Normal faulting as a control on the stratigraphic development of shallow marine syn-rift sequences: the Nukhul and Lower Rudeis Formations, Hammam Faraun fault block, Suez Rift, Egypt

Tectono-stratigraphic analysis of the East Tanka fault zone (ETFZ), Suez Rift, indicates that the evolution of normal fault segments was an important control on syn-rift depositional patterns and sequence stratigraphy. Sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis of the Nukhul Formation indicates that it was deposited in a narrow (ca 1–2 km), elongate (ca 5 km), fault-bounded, tidally influenced embayment during the low subsidence rift-initiation phase. The Nukhul Formation is composed of transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) systems tract couplets interpreted as reflecting fault-driven subsidence and the continuous creation of accommodation in the hangingwall to the ETFZ. The overlying Lower Rudeis Formation was deposited during the high subsidence rift-climax phase, and is composed of forced regressive systems tract (FRST) shallow marine sandbodies, and TST to HST offshore mudstones. Activity on the ETFZ led to marked spatial variability in stratal stacking patterns, systems tracts and key stratal surfaces, as footwall uplift, coupled with regressive marine erosion during deposition of FRST sandbodies, led to the removal of intervening TST–HST mudstone-dominated units, and the amalgamation of FRST sandbodies and the stratal surfaces bounding these units in the footwall. This study indicates that the evolution of normal fault segments over relatively short (i.e. <1 km) length-scales has the potential to enhance or suppress a eustatic sea-level signal, leading to marked spatial variations in stratal stacking patterns, systems tracts and key stratal surfaces. Crucially, these variations in sequence stratigraphic evolution may occur within time-equivalent stratal units, thus caution must be exercised when attempting to correlate syn-rift depositional units based solely on stratal stacking patterns. Furthermore, local, tectonically controlled variations in relative sea level can give rise to syn-rift stacking patterns which are counterintuitive in the context of the structural setting and perceived regional subsidence rates.     

山东惠民凹陷中央隆起带古近系沙三段层序地层及沉积演化?

根据山东惠民盆地中央隆起带古近系沙河街组第三段层序地层学研究，根据层序中湖平面变化特点和相应的沉积物特征，提出了陆相湖盆中层序内体系域的四分法，一个完整的层序由低位、湖侵、高位和下降四个体系域组成，并且层序界面位于湖平面最大下降的位置，介于下降域和低位域之间。层序地层中存在四个关键性界面：首泛面、最大湖泛面、始降面和最大下降面，其中首泛面对应于湖水由相对稳定到快速上升时的初始湖泛面，为低位域与湖侵域间的分界面；最大湖泛面对应于湖水快速上涨至最大限度时的湖泛面，为湖侵域与高位域间的分界面，在界面附近多形成特征的CS段；始降面对应于湖平面开始快速下降时的沉积界面，为高位域与下降域的分界面；最大下降面也是层序界面，为湖盆水体快速下降或湖盆岸线快速退到最低点时的沉积界面。结合研究区的岩芯、录井、测井、地震等资料综合分析，本文总结了四个关键面的识别标志。中央隆起带沙三段沉积共划分出六个体系域，分属三个层序。本文以层序II沉积为例，阐述了不同体系域的沉积体系特征，低位期湖盆水域面积小，河流-三角洲沉积体系发育，河流流经距离长，边缘地区形成似下切谷沉积；湖侵期发育小规模的退积式三角洲沉积，砂体较不发育；高位期湖盆水域面积大，砂体以深水浊积砂体为特征；下降期多发育进积式砂体，砂体发育。因此，位于层序界面之下的下降域和之上的低位域是湖盆砂体有利发育期，湖侵域和高位域是生油岩主要形成时期。     

Miocene tidal-influenced sedimentation to continental Pliocene sedimentation in the forebulge–backbulge depozones of the Beni–Mamore foreland Basin (northern Bolivia)

Mio-Pliocene deposits of the forebulge–backbulge depozones of the Beni-Mamore foreland Basin indicate tidally to fluvially dominated sedimentation. Seven facies assemblages have been recognized: FAA–FAG. FAA represents a distal bottom lake assemblage, FAB and FAD are interpreted as tidal flat deposits, FAC and FAG are interpreted as fluvial systems, FAE sediments are deposited in a subtidal/shoreface setting, and FAG represents a meandering fluvial system. The identification of stratigraphic surfaces (SU, MFS, and MRS) and the relationship among the facies assemblages permit the characterization of several systems tracts: a falling-stage systems tract (FSST) followed by a lowstand systems tract (LST), a transgressive systems tract (TST), and a highstand systems tract (HST). The FSST and LST may have been controlled by the uplift of the Beni-Mamore forebulge, whereas TST may result from a quiescent stage in the forebulge. Subaerial unconformity two (SU2) records the passage from a tide-influenced depositional system to a fully continental depositional system. The Miocene tidal-influenced deposits in the Beni–Mamore Basin suggest that it experienced a connection, either with the South Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea or both.     

Insight into sequence stratigraphic and structural framework of the onshore Niger Delta Basin: Integrating well logs,biostratigraphy, and 3D seismic data

Stratigraphic and structural interpretative studies have been carried out within the paralic sequence of Agbada Formation in the Niger Delta Basin. The method of study involved integrating sequence stratigraphic techniques with well logs, biostratigraphy, and 3D regional seismic data obtained from several producing fields in the Coastal Swamp depobelt of the onshore Niger Delta Basin. This was targeted at establishing regional sequence stratigraphic and structural framework from well log correlation and seismic mapping so as to better define hydrocarbon leads. Well log correlation using stratigraphic bounding surfaces such as maximum flooding surfaces (MFSs) and sequence boundaries (SBs) indicates that the stratigraphic package was deposited within the Middle to Late Miocene (8.5 to 12.1 Ma) age. Recognized depositional sequences revealed differential thickening and thinning of the associated system tracts (lowstand system tract (LST), transgressive system tract (TST), and highstand system tract) (HST)). This observed stratal behavior has been attributed to the influence of syndepositional tectonic structures that characterize the Coastal Swamp depobelt, which lies within the extensional zone. Flattening of MFSs at various ages indicates observable basinward shift of the depositional center. The genetic units of LST and HST serve as good hydrocarbon reservoir whereas HST and TST constitutes mainly the source and seal packages rocks in the area. Structural interpretation revealed the occurrence of simple/faulted rollover anticline, collapsed crest, regional hanging wall and footwall, horst block, and subdetachment fault structural styles that constitute the key hydrocarbon entrapment mechanisms. Structural top maps show fault-dependent closures which dominate the extensional zone, which could form possible hydrocarbon leads and prospects that should be targeted during exploration studies for development.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000558

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block.Geologic characters and spatial distributions of fve of these unconformities,which have resulted from different geological processes,have been studied.The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity,representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin.The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fuctuations,leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands.The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting,whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event.It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.     

Geological characteristics and tectonic signifcance of unconformities in Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block.Geologic characters and spatial distributions of fve of these unconformities,which have resulted from different geological processes,have been studied.The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity,representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin.The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fuctuations,leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands.The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting,whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event.It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.     

层序地层学研究进展

近代沉积地质学研究的对象和目的早已超越了沉积岩石学、相分析和沉积环境演替的经典研究，而是把发生沉积作用的堆积场所──盆地．放在全球沉积地壳演化的时空坐标上，通过正负沉积记录寻求有成因联系的沉积和构造综合体在地质历史中各种事件的铸记，恢复它在全球古板块和古地理的位置．进而探索沉积地壳演化和地球起源的证据。在科学技术高速发展的今天．地学领域也具有明显的时代特征：一是地质学中各学科的专业化、计算机化和定量化；另一特征则是多学科的渗透化。其中层序地层学研究在近代地学领域中具有里程碑意义的重大进展是追踪对比全球沉积记录和全球古地理再造的重要研究途径。     

Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a transfer zone coarse-grained delta, Miocene Suez Rift, Egypt

This study focuses on Miocene sedimentation and stratigraphic evolution in a major transfer zone at the northern tip of the Thal Fault segment, Gulf of Suez. The succession generally shoals upwards from offshore mudstone containing pro-delta turbidites, into conglomeratic delta foresets and topsets, with sandstone-dominated shoreface facies coexisting laterally. Despite this upward shoaling, key stratal surfaces marking abrupt changes in relative sea-level allow the succession to be divided into four stratal units. The stacking pattern of the stratal units suggests an initial relative sea-level rise that generated a major marine flooding surface. A relative sea-level fall followed, resulting in widespread exposure and incision. During the ensuing relative sea-level rise a lowstand coarse-grained delta and coeval shoreface succession prograded several kilometres basinward. The stratigraphic development of the transfer zone delta is in marked contrast to that of aggradationally stacked deltas that occur near the centre of the Baba-Sidri fault segment, further south. At the transfer zone, low rates of subsidence and accommodation development coupled with a high sediment supply derived from a large fault tip drainage catchment have produced a strongly progradational delta subject to marked changes in relative sea-level. In the fault centre location, however, higher rates of accommodation development coupled with lower rates of sediment supply from footwall catchments have produced aggradationally stacked deltas. The results from this study have implications for sequence stratigraphic models and hydrocarbon exploration within extensional basins.     

冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层特征及沉积环境演化*

长江水下三角洲层序地层学研究有助于全面了解长江三角洲地层特征和沉积环境演化模式。通过对长江水下三角洲下切河谷区YD0901和YD0903孔岩心的详细沉积物粒度、特征元素比值(Cl/Ti和Zr/Rb)、沉积相对比分析,恢复了冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层格架。研究区冰后期以来自下而上依次出现河流相、潮汐河流相、河口湾相、浅海相和三角洲相的沉积相序。末次冰期海平面下降,古长江形成下切河谷,古河间地发育硬黏土层,构成五级Ⅰ型层序界面。之后海平面回升,分别于15 cal ka BP和8.0 cal ka BP形成最大海退和最大海侵界面,水下三角洲区域最大海侵发生时间略滞后于平原区,约为7.5 cal ka BP。据此3个层序界面将冰后期地层划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域。钻孔岩心记录揭示了14.8 cal ka BP海侵到达研究区;14.8~13 cal ka BP期间,受MWP-1A冰融水事件影响海平面快速上升,海岸线向陆推进速率可达71.9,km/ka;海退期间各钻孔沉积速率较低,直至2 cal ka BP开始,沉积速率明显增加。     

Platform margin collapses and sequence stratigraphic organization of carbonate slopes: Cretaceous–Eocene,Gargano Promontory,southern Italy

We describe the sequence stratigraphic organization and the associated sedimentological characteristics of Cretaceous to Eocene slope and base-of-slope carbonate successions. The study area is located in the Gargano Promontory which belongs to the stable foreland of southern Italy. The succession consists of three superimposed depositional sequences separated by major unconformities. The upper two sequences are clear examples of sequence stratigraphic organization; in fact, they both start with huge megabreccia wedges (LST) followed upward by thin pelagic units (TST) and a thick package of calciturbidites and debrites that alternate with pelagic mudstone (HST). The Cretaceous highstand systems tract is clearly arranged in a number of coarsening-upward cycles while the Eocene one which also comprises a toplap shallow water unit, is not. The Gargano stratigraphic palimpsest and the entire margin of the Apulia Platform show remarkable similarities with present-day carbonate platform margins and slopes where irregular, convex-bankward embayments suggest large-scale failures. It is clear that classic sequence stratigraphic organization can result from simple platform dismantling, having no or little time relation with global sea-level fluctuations. In fact, as the margin failure (LST) interrupts the carbonate production, a period of starvation (TST) along the entire slope and base-of-slope follows necessarily. Finally, when the margin once again becomes active and productive, sediment exportation starts again and the system begins to prograde (HST).     

镇安西口地区二叠纪—三叠纪地层格架与地层模型

笔者运用现代沉积学和层序地层学理论，对陕西镇安西口地区二叠系-三叠系的主要不整合面和地质体的岩相岩石组合特征及空间展布规律进行调查，在此基础上并依据前人研究资料，将区内二叠系-三叠系划分为4个层序单位，进而对单位内的体系域系统进行了划分和研究，建立了该地区地层格架与地层模型。通过研究认为，4次大幅度海平面变化及区域构造沉降作用是形成4个Ⅱ型不整合面的根本原因。该地区自晚二叠世，在不同阶段的盆地演化过程中，皆继承了西浅东深的古地理格局，此项研究成果为在构造活动地带相对稳定地区进行地层格架与地层模型提供了范例。     

Distribution of diagenetic alterations in glaciogenic sandstones within a depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework: Evidence from the Upper Ordovician of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya

The spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations has been constrained in relationship to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic quartzarenite sandstones in the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, which were deposited during the Haritanian glaciation when the basin was laying along the continental margin of Gondwana. Eogenetic alterations encountered include: (i) replacement of detrital silicates, mud matrix and pseudomatrix by kaolinite in paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic, in foreshore to shoreface (highstand systems tract; HST) and in post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic (lowstand systems tract; LST) sandstones, particularly below the sequence boundaries (SB). Kaolinite formation is attributed to the influx of meteoric water during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (ii) Cementation by calcite (δ¹⁸O_VPDB = − 3.1‰ to + 1.1‰ and δ¹³C_VPDB = + 1.7‰ to + 3.5‰) and Mg-rich siderite in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine (transgressive systems tract; TST) sandstones and in the post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones is interpreted to have occurred from marine pore-waters. (iii) Cementation by Mg-poor siderite, which occurs in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, is interpreted to have occurred from meteoric waters during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (iv) Pervasive cementation by iron oxides has occurred in the glacial, shoreface–offshore TST sandstones and post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones immediately below the maximum flooding surfaces (MFS), which was presumably enhanced by prolonged residence time of the sediments under oxic diagenetic conditions at the seafloor. (v) Formation of grain-coating infiltrated clays mainly in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones and in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones as well as, less commonly, in the paraglacial, foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones and in the tide-dominated deltaic HST sandstones below the SBs.

Mesogenetic alterations include mainly the formation of abundant quartz overgrowths in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones, post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and glacial, shoreface TST sandstones, in which early carbonate cements are lacking. Illite, chlorite and albitized feldspars, which occur in small amounts, are most common in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine TST sandstones and paraglacial, shoreface HST sandstones. This study demonstrates that the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and their impact on reservoir-quality evolution in glacial, paraglacial and post-glacial sandstones can be better elucidated when linked to the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework.     

西藏吉隆沟石炭纪沉积相与层序地层特征

西藏北喜马拉雅地层分区石炭纪仅发育杜内期一维宪期沉积，时间跨度约30Ma，含亚里组与纳兴组两个岩石地层单位。据吉隆沟地层的特征可识别出潮坪、三角洲及浅海陆棚等沉积相。由层序界面性质与地层结构特征划分为2个Ⅰ型层序、7个Ⅱ型层序、2个层序组，属1个超层序。多数层序仅由海侵体系域(TST)和高水位体系域(HST)两部分组成。     

Driving processes and recognition criteria for complex subaerial unconformities in a non-marine succession: Implications for basin margin shaping during forced regressions

A regional sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis is presented in this paper to provide new insights into the morphological complexity and sedimentary mechanisms of unconformities giving shape to basin margins. Although the development of unconformities entails significant sediment delivery to be considered when analysing ‘source to sink’ systems, as well as large palaeogeographical changes related to basin reconfiguration episodes, the complexity that unconformities can reveal towards basin margins has been scarcely explored. A sedimentological and architectural analysis combining outcrop and subsurface datasets shows five palaeoenvironmental evolutionary stages and four key stratigraphic surfaces in a constrained ca 2 Ma Valanginian interval on the southern margin of the Neuquén back-arc basin (Argentina). A complex-type subaerial unconformity was identified, composed in turn of two subaerial unconformities exhibiting both single and composite motifs, different morphologies and facies shifts representative of large palaeogeographical changes. In the studied stratigraphic interval, two erosional stages occur linked to combinations of exclusively non-marine-driven processes involved in unconformities developing. The two subaerial unconformities differ in nature and distribution, representing a novel case of complex unconformities and stratigraphic architectures in non-marine lowstand wedges. The Valanginian complex subaerial unconformity entails a high diachroneity along strike and depositional dip, implying that the hiatus created in landward settings occurred during relative sea-level fall and rise stages during a period longer than in basinward areas. Disagreeing with classical sequential models, two third-order sequence components of a complex lowstand wedge are preserved in proximal settings. Subsidence-controlled accommodation and interplay between second-order and third-order cycles were combined, increasing the prospects of sediment storage and preservation potential of composite sequences towards landward areas. This work improves current comprehension about complex subaerial unconformities formation and related lowstand architectures in proximal settings, providing criteria to understand and revaluate lowstand wedge geometries, particularly for more complex examples, such as the case reported in this contribution.     

珠江口盆地海相层序地层发育的控制因素分析

在对珠江口盆地海相地层珠海组—粤海组层序类型和发育模式分析的基础上,根据层序的结构特点,分析了珠江口盆地海相层序地层发育的控制因素。认为构造运动、继承性古地理格局、相对海平面变化和沉积物供应是珠江口盆地海相层序地层发育的主要控制因素,但在不同时期主控因素不一样。晚渐新世—早中新世是盆地结构调整的重要时期,构造运动和继承...     

长周期层序形成机制的探索:层序地层学进展之二

将不整合面所限定的地层单位定义为层序,赋予这种层序以"构造旋回"的概念;将"不整合面及其可以对比的整合面"所限定的地层单位定义为"沉积层序",简称为"层序",并将沉积层序的形成过程解释为海平面变化过程。如果将前者作为"构造层序",则这种层序代表了二级层序,新定义的"沉积层序"则属于三级层序。概念的调整和变化意味着层序存在一个级别或序次问题。地质学家长期研究的结果表明,海平面变化主要存在两种基本的驱动机制,一种是由于构造运动所造成的"洋盆体积"的变化,另一种是气候变化所造成的地球极地冰盖消长而最终产生的海水体积的变化;前者所造成的变化以周期长、速度慢为特征,被简称为"构造型海平面变化",后者所产生的变化则以高频率和高速率为特征,被简称为"冰川型海平面变化"。根据上述概念,显生宙可识别出两个一级旋回,并可以进一步划分为6个二级层序(Sloss模型)或13个二级层序(Vail模型),显生宙二级层序划分的差别反映了长周期层序形成机制研究的一些重要变化和进展。对长周期层序形成机制的研究,除了考虑地球本身的构造活动所造成的洋盆体积的变化以外,地质学家们还将一级旋回与银河年旋回对应、二级旋回与银道面旋回对应、三级旋回与奥尔特星系旋回对应起来进行更大范围的思考和探索,也为研究长周期层序形成的最终驱动机制提供了一个重要的思考途径。如果把对Exxon层序地层模式概念体系不协调的研究而产生的各种层序地层模式作为层序地层学的第1个进展,长周期层序形成机制的研究则可以作为层序地层学的第2个进展。包括:(1)把来自于显生宙的一些重要模型和概念应用到前寒武纪,由此在更长的时间框架内探索一级旋回与超大陆旋回的成因联系;(2)二级旋回与地球水圈和大气圈演变的成因关联;(3)进一步总结三级旋回的形成机制。追索这方面的进展,可以更加深入地理解当年Exxon科学家们将层序形成机制归因于海平面变化的初衷以及所包含的科学意义,从而有利于今后的深入研究。     

Depositional sequences and correlation of middle(?) to late Miocene carbonate complexes,Las Negras and Nijar areas,southeastern Spain

During Serravallian through Messinian time, marine carbonates flanked topographic highs that rimmed Neogene basins in the Western Mediterranean. Middle to upper Miocene carbonate strata in the Las Negras and Nijar areas (southeastern Spain) are 50-150 m thick and display 50-200 m of shelf-to-basin relief over 1-2 km. Detailed studies in those areas document the effects of relative sea-level change on sedimentation, biotic composition, and reef development. We identify three previously unrecognized, regionally correlatable depositional sequences (DS1, DS2, DS3) that occur between the underlying basement and the overlying Terminal Carbonate Complex. The lower depositional sequences (DS1, DS2) are mostly normal marine shelf (ramp) carbonates deposited on the flanks of basement highs. The basal part of DS2 locally contains some megabreccia reef blocks composed of Tarbellastraea and Porites. These blocks are the first evidence of reef growth in the area and represent a previously unrecognized period of reef development prior to the fringing reef development. The reef blocks probably formed as upslope patch reefs that were eroded and transported to distal slope locations. The upper sequence (DS3) is characterized by clinoform strata of a Porites-dominated fringing reef complex that prograded basinward in a downstepping style with successively younger reefs forming in a topographically lower and more basinward position as a result of a net sea-level drop. Regional correlation of Miocene shallow-marine strata between basins in Spain and elsewhere in the western Mediterranean is complicated because basins were semi-isolated from adjacent basins making physical correlation impossible. In addition, age-definitive biostratigraphic markers are poorly preserved in most of the Miocene shallow-water strata; basinal sediments that are more easily dated by microfossils do not typically interfinger with the shallow-marine strata in outcrop. Even where datable microfossils are found, resolution of dating is poor. Our studies in the Las Negras and Nijar areas illustrate the usefulness of integrating sedimentological, geometric and biotic data with locally derived relative sea-level (accommodation space) curves for correlation. The relative sea-level curves for each area show remarkable similarities in shape and magnitude of sea-level changes. These curves indicate several relative sea-level fluctuations during Miocene carbonate deposition prior to the major sea-level drop at the end of DS3 deposition that culminated in the exposure of the basin margin deposits and the deposition of evaporites in basinal areas during the Messinian. The depositional sequences in the Las Negras and Nijar areas may correlate with depositional sequences of similar age throughout the southern Cabo de Gata area, in Mallorca some 600 km to the northeast, and possibly in other Mediterranean locations. The widespread occurrence and possible correlation of the depositional sequences suggest regional processes such as eustacy or tectonism for their formation. The integration of sedimentological, palaeontological and sequence stratigraphic studies, and the construction of relative sea-level (accommodation space) curves may help in the interpretation of depositional histories of shallow-marine carbonate complexes and correlation of these strata between isolated areas. Other dating methods, in addition to microfossil dating, may allow for better age determination of the sequences and aid in identifying the importance of eustacy and tectonism in sequence development.     

塔里木盆地塔中西部加里东中、晚期构造-层序结构与奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体分布

不同级序层序界面与构造不整合面对碳酸盐岩储层发育与分布起主要控制作用。通过对塔中西部加里东中、晚期不整合面、晚奥陶世台缘结构、奥陶系碳酸盐岩Ⅲ-Ⅳ级以上层序与岩性段划分、32口区探井储层发育特征及11口探井碳酸盐岩及其少量缝洞充填物的碳氧、锶同位素的综合研究,提出了奥陶系碳酸盐岩多类型储集体发育的地质模式。其中,加里东中、晚期第一幕(T47)构造导致了台缘向台内发育顶部削截,发育高位体系和强烈的表生岩溶作用,后期为上超的海侵体系,构成了一个构造-岩性复合转换面。第二幕(T27)总体为海侵上超(角度)淹没不整合,局部高处有小规模剥蚀。中、上奥陶统台缘带向台内由垂向加积向进积作用增强,台缘带大的坡角有利于残厚较大的一间房组与良里塔格组发育与分布。塔中西北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩Ⅲ级以上高频层序和沉积旋回特征较为相似。奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞中方解石与其围岩的碳氧、锶同位素有较强的继承性,鹰山组灰岩或云(灰)岩及缝洞方解石中的δ13CPDB和δ18OPDB负偏变化较明显,与不同构造部位中的地层剥蚀强度或岩溶强度成正比。与良里塔格组灰岩与缝洞方解石中低锶特征不同,鹰山组中锶同位素87Sr/86Sr相对较高,受壳源锶影响相对较大,反映了其与良里塔格组沉积环境不同且其岩溶作用更广泛。鹰山组储集体发育主要受控于构造挤压断层相关褶皱控制下的地层(剥蚀)-不整合面分布,构成了继承性构造带、断层上盘等地貌高的"抬升剥蚀-潜流带残留型-强烈的多期岩溶叠加改造型"岩溶模式和构造带间或断裂下盘带等其他部位"抬升剥蚀-淋滤与潜流带分带不明显(局部充填)平缓弱改造型"的岩溶模式。     

Diagenesis and Diagenetic Evolution of Deltaic and Neritic Gas-Bearing Sandstones in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy Controls

Gas-bearing deposits in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin consist of shoreface sandstones of the highstand systems tract (HST) and transgressive systems tract (TST), and deltaic sandstones of the lowstand systems tract (LST) and falling stage systems tract (FSST). Detailed petrographic observations suggest that the diagenetic features and related evolution of these deposits cannot be simply characterized and demonstrated in the depth domain. However, the occurrence of diagenetic minerals systematically depends on the studied interval within the HST, TST, LST, and FSST; therefore, diagenesis in this region can be better constrained when studied in the context of the depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework. The eogenetic processes in such settings include: (1) microcrystalline siderite precipitated as concretions in almost all environments and systems tracts, which inhibited further mechanical compaction; (2) grain dissolution and kaolinitization occurred in shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST and FSST sandstones; (3) glaucony was locally observed, which did not clearly reflect the controls of facies or sequence stratigraphy; and (4) cementation by pyrite aggregates occurred in the shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST sandstones. The mesogenetic diagenesis includes: (1) partial conversion of kaolinite into dickite in deltaic LST sandstones, and minor chlorite cementation in deltaic FSST sandstones; (2) transformation of kaolinite into illite and quartz cementation in deltaic LST and FSST sandstones; (3) frequent precipitation of ankerite and ferroan calcite in shoreface TST sandstones and early HST sandstones, forming baffles and barriers for fluid flow, with common calcite in shoreface HST sandstones as a late diagenetic cement; and (4) formation of dawsonite in the deltaic LST and FSST sandstones, which is interpreted to be a product of the invasion of a CO2-rich fluid, and acts as a good indicator of CO2-bearing reservoirs. This study has thus constructed a reliable conceptual model to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations. The results may provide an entirely new conceptual framework and methodology for successful gas exploration in the continental margins of offshore China, thus allowing us to predict and unravel the distribution and quality evolution of clastic reservoirs at a more detailed and reliable scale.