Undrained behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced sandy soil under monotonic loading

Soil improvement using fibres is widely used in soil stabilisation to prevent sand liquefaction. In order to study the undrained behaviour and liquefaction resistance of sand reinforced with polypropylene fibres, a series of triaxial compressive tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced Chlef sand with different contents of polypropylene fibres (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8%). Samples were prepared at 30% and 80% relative densities representing loose and dense states respectively, and triaxial tests were performed at confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Tests results show that fibre inclusion has a significant effect on the shear strength and dilation of sandy soil. The increase in strength is function of fibre content, relative density and confining pressure. The maximum strength improvement for both loose and dense fibre-reinforced sand is more pronounced at higher confining pressure and at higher fibre content.     

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能影响的试验研究

循环冻融作用下粗粒土的力学性质对于高寒地区边坡稳定性分析意义重大。以藏区某一排土场土体作为依托,开展了不同冻融循环次数后不同级配黏质粗粒土的单轴压缩试验,研究冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能的影响。结果表明：冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土应力-应变关系曲线性状及破坏模式有一定的影响,可使其应变呈现由脆性破坏（软化）向塑性流动（硬化）变化的规律。当提高冻融循环次数时,该类土体的弹模和抗压强度均显著减小,其中5~9次冻融循环前减小幅度较大,之后基本保持不变。单轴抗压性能的弱化与土样循环冻融过程中伴随的细颗粒团聚、大中孔隙增多、密实度下降有关。20次冻融循环后,该土质土样抗压强度、弹模最大降低幅度各自高达43%和77%。可见随着提高细砾组的含量,土样的抗压强度和弹模均呈现下降的趋势,这与该土样内粗、细土颗粒的比例及强度发挥机理密切相关。粗粒土单轴抗压破坏应变随冻融循环次数和细砾组含量的增加有一定的增加趋势。     

On the Evaluation of Settlement Measurements Using Borehole Extensometers

Borehole extensometers are commonly utilized in field monitoring programs to measure settlement. In order to secure the targets of the extensometer, the borehole is typically backfilled with cement-bentonite grout. In the absence of standards for grout mix designs and due to non-universality of the properties of the backfilling grout, the accuracy of settlement furnished by borehole extensometers may be questionable. A preliminary parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of grout stiffness on settlement measurements using borehole extensometers. The finite element program ABAQUS was used to model a borehole extensometer installed in an isotropic homogeneous elastic soil layer of a finite depth subjected to a uniform surface surcharge. Effect of the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio, soil/grout interface parameters (friction angle and shear strength), and extensometer embedment depth were investigated. Soil/grout interface behavior was assumed to comply with the elastic-perfectly plastic Coulomb friction model. The mechanism of measuring settlement using borehole extensometers was studied. The numerical study revealed that minimum errors in settlement can be obtained if the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio is made equal to about 1.0. Depending on the grout?Csoil moduli ratio, larger grout/soil interface friction angle and interface shear strength are generally associated with smaller settlement errors. Compared to fully embedded extensometers, partial embedment yields smaller settlement errors for grout?Csoil moduli ratio significantly above unity. In view of the findings of this preliminary parametric study, it is suggested to adopt the grout?Csoil moduli ratio in conjunction with grout compressive strength as the controlling criterion rather than the grout compressive strength only (current standard of practice). Additionally, it is evident that cement-bentonite grout mix should be carefully designed as part of the settlement monitoring programs to match the expected deformability (stiffness) of the soil mass under consideration. Future laboratory, field and numerical studies are needed to investigate more complex soil stratifications and to evaluate the behavior of various grout mixes.     

钙质砂注浆加固材料制备及固结体性能试验研究

注浆加固是解决岛礁钙质砂地基不均匀沉降问题的有效措施之一。根据钙质砂特性,选用超细硅酸盐水泥作为主体胶凝成分,纳米硅溶胶、粉煤灰和硫酸钙晶须作为辅料,依据单因素试验和正交试验的要求,制备了不同配比的注浆材料,测试了其凝结时间和相应固结体的力学性能。采用响应曲面法对试验结果进行模拟,探究各组分对各性能指标的影响,确定注浆材料最优配比。结果表明：将3种辅料按适当比例单独加入浆材中,均可提高不同龄期钙质砂固结体的抗压强度;当水泥掺量固定时,水灰比是影响浆液凝结时间和固结体强度的最主要因素;与水泥浆液相比,以最佳配比掺入辅料配制的注浆浆液能够更好地填充在钙质砂颗粒间,从而改变固结体的密实性,使其抗压强度明显增长。研究成果可为增强钙质砂地基注浆加固效果提供参考。     

Laboratory determination of mechanical and hydraulic properties of chemically grouted sands

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and hydraulic properties of sands treated with mineral-based grouts through the results of a laboratory test programme consisting of unconfined compression tests (UCS), triaxial bender element tests (BeT) and constant flow permeability tests in triaxial apparatus. An improved apparatus was set up for obtaining high quality, multiple grouted specimens from a single column. Two selected natural sands having different grain sizes were grouted with two mineral-based silica grouts, resulting in different levels of improvement. The behaviour of the sands treated by mineral grouts, in terms of strength, initial stiffness and permeability, was compared with that exhibited by more traditional silicate grouts. The results of this study indicate that sands treated with mineral grouts result in higher strengths, higher initial shear modulus and lower permeability values than the sands treated with the silicate solution. The effect of grout type, effective confining pressure, and sand particle-size on small-strain shear modulus of grouted sand specimens was evaluated. Based on test results, the small strain shear modulus increment from treated to untreated specimens has been correlated with the unconfined compressive strength, obtaining a unique relationship regardless of grout type and grain-size of tested sands.     

改性纳米硅材料加固松散砂土的工程特性研究

为了改变松散砂土的低强度和低抗侵蚀性,本文以纳米硅材料为基础,采用聚丙烯酰胺类作为改性剂,对松散砂土进行加固研究。分别研究在不同浓度的纳米硅材料以及不同掺量的改性剂的共同作用下,加固松散砂土的无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度以及其崩解特性的变化规律,并对其加固机理进行分析。试验结果表明,改性后的纳米硅材料对松散砂土的无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度以及抗崩解能力都得到较大的提高。当纳米硅材料浓度一定时,砂土的抗压强度和抗剪强度随着改性剂掺量的增加出现先增大后减小的趋势;在纳米硅浓度20%、改性剂掺量0.2%时抗压强度达到最大值970 kPa;在纳米硅浓度20%,改性剂掺量0.3%时黏聚力和摩擦角分别为173.2 kPa和39.3°;在加固松散砂土的抗崩解试验中,当纳米硅浓度大于20%、改性剂掺量大于0.1%时,加固后的砂土在水中侵泡8 d后砂样的崩解率低于50%;当纳米硅浓度20%,改性剂掺量0.2%时,加固砂土不崩解。综合试验结果,建议纳米硅溶液的浓度在20%,改性剂的掺量为0.2%作为改性纳米硅材料加固松散砂土的最优配比。     

冻结盐渍砂土单轴强度特性研究

通过对兰州盐渍砂土重塑土添加不同量的盐分来模拟不同含盐量的盐渍土, 并对其进行单轴抗压试验, 分析其在不同含盐量、不同温度及不同速率的应变加载情况下, 冻结盐渍砂土的单轴抗压强度的变化规律, 重点讨论了盐分对土体力学参数的影响以及弹性模量与含盐量、温度的关系. 结果表明: 易溶盐含量的增加会导致单轴抗压强度逐渐降低, 试验温度越低抗压强度会越大; 应变加载速率的增加会增大土体的单轴抗压强度, 同时会缩短土体达到应力峰值的时间; 土体含盐量越大弹性模量越小, 温度越低弹性模量越大.     

Field study on the behavior of pre-bored grouted planted pile with enlarged grout base

This paper presents the results of field tests performed to investigate the compressive bearing capacity of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) pile with enlarged grout base focusing on its base bearing capacity. The bi-directional O-cell load test was conducted to evaluate the behavior of full scale PGP piles. The test results show that the pile head displacements needed to fully mobilize the shaft resistance were 5.9% and 6.4% D (D is pile diameter), respectively, of two test piles, owing to the large elastic shortening of pile shaft. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the PHC nodular pile base and grout body at the enlarged base could act as a unit in the loading process, and the enlarged grout base could effectively promote the base bearing capacity of PGP pile through increasing the base area. The normalized base resistances (unit base resistance/average cone base resistance) of two test piles were 0.17 and 0.19, respectively, when the base displacement reached 5% D_b (D_b is pile base diameter). The permeation of grout into the silty sand layer under pile base increased the elastic modulus of silty sand, which could help to decrease pile head displacement under working load.

     

煤系古风化岩相似材料配比研究

为制备具有力学性质递变特征的相似材料试样,本文通过水泥石膏相似材料的配比试验,得到了两种骨料(标准砂和河沙)相似材料力学性质与配比间的关系.在拟合河沙相似材料的室内力学测试数据的基础上,得到了配比值关于抗压强度和弹性模量的确定公式.试验表明:用水量、成型压力和平均骨料粒径对相似材料的力学性质均有不同程度的影响,在制样过程中需要加以控制; 低强度相似材料的抗拉强度不易控制,而单轴抗压强度和弹性模量对配比的变化有明显响应; 河沙相似材料的力学性质与配比间呈明显的线性关系,而标准砂相似材料存在临界骨料含量和临界水泥含量表现出明显的非线性特征; 在调整配比所能实现的抗压强度和弹性模量的变化范围内,相似材料能够较好地模拟单轴抗压强度大于3MPa的风化岩.     

尺寸和加载速率对冻结水泥土单轴压缩影响

为揭示尺寸效应和加载速率效应对冻结改良土力学特性的影响规律,以冻结水泥改良土为研究对象,开展了不同尺寸与加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验,通过分析试验数据,讨论了高径比和加载速率对试样强度与变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,高径比影响试样的应力-应变曲线类型及峰值后的变形特性。高径比增加,应力-应变曲线出现明显弹性屈服点,峰后脆性增强,试样破坏形式由劈裂破坏变为单一剪切破坏。试样的抗压强度、切线模量、起始屈服模量、破坏应变随高径比变化均可用抛物线进行拟合,综合考虑,推荐试验宜采用高径比为1.62~2.02的试件。在试验设定的温度和加载速率条件下冻结水泥土的单轴压缩应力-应变关系均为应变软化型。与冻土类似,冻结水泥土的抗压强度与起始屈服强度同样随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大。不同温度下冻结水泥土抗压强度与加载速率的关系可用幂函数表示。温度越低,起始屈服强度受加载速率影响越大。温度和加载速率对冻结水泥土切线模量也有较大影响,不同加载速率条件下切线模量与温度呈线性关系。冻结水泥土的破坏应变随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大,在1.94%~6.94%之间变化,不同加载速率条件下破坏应变与温度呈幂函数关系。     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

基于高分子复合材料改良砂土三轴剪切试验研究

为研究剑麻纤维和高分子固化剂复合改良对砂土工程特性影响,通过一系列三轴剪切试验,对不同掺量和长度的剑麻纤维与高分子固化剂改良砂土的剪切强度特性进行了研究,从峰值偏应力、应力应变曲线特征和抗剪强度参数等方面分别对改良机理进行了研究。研究结果表明,纯高分子固化剂改良砂土的峰值偏应力和黏聚力明显提升,由于固化剂粘结砂土颗粒,限制了变形过程中颗粒的相对滑动,内摩擦角略微降低。随纤维掺量的增加,不同围压下固化剂改良土体的峰值偏应力明显增加,应力硬化特征愈加明显,土体的黏聚力和内摩擦角随纤维掺量的增加保持单调递增趋势。在单纯添加固化剂的情况下,土体强度与固化剂浓度呈正相关的关系;在给定0.4%的纤维含量下,随着纤维长度的加长,纤维和高分子固化剂复合改良砂土的剪切强度先增强后降低;在纤维长度为18 mm时,土体的剪切强度达到最大,黏聚力达到最大207.57 kPa;纤维长度的改变对试样破坏时的轴向应变和土体的内摩擦角基本没有影响。     

攀枝花尖山矿区细中粒辉长岩力学特性试验研究

对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿尖山矿区的细粒和中粒辉长岩进行了单轴压缩、常规三轴压缩、抗拉强度和软化等系列岩石力学试验,研究了岩石结构(矿物颗粒大小)、水和围压等因素对岩石强度和变形特性的影响。结果表明,细粒辉长岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和压拉比均高于中粒辉长岩,但在三轴压缩情况下,两种岩石的峰值强度、残余强度和弹性模量差异较小;与中粒辉长岩相比,细粒辉长岩的峰值强度的黏聚力C较大,而峰值强度的内摩擦角φ较小;随着围压的增长,辉长岩峰值强度、残余强度与围压近似呈线性关系,剪切破坏角减小,平均模量E增长不明显,割线模量E50增长较显著;辉长岩的软化系数较高,在水的作用下弹性模量降低,泊松比升高。     

盐岩油气储库介质地质力学模型相似材料的研制

以江苏金坛盐岩地下油气储库为示范工程,以精铁粉、重晶石粉、石英砂、一级松香和医用酒精为原料,根据相似原理以及金坛盐岩油气储库地层中盐岩、泥岩和盐岩夹层的实测物理力学参数,开展了各种配比条件下材料的单轴压缩、三轴压缩、直剪和巴西劈裂试验,通过原岩和模型材料的重度、泊松比、弹性模量、抗压强度、抗拉强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角等基本物理力学参数以及相应变形特征和强度破坏特性的对比分析,研制出基本满足相似条件要求的盐岩油气储库介质（盐岩、泥岩和盐岩夹层）的地质力学模型相似材料,为开展盐岩地下油气储库运营的变形与失效破坏地质力学模型试验提供了可靠的材料保证。     

The Effect of Relative Density and Confining Stress on Shear Properties of Sands with Varying Grading

The research investigated the influence of grain size distribution on the shear behavior of sand specimen in loose, medium and dense states. The investigation aimed at understanding the extent or degree at which static shear strength of soil is affected by its density. A standard indicator (coefficient of uniformity) was used in constituting four (4) different sand specimens—narrowly graded (NAG), intermediately graded (ING), well graded (WG) and gap graded (GAG). Different normal stress values were applied during the testing program. The specimens were sheared using a ring shear apparatus until a residual value of shear stress was obtained. Result obtained from the analysis shows two remarkable stress paths. Medium dense to dense specimens show dilative stress path while loose (less dense) specimens show contractive stress path. At loose state, WG specimens show higher peak and residual shear strengths than poorly graded ones. Of importance was the fact that all the NAG specimens underwent complete liquefaction but WG specimens did not undergo complete liquefaction. This was interpreted as strong inter-particle contacts/forces binding the grains which enhanced high shear resistance. The research also showed that increase in relative density leads to higher shear strength, particle size distribution notwithstanding. Also, result of the analysis showed that WG specimens in medium-and dense states have higher peak but lower residual strength than ING and NAG specimens-this phenomenon was termed reverse behavior by the author(s). GAG specimens when sheared have the lowest peak and residual strength at any given value of relative density.     

黑山煤田封堵涌水孔段的浆液和注浆方法

黑山煤田处于沙漠边侧,地层有纯砂粒构成的、透水性较強的中细砂层,这类地层中如含有承压水时,会发生钻孔涌水,对于中细砂涌水钻孔,用泥浆冲孔时,可通过适当增大泥浆相对密度,来压制地下水涌出,ZK18-28孔是涌水孔,也是采用绳索取心钻进的孔,因此不宜使用高相对密度泥浆。用套管亦未奏效。若用注浆法,对于中细砂层是不适用水泥浆的。而溶液型浆液的注浆封堵中细砂层,在技术有可行性,对于涌水压力不大的孔,又有可用低强度,因而也是低成本的浆液,因此选择了比较亷价的水玻璃类的SPN浆液,并采用双隔离塞的注浆法,在ZK18-28孔中取得了封堵中细砂涌水层的初步封堵效果。     

砂土地基冲击碾压加固效果影响因素的试验研究

冲击碾压技术已在国内外公路工程、机场工程以及港口工程等不同行业得到广泛应用,但有关冲击碾压加固效果的影响因素及影响规律尚不明确。文章利用自行研制的冲击碾压模拟试验设备,通过室内模型试验手段,分析冲击轮重量、冲击轮形状、牵引速度、土体的初始密实状态及冲击碾压遍数等因素对砂土地基冲击碾压加固效果的影响。试验结果表明:冲击轮重量对砂土地基冲击碾压加固效果的影响起主要作用,冲击轮单轮质量大于10 t时冲击碾压加固砂土地基的影响深度明显增加,2.4~3.6 m深度范围的加固效果最明显;初始状态为松散至中密的砂土对应的冲击碾压加固效果较好;三边形冲击轮的冲击碾压加固效果明显优于四边形和五边形冲击轮;牵引速度在12 km/h范围内时,砂土地基的冲击碾压加固效果随牵引速度的增加而增长,但牵引速度为9 km/h时,浅表层1.4 m深度范围的加固效果较好;同时在12遍冲碾过程中,浅层2.4 m深度范围的加固效果随着冲碾遍数的增加而有较明显增长。研究成果可为冲击碾压法加固浅层砂土地基的设计与施工提供参考。     

微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂的试验研究

向珊瑚砂中注入巴斯德芽孢杆菌菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液,利用微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂;并对珊瑚砂固化体进行了渗透、强度及微观结构等试验。试验结果表明,巴斯德芽孢杆菌的活性随时间呈衰减趋势,但衰减速度缓慢,能较好地满足珊瑚砂固化的需要。随着菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液注入次数的增加,珊瑚砂柱渗透性逐步降低,最终渗透性降低了1～2个数量级。微生物固化后的珊瑚砂柱应力-应变曲线大致可分为3段,即应力随应变缓慢增加段、快速增加段以及突降段。试样发生压裂脆性破坏,无侧限抗压强度最高达到14 MPa左右。抗压强度随干密度增加而增大,随渗透性降低而增大。微生物固化后珊瑚砂颗粒被生成的碳酸钙完整的包裹,孔隙间极少见生成的碳酸钙,与普通硅砂微生物固化后的微观结构不同,较好地解释了渗透性降低不多的原因。     

砾石土层中注浆扩散参数的研究

采用注浆模拟试验与数值分析等研究方法,探讨了砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体抗压强度等参数预测计算模型,并设计试验对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及结石体的抗压强度等参数预测计算模型计算的注浆量、浆液扩散半径与注浆结石体抗压强度的理论值与试验实测值间虽分别有10%、5%、10%左右的差异,但均相差不大,因此,可用来预测砾石土层实际注浆工程中的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体的抗压强度等参数。研究成果不仅可为砾石土层实际注浆工程实践提供理论支撑,还可为砾石土诱发的滑坡、泥石流等灾害的防灾减灾提供技术参考。     

初始含冰量对冻结粉质砂土变形与强度的影响

基于一系列同一温度、不同初始含冰量和应变率条件下的高含冰冻结粉质砂土的单轴压缩试验,开展了高含冰量对冻结粉质砂土变形行为和强度特性的初步研究。结果表明：随着试样中初始含冰量的增加,冻结粉质砂土的塑性增强,当初始含冰量超过210.1%后,应力-应变曲线趋近于冰的特性,可用修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型较好地描述其单轴压缩应力-应变关系;当应变率为0.083×10-3 s-1和0.467×10-3 s-1时,其初始切线模量呈非线性增大,但当应变率为0.667×10-3 s-1时,初始切线模量增大到一最大值之后转而减小,并且影响程度与应变率大小有关;当初始含冰量从32.9%增加到304.0%,冻结粉质砂土强度也是先非线性增大,然后逐渐趋于稳定,两者可用对数函数关系很好地描述。其研究结果可为开展高含冰冻土区路基的稳定性评价提供基础。