曙光雷达数据处理软件系统

针对岩土工程探测对象的隐蔽性与复杂性,开发了曙光雷达数据处理软件系统,实现了不同类型雷达数据的共享数据处理、分形处理、偏移、联合反演、小波变换等功能;现场验证及试用结果表明,该软件系统可以改善地下目的物探测的分辨率和真实度,可为岩土工程施工提供较准确的地下障碍物资料。     

Experimental study on soil pollution analysis around tailings using ground penetrating radar

Pollution caused by tailings has become a serious environmental problem in China. An attempt was made to establish the ground penetrating radar （GPR） as a quick and non-destructive method for soil pollution analysis. Some physical models were established of contaminated soils from the tailing area. A series of indoor GPR experiments were conducted with 1 GHz antenna. The interface of contaminated area and uncontaminated area is characterized as a saltation zone in the radar image. The results of experiments show a clear correlation between the GPR data and the pollution intensity of soil. Based on all experimental data, the relation of velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation and pollution intensity was induced by using artificial neural network （ANN）. The results obtained indicate that GPR can provide high-resolution estimates of soil pollution variations around tailings as a function of depth as well as space and time.     

Buried pipe detection by ground penetrating radar using the discrete wavelet transform

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used for non-invasive examination of man-made structures, especially to determine the depth of pipes buried underground. Unfortunately, shallower objects may obscure GPR raw data that is reflected from deeper ones. This study introduces a signal processing technique, called the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), to filter and enhance the GPR raw data in order to obtain higher quality profile images. Laboratory experiments were conducted and the locations of buried pipes under different conditions were analyzed. The buried pipes were made of plastic and metal, and both single and two parallel horizontal pipes are discussed. The experimental results indicate that the DWT profiles can provide more information than the traditional GPR profile. The images of the diameter and position of pipes, even two pipes of different materials and in horizontal alignment, can be enhanced by using the DWT profile.     

Exploration of underground strata conditions for a traffic bypass tunnel using ground penetrating radar system – a case study

A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was carried out in connection with the construction of a traffic bypass tunnel between Saraikale Khan and Dr. Zakir Hussain Marg in Delhi. Five boreholes were drilled in this area to correlate and confirm the GPR signatures with borehole data. This Note covers the correlation of the borehole data with GPR signature to explore the real subsurface strata conditions for the construction of the bypass tunnel.     

Mapping subvertical discontinuities in rock cuts using a 400-MHz ground penetrating radar antenna

Hidden subvertical discontinuities oriented parallel to subparallel to the exposed faces of outcropping sandstone were effectively mapped at three different study sites in central Missouri using a ground-penetrating radar system (GPR) equipped with a 400-MHz monostatic antenna and a survey wheel. At each site, a suite of 2-D ground-penetrating radar profiles were acquired along multiple closely spaced traverses on relatively smooth exposed rock surfaces. Time-zero correction was applied to the raw GPR data which were then processed using band-pass filtering, range and display gain, color transformation, and deconvolution techniques. Pseudo 3D images of each identified discontinuity at each site were constructed based on the interpretation of the nonmigrated ground-penetrating radar profiles. These pseudo 3D images were hand-migrated and transformed into true 3D images which depict variable depths at “perpendicular horizontal distance” to each discontinuity relative to the exposed rock face. The results demonstrate that GPR can be used to detect and map hidden discontinuities. This information can then be used for rock slope stability analysis and rock engineering purposes.     

利用探地雷达探测地下空洞

简要介绍了探地雷达工作原理及其探测地下空洞的方法技术，以广州某地基勘察中地下空洞的检测为例，分析了地下空洞的雷达波组特征，总结了探地雷达时深剖面图的异常特征。指出该方法具有速度快、探测精度高、可获得连续结果等特点。经开挖验证，探地雷达异常特征与地下空洞实际位置相吻合。     

发射脉冲波形对探地雷达响应的影响

电性参数、系统参数以及处理方法,对探地雷达的探测深度、分辨率以及精度有重要的影响。这里主要讨论发射脉冲波形对探地雷达响应的影响,即首先产生汉宁、高斯、柯西和泊松四种窗函数所对应的发射脉冲波形,然后通过二维时域有限差分正演模拟方法分别获得上述激发波形在钢筋模型和薄层模型的响应,最后在分析响应结果的基础上,总结出不同激发波形对横向和纵向分辨率的影响。从正演模拟结果可以发现,在同一地电模型和相同的发射天线中心频率情况下,发射脉冲波形的宽度越小,其探测分辨率越高,探测深度越浅;柯西脉冲波具有较好的横向分辨率,而高斯脉冲波在横向和纵向上都具有较好的分辨率。所获得的结论对于不同地电模型的正演模拟以及探地雷达数据的解释,具有一定的指导作用。     

Resolving scales of aquifer heterogeneity using ground penetrating radar and borehole geophysical logging

Accurate and reliable characterization of aquifer heterogeneity remains one of the foremost problems in hydrogeology. In this study, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and borehole geophysical logging are used to investigate scales of heterogeneity present locally (<500 m laterally) within an outwash deposit comprised of inter-bedded and cross-bedded sands and gravels of glaciofluvial origin. At a small scale (<15 m laterally), gamma log data in adjacent boreholes show evidence of fining upward sequences, occasional coarsening upward sequences, and abrupt changes in grain sizes, which appear to be laterally continuous at scales of 10 m. At the site scale (<500 m laterally), GPR profiles show a strong reflection interpreted as the water table. Reflectors in the unsaturated zone are more clearly defined than those beneath the water table due to signal attenuation within the saturated sediments. Undulating to discontinuous reflectors at scales of 10–15 m are interpreted to result from interbedded and cross-bedded sands and gravels. A few laterally continuous horizontal to sub-horizontal reflectors, which extend at least up to 360 m, are interpreted as unconformities, based on evidence of gravel bars, truncation of underlying units, as well as scour and fill features in a nearby gravel pit exposure. Overall, the integration of these two geophysical methods provided evidence of unit correlation at the two scales of investigation.     

一种低频探地雷达天线屏蔽装置实验研究

低频探地雷达系统多配置无屏蔽天线,抗干扰能力差.针对中心频率15 MHz的低频探地雷达天线,以铁丝网作为屏蔽材料,设计制作了3种尺寸(长×宽×高分别为:12 m×12 m×5 m、11 m×11 m×5m、9.6 m×9.6 m×5 m)的屏蔽装置,对接收天线和发射天线分别进行了屏蔽干扰实验研究.结果表明:网孔为1 cm×1 cm,丝径t为0.15 cm铁丝网是制作屏蔽装置的有效材料;对接收天线单独进行电磁屏蔽时,三种尺寸的屏蔽装置均显示出较好的屏蔽效果,其中最佳尺寸为11 m×11 m×5 m;对发射天线单独进行电磁屏蔽时,只有11m×11m×5m尺寸的屏蔽装置最有效,另外两种尺寸的装置屏蔽效果相对较差;相对而言,给接收天线单独增加屏蔽装置要比单独给发射天线增加屏蔽装置好.实验结果为下一步研发实用化的低频探地雷达屏蔽装置打下了良好基础.     

Enhancing understanding of breakdown and collapse in the Yorkshire Dales using ground penetrating radar on cave sediments

Historical evidence shows block breakdown and collapse are actively occurring in large fault aligned caverns in the Yorkshire Dales karst. Deployment of ground penetrating radar at two such sites has provided detailed images of the sedimentary sequences below the present day cavern floor but no large blocks are imaged within the sediments. Solutional processes must be removing limestone from the sediment to allow continued cavern growth. Possible mechanisms to account for the lack of large blocks within the sediment fill are discussed.     

探地雷达探测季节性冻土的正演模拟

随着季节的变化,季节性冻土区活动层在冻融过程中物性参数变化显著.以东北地区季节性冻土为研究对象,采用高斯随机粗糙面来模拟粗糙不平的冻结层和融化层界面,建立了能精细描述活动层非均匀性的随机介质模型,并进行了探地雷达正演模拟.研究结果表明:活动层的冻结深度和融化深度随季节而变化,其介电常数和电导率也随季节而变化;非均匀性的活性层、起伏不平的冻结层和融化层使雷达剖面中的散射波非常发育,随时间变化,融化层起伏越大,雷达剖面中的散射波能量越强,融化层和冻结层界面的反射波识别越难.同时,证明应用探地雷达监测季节性冻土的季节变化、冻结深度和融化深度的时间和空间变化是切实可行的.     

水泥混凝土路面脱空的探地雷达图像特征分析

脱空是水泥混凝土路面的常见病害,也是行车安全的主要隐患。探地雷达法通过观测分析高频电磁波反射信号特征来研究探测目标体的性质与规模,可以快速、有效地确定路面脱空的位置与充填情况。GprMax2D模拟结果、雷达实测资料和开挖验证情况的综合分析成果表明,充泥和充气空洞的雷达图像十分相似,特征明显,在空洞正上方都会出现一组非常明显的强反射信号,同相轴呈弧型,由于介电常数的明显差异,使得空洞充泥时反射波与直达波相位相反,而充气时反射波与直达波相位相同;不密实区域同相轴错断,显示出多条不规则弧形曲线。     

探地雷达在公路隧道衬砌检测中的应用

分析总结了隧道衬砌存在的常见问题及缺陷在雷达图像中的显现特征,并将探测结果与实际地质概况进行对比分析。结果表明,探地雷达能够对隧道衬砌实施连续扫描,获得形象直观的探测图像,利用探地雷达检测公路隧道衬砌,具有无损、快速、广泛、精确等优点。     

探地雷达在地质灾害调查方面的应用

探地雷达是浅部勘探的一种有效的勘探方法。文章简要叙述了探地雷达的探测原理及其应用于地质灾害调查方面的可行性，通过探地雷达在地裂缝、岩溶塌陷、滑坡以及活动断裂调查中的应用实例分析，展示其可作为一种快速、准确的探测技术。     

地质雷达应用于探测拱桥，空洞的效果验证

运用地质雷达探测了一个拱桥和一个空洞,通过探测结果和被探体的实际揭露情况比较得出,雷达剖面图像的解释结果与被探体的实际剖面形态类似,水平误差取决于探测物理点点间距,深度误差仅±0.05m.     

基于小波域KL变换的探地雷达信号处理

探地雷达目标回波信号通常会受到串扰(或直达波)、随机噪声等的干扰,致使目标信号难以分辨。利用小波分析的时频局部化特性和多道探地雷达记录中直达波、目标回波信号以及随机噪声等的不同相关性,对探地雷达记录进行小波分解,得到多频段的小波剖面,再对不同频段的小波剖面做KL变换,实现了串扰抑制。通过实验数据和现场实测数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

断层特征参数地质雷达探测与识别的应用研究

在地下空间中,用地质雷达方法沿水平方向探测可以确定断层的位置及走向,沿垂直方向探测可以测定断层的倾向、倾角和落差,但不能用于查明断层面内充填物的详细情况。因此,采用地质雷达方法对断层部分特征参数的准确判定,对地下工程的开挖与维护具有一定的工程地质意义。     

基于探地雷达单道信号处理的岩溶分析方法

探地雷达（GPR）作为岩溶隧道超前地质预报的主要手段广泛运用于隧道岩溶探测,但GPR自带分析软件所得时间剖面图只能进行岩溶定性分析,无法较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。基于此,提出一种基于GPR原始数据的单道信号计算岩溶位置和大小的方法。具体做法主要包括：先用地质雷达自带分析软件确定岩溶位于哪几道信号上,再将这几道信号的数据利用自编程序提取并作Hilbert函数变换,绘出信号的瞬时振幅、相位和频率图（三瞬图）,根据每道三瞬图图像突变的位置确定岩溶的起、终点,最后联合各道计算结果确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。上述方法在赣龙铁路中复隧道DK189+135、DK189+75断面岩溶探测中得到了成功运用。实践证明,该方法能较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状,是基于探地雷达探测岩溶分析的可行方法。     

Cyclic geomorphic patterns of washover on a barrier Island in southeastern North Carolina

A detailed analysis of historic aerial photographs provided the data for determining the magnitude and importance of oceanic overwash on Masonboro Island, southeastern North Carolina. Overwash, which is both temporally and spatially distributed, produces a suite of physiographic features on the subaerial portion of the island. Four physiographic types are recognized including: A) small coalescing loosely vegetated dunes, B) intact, well-vegetated dunes and terraces, C) individual, isolated washover fans, and D) washover terraces. Vegetation patterns, including shrub thickets and black needle rush marshes are related to old fan sites. Sites dominated by saltmeadow cordgrass and goldenrod are associated with recent overwashes. A process-response model, which synthesizes the physiographic types and vegetation patterns, provides input for a management program for the island. Five sections on Masonboro Island are delineated on the basis of washover history and potential for future washovers. The response of Masonboro Island to overwash is similar to that observed on Core Banks, North Carolina; however there are several differences, probably because of the rapidity with which dune ridges redevelop after washovers.     

蒙特卡洛方法在地质雷达探测地下管道中的应用

地质雷达是一种探测金属和非金属管道的有效方法,传统方法是利用经验电磁波速度计算管道埋深,存在较大误差,且往往无法估算管径或算法繁琐。蒙特卡洛方法是一种随机模拟的地球物理反演手段,从雷达图像中读取一系列反射回波穿行时间和雷达相对于管顶的位置数据,给定合理的电磁波速度、管道埋深和管径3个参数的范围,可以有效地拟合得到速度、埋深和管径。该方法在南京地铁盾构某区段,用来拟合估算地下输油管、自来水管和污水管的埋深及管径,取得了与实际情况较为一致的结果,拟合的电磁波速度符合地下介质情况。