.05～1.27,平均值为1.12,(La/Ce)N为0.84～1.12,平均值为0.98,微量元素V的含量(3.02～4.26μg/g)以及常量元素w(MnO)/w(TiO2)(1.0～2.0)都显示此研究区硅质岩具有大陆边缘硅质岩的特征。结合宏观特征,确定硅质岩有可能形成于卡林型金矿去碳酸盐化阶段,属于热液活动的产物。     

Research Status and Advances in Chert and Permian Chert Event

Cherts are concret research objects for petro-tectonic framework and are widespreadly distributed in special sedimentary environments along orogenic belts and depositional basins. Cherts hold abundant origin related information, which plays important role in palogeographic and paleooceanograpic study. This paper reviewed the history and the advancement of research on chert, especially paying more attention to the research progress about both bedded chert and nodular chert in domestic and international research areas. Combined with Permian cherts distribution in China, we discuss research achivements of silica sources, sedimentary environments and original mechanism from cherts deposited in different sedimentary environments such as oceanic rift, oceanic basin and continent shelf. “Permian Chert Event” (PCE) has been used to discribe the widespread biogenic Permian cherts that occurred around the eastern margins of Panthalassa and Paleotethys Ocean. Research results on Permian cherts in eastern Paleotethys Ocean, particularly the Yangtze areas, are examined here, which suggest Permian cherts are not typically biogenic in origin but severely influenced by hydrothermal sedimentation. The seasonal melting of sea ice is assumed engine for PCE in northwest edge of Pangea Supercontinent, but that dose not work in China. Therefore, a hypothesis different form thermohaline circulation and upwelling is proposed here: there would be a periodical hydrothermal fluid system in the eastern Paleotethys Ocean, providing the source of silica for the development of Permian Chert Event on both south and north continent shelves. What is more, some intensively studied Permian outcrops in the Yangtze areas have the potential to be the typical outcrops for PCE research in China.     

东秦岭二郎坪群热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征

东秦岭二郎坪群中广泛发育一套与铜铅锌成矿作用关系密切的硅质岩。区内硅质岩总体属于低硅质硅质岩,SiO2与Al2O3呈负相关,Fe2O3/FeO比值一般小于1,与热水沉积硅质岩的特征一致;南阳盆地以西的硅质岩MnO/TiO2比值小于0.5、Al/(Al Fe)比值接近北太平洋比值,而盆地以东的硅质岩MnO/TiO2比值大于0.5、Al/(Al Fe)比值与日本中部大陆边缘的三叠纪层纹状硅质岩比值类似;硅质岩稀土元素总量较低,重稀土元素有富集的趋势,Ce亏损较明显,Eu显示正异常,表明本区硅质岩主要是热水沉积作用的产物;硅质岩的V、Ni、Cu等微量元素含量具有洋中脊(或远洋盆地)和大陆边缘硅质岩的双重特征。     

广西那坡裂陷盆地晚古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

广西那坡裂陷盆地位于右江盆地南缘,晚古生代该盆地广泛分布包括硅质岩、泥岩和海相玄武岩在内的深水相沉积.对盆地内上泥盆统榴江组和中下二叠统四大寨组硅质岩地球化学特征研究表明,硅质岩SiO₂含量为88.55%~99.03%,PAAS组成含量小于20%,指示其含有较低的陆源碎屑组成.硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.45~0.94,Eu/Eu*值为0.51~0.95,为非热液成因硅质岩.除去SiO₂稀释作用的影响后,硅质岩具有较高的稀土元素含量(∑REE+Y含量相当于PAAS组成的2~5倍),指示其形成于相对远离陆源供应的环境.岩信和鱼塘上泥盆统榴江组硅质岩具有中等的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce*值分别为0.37~0.72和0.58~0.89)以及较明显的Y正异常(Y/Ho值分别为39.05~83.74和34.33~36.70),形成于远离陆源的开阔裂谷盆地环境.鱼塘中下二叠统四大寨组硅质岩具有明显的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce*值为0.12~0.33),显示成熟洋盆的地球化学特征.结合右江其他地区硅质岩的地球化学特征认为,晚古生代硅质岩的地球化学特征记录了右江盆地从晚泥盆世裂谷盆地到早中二叠世扩张为开阔洋盆的过程.      

Hydrothermal and resedimented origins of the precursor sediments to banded iron formation: sedimentological evidence from the Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence of Western Australia

The Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence comprises banded iron formation (BIF), bedded chert, limestone, mudrock, sandstone, breccia, tuffaceous mudstone, ashfall tuff and, in sections not reported here, basalt and rhyolite. Density current rhythms are preserved in sandstones, mudrocks, tuffaceous mudstones and limestones. Relics of similar rhythms in BIF imply that its precursor sediments were also deposited by density currents. Hemipelagic deposits are siliciclastic or mixed siliciclastic–volcaniclastic mudstones. Bedded chert, chert nodules and the chert matrix of BIF preserve evidence for formation by diagenetic replacement. For bedded chert (and chert nodules), silica replacement occurred before compaction close to or at the sediment–water interface, indicating that it is siliceous hardground. The chert matrix of BIF formed during compaction but before burial metamorphism. Original sediments were resedimented from two sources: (1) limestone, mudrock, sandstone, breccia and tuffaceous mudstone from a shelf; and (2) BIF from within the basin realm. Shelf sediments were resedimented to basin-floor fans during third-order lowstands. The precursor sediments to BIF are interpreted to have been granular hydrothermal muds, composed of iron-rich smectite and particles of iron oxyhydroxide and siderite that were deposited on the flanks of submarine volcanoes and resedimented by density currents. Resedimentation occurred by either bottom currents or gravity-driven turbidity currents, and the resulting sediment bodies may have been contourite drifts. The concept that BIF records high-frequency alternating precipitation from ambient sea water of iron minerals and silica is negated by this study. Instead, it is postulated that the precursor sediments to BIF originated in much the same way as modern Red Sea hydrothermal iron oxide deposits, implying that at least the particles of iron oxyhydroxide originated from the oxidation of vent fluids by sea water. Several orders of cyclicity in basin filling establish a relationship between rising to high sea levels, episodic sea-floor hydrothermal activity and BIF that is reminiscent of the link between eustacy and spreading-ridge pulses.     

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of Mesoproterozoic Kumbalgarh clastic rocks,NW Indian shield: implications for provenance,tectonic setting,and crustal evolution

The Kumbalgarh Group of the south Delhi fold belt are the main bedrock series exposed in the axial region of the Aravalli craton. Quartzites and greywackes, the chief clastic constituents of this group, are well exposed. Petrographic and bulk-rock analyses of these rocks permit determination of their provenance, tectonic setting of the basin, and the Archaean to Proterozoic crustal evolution. Greywackes comprise quartz, plagioclase, amphiboles, K-feldspar, and rock fragments. Based on mineralogy, we divided the quartzites into three categories: QTZ1 is chiefly composed of quartz with a silty matrix and a minor quantity of feldspars and QTZ2 contains significant mafic minerals as well as quartz and feldspars, whereas QTZ3 is more feldspathic than the other groups. All the lithounits have SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios <～10 suggesting textural immaturity consistent with their sedimentary petrography. Greywackes display the least fractionated rare earth elements (REEs) (La/Yb _N : avg. 2.55) with positive Eu anomalies (avg. Eu/Eu* = 1.34). QTZ1 contains strongly fractionated REE patterns (avg. La/Yb _N : 13.56, avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.60), QTZ2 shows moderate REE fractionation (avg. La/Yb _N : 4.97, avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.61), and QTZ3 possesses the least fractionated V-shaped REE patterns (avg. La/Yb _N : 1.97, avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.51). Weathering attributes including chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and A–CN–K plots assign a low to moderate degree of weathering to the Kumbalgarh sediments under a subtropical climate. Based on our synthesis of the petrographic and geochemical data, we suggest a provenance comprising basalts, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG), and granite. Geochemical attributes indicate deposition of the detritus in an extensional backarc basin receiving sedimentary input from opposite directions. The opening and then closure of the South Delhi Basin was the last phase of the break-up of the supercontinent, columbia, which began by abortive rifting of the Udaipur belt and culminated in separation of the Aravalli–Bundelkhand–Dharwar block in the east and the East African orogen in the west.     

中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中层状硅质岩的地球化学特征及其成因意义

在中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中发育有数层的厚度不等的层状硅质岩,SiO₂含量一般在 90%以上,岩石富Fe,相对贫Mn、Al、Ti。亲石元素大量亏损,但富典型的热水沉积指示元素Ba、As、Sb,也有一定的铂族元素(PGE)的异常,稀土元素的配分模式呈左倾,有明显的Ce的负异常和轻微的Eu的正异常。δ3 0 Si值变化范围为- 0 .7‰～ 1.2‰,δ18O值变化范围为 17.6‰～ 2 9.0‰。硅质岩的地球化学表明其为热水沉积作用的产物。文章最后讨论了热水成因硅质岩的形成与硒富集的关系,认为形成硅质岩的构造环境可能是地壳深部Se得以上升到浅部聚集的前提,而含硅热液则可能是硒的良好的”溶剂”。     

湘中南中-晚奥陶世硅质岩地球化学特征及其对奥陶纪盆地演化的启示

湘中南地区奥陶系由"细碎屑岩-硅质岩系-粗碎屑岩"构成,三者厚度变化具有明显的规律性:厚度等值线的展布逐渐趋于北东方向,厚度最大区域向南东方向迁移。区内岭口剖面烟溪组硅质岩SiO_2含量(89.08%~94.32%)和Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(0.52~0.79)较高,具有轻稀土略富集、无明显铈异常和铕异常的特点;大桥剖面烟溪组硅质岩SiO_2含量高(91.74%~95.14%),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.34~0.56,具有轻稀土富集、无明显铕异常和间歇性铈负异常、Y/Ho比值低(20.65±1.63)的特点。硅质岩地球化学特征及图解说明其主要为正常海相生物成因,形成于开阔的大陆边缘背景。对比邻近地区相应层位数据发现,湘中南及其邻区中—晚奥陶世硅质岩成因与沉积背景相似,指示其形成于统一盆地中,结合地层等厚度图分析认为,盆地经历了被动大陆边缘—前陆盆地的转换,硅质岩系可能是前陆盆地初始阶段的产物,在其展布范围内无明显热液影响,暗示造成华夏地块抬升的地球动力学来源可能还在该套硅质岩系展布范围的更南部或东南部。