Analytical solution for the response of a flexible retaining structure with an elastic backfill

An extension of an existing analytical solution for the response of a flexible retaining wall subjected to seismic loading is presented. The solution is based on the assumption that the wall and the soil remain elastic and that there are no shear stresses at the wall–soil interface while the contact remains tied. In addition to the wall displacements due to bending, the wall can experience rigid‐body motions due to rotation and horizontal and vertical movements. The solution is verified by comparing its results with those of a finite element method. Results from the analytical solution together with those of the (FEM) are used to identify and quantify the relative importance of key parameters on the seismic response of a wall. The study shows that wall flexibility and horizontal rigid‐body motions of the wall and frequency content of the seismic input have a significant effect on the wall loads. The pressures behind a rigid wall decrease as the wall rotates about its base, whereas for a flexible wall, the soil pressures decrease as the friction between the backfill and the wall increases. The rigid‐body vertical movements of a wall have little impact on the dynamic pressures induced in the wall, except for a flexible wall where, when prevented, the dynamic loads may be reduced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of backfill cohesion on seismic response of cantilever retaining walls using fully dynamic analysis

The analyses of retaining walls in California showed many backfills are coarse material with some cohesion. In this investigation, seismic response of cantilever retaining walls, backfilled with dirty sandy materials with up to 30 kPa cohesion, is evaluated using fully dynamic analysis. The numerical simulation procedure is first validated using reported centrifuge test results. The validated methodology is then used to investigate the effects of three earthquake ground motions including Kobe, Loma Prieta, and Chi-Chi on seismic response of retaining walls. In addition, the input peak ground acceleration values are varied to consider a wide range of earthquake acceleration intensity.     

Seismic active earth pressure on walls with bilinear backface using pseudo-dynamic approach

This paper presents a study on the seismic active earth pressure behind a rigid cantilever retaining wall with bilinear backface using pseudo-dynamic approach. The wall has sudden change in inclination along its depth and a planar failure surface has been considered behind the retaining wall. The effects of a wide range of parameters like soil friction angle, wall inclination, wall friction angle, amplification of vibration, variation of shear modulus, and horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the active earth pressure have been explored in the present study. Unlike the Mononobe-Okabe method, which incorporates pseudo-static analysis, the present analysis predicts a nonlinear variation of active earth pressure along the wall. The results have been compared with the existing values in the literature.     

System reliability-based analysis of cantilever retaining walls embedded in granular soils

Reliability-based analysis of cantilever retaining walls requires consideration of different failure mechanisms. In this paper, the reliability of soil-wall system is assessed considering two failure modes: rotational and structural stability, and the system reliability is assumed as a series system. The methodology is based on Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), and it deals with the variability of the design parameters in the limit equilibrium analysis of a wall embedded in granular soil. Results of the MCS indicate that the reliability of the failure components increases exponentially by increasing the variability of design parameters. The results of the system reliability indicate how the system reliability is different from the component reliabilities. The strength of the weakest component influences the reliability of the system. The system reliability index increases with the wall section gradually. However it remains constant for the rotational failure mode.     

Seismic Retrofit of Gravity Retaining Walls for Residential Fills Using Ground Anchors

Failure of several gravity retaining walls in residential areas built on reclaimed land, during the October 23, 2004 Chuetsu earthquake in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, determined the authorities to consider the seismic retrofit of the walls in order to mitigate future similar disasters in the urban environment. This study addresses the effectiveness of ground anchors in improving the seismic performance of such retaining structures through a sliding block analysis of the seismic response of an anchored gravity retaining wall supporting a dry homogeneous fill slope subject to horizontal ground shaking. Sliding failure along the base of the wall and translational failure along a planar slip surface of the active wedge within the fill material behind the wall were considered in the formulation, whereas the anchor load was taken as a line load acting on the face of the gravity retaining wall. The effects of magnitude and orientation of anchor load on the yield acceleration of the wall-backfill system and seismically induced wall displacements were examined. It was found that for the same anchor orientation, the yield acceleration increases in a quasi-linear manner with increasing the anchor load, whereas an anchor load of a given magnitude acting at various orientations produces essentially identical yield accelerations. On the other hand, the computed earthquake-induced permanent displacements of the anchored gravity retaining wall decrease exponentially with increasing magnitude of anchor load. Additionally, the influence of backfill strength properties (e.g., internal friction angle) on the seismic wall displacement appears to diminish considerably for the anchored gravity retaining wall. A dynamic displacement analysis conducted for the anchored gravity retaining wall subjected to various seismic waveforms scaled to the same peak earthquake acceleration revealed a good correlation between the calculated permanent wall displacements and the Arias intensity parameter characterizing the input accelerogram.     

2D modelling of a dry joint masonry wall retaining a pulverulent backfill

This work focuses on an analysis of dry joint retaining structures based on yield design theory: the stability of the masonry is assessed using rigid block and shear failure mechanisms in the wall and its backfill. An application of this simulation on 2D scale‐down brick and wood models is then addressed, showing close agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Further development on this work, including application of this theory on dry‐stone retaining walls, is discussed as a conclusion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震条件下悬臂式挡墙主动土压力的极限分析方法

为确定地震条件下悬臂式挡土墙主动土压力,考虑假想坦墙墙背的可能不同位置,给出了墙后填土5种可能的失稳破坏模式;在此基础上,采用拟静力法,基于极限分析上限定理,推导了作用于坦墙墙背上的地震主动土压力计算公式,包括填土性质、填方坡面倾角、踵板长度、墙体高度、水平及竖向地震影响系数等多因素,其中除填土黏聚力与竖向地震影响系数与该土压力呈线性相关性外,其余因素呈非线性影响。实例分析表明,基于本方法地震土压力而计算的墙体抗滑与抗倾稳定系数,多数情况下均比经典的Mononobe-Okabe法略偏大;在填土中存在第二破裂面情况下,以踵板下边缘作为假想墙背端点的计算模式相对略偏不安全;竖直假想墙背模式相应的土压力计算值最小,但相应的墙体稳定系数却不一定最大。     

Exact seismic response of smooth rigid retaining walls resting on stiff soil

The assessment of forces exerted on walls by the backfill is a recurrent problem in geotechnical engineering, owing to its relevance for both retaining systems and underground structures. In particular, the work by Arias and colleagues, and later also the one by Veletsos and Younan, among others, becomes pertinent when considering pressure increments on underground structures triggered by seismic events. As a first step, they studied the response of a rigid retaining wall resting on rigid bedrock subjected to SV waves, introducing some simplifying assumptions. This paper presents the exact solution to this reference problem. The solution is given in horizontal wavenumber domain; hence, it comes in terms of inverse Fourier transforms, which can be approximated numerically in Mathematica, which in turn are verified against finite-element simulations. Specific features of this exact solution that were not captured by prior engineering approximations are highlighted and discussed.     

Confidence level-based robust design of cantilever retaining walls in sand

Reliability-based geotechnical design entails accurate sample statistics (i.e., mean and standard deviation or coefficient of variation, denoted herein as cov) of soil parameters. However, the cov values of soil parameters are difficult to determine with confidence due to the limited availability of high-quality data and inherent spatial variability. As a result, estimated cov values of soil parameters can vary within a wide range, which can result in overdesign or underdesign. In this paper, a confidence level (CL)-based method is proposed to address the problem of geotechnical design in the face of uncertainty. Here, CL is a measure of confidence that the target reliability index will be satisfied in the face of uncertainty in the estimated cov. The proposed method is demonstrated through the design of a cantilever retaining wall in sand. To ensure the practicality of the proposed method, a simplified approach was developed, which requires little extra effort over that required for traditional reliability-based design. To develop the CL-based method further, a metric called the “true reliability index” is proposed, which is the actual reliability index in the face of the uncertainty in the estimated parameter statistics (mainly cov).     

Pseudo-dynamic methods for seismic passive earth pressure behind a cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill

The designing of retaining walls requires the complete knowledge of earth pressure distribution. Under earthquake conditions the design needs special attention to reduce the devastating effect, but under seismic conditions, the available literature mostly uses the pseudo-static analytical solution as an approximate to the real dynamic nature of the complex problem. This paper shows a detailed study on the seismic passive earth thrust behind a cantilever retaining wall with inclined backfill surface by pseudo-dynamic analysis. A planar failure surface has been considered. The effect of variation of parameters such as soil friction angle, wall friction angle and back fill inclination have been explored. A complete analysis shows that the time dependent non-linear behaviour of the pressure distribution obtained in the present method results in more realistic design values of earth pressures under earthquake conditions. Results are provided in tabular and graphical non-dimensional form and compared thoroughly with the existing values in the literature.     

考虑填土强度的加筋土挡墙动位移计算

加筋土挡墙在地震荷载作用下的位移大小对结构的抗震性能影响显著。为了计算地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的位移,Newmark滑块法通常被用于设计中。由于传统的Newmark滑块法在计算中忽略了填土强度的变化,因而采用单一峰值或残余强度的计算将可能导致计算得到的位移小于或大于实际位移值。在二楔块破坏模式的假定条件下,根据楔块的力学平衡条件,建立了加筋土挡墙滑动安全系数计算式,同时通过引入位移阈值考虑了填土的应变软化特点。通过将计算结果与模型试验结果对比,得到以下结论：相较于单楔块法,二楔块法更能真实地反映出墙体的实际破坏模式,且计算得到的屈服加速度系数更接近试验值;相较于采用单一峰值或残余强度计算的位移,考虑填土应变软化的计算解更接近于模型测试值。     

Seismic analysis of cantilever earth retaining walls embedded in dry sand by simplified approaches and finite element method

In engineering practice simplified methods are essential to the seismic design of embedded earth retaining walls, as fullydynamic numerical analyses are costly, time-consuming and require specific expertise. Recently developed pseudostatic methods provide earth stresses and internal forces, even in those cases in which the strength of the soil surrounding the structure is not entirely mobilised. Semiempirical correlations or Newmark sliding block method provide an estimate of earthquake-induced ...     

奉节县城区高挡土墙裂损破坏机理及补救措施

论文简要回顾了奉节高档墙建设和运营的基本现状。指出了奉节高档墙的一些主要裂损破坏型式:①挡墙自身墙体完好。但相对于墙背后土体,挡墙轴线有一定偏移。具体表现为墙体顶部与土体之间产生裂纹;②挡墙与墙背后土体未发生位移,墙体中部出现近横向并且有贯通趋势的裂缝或者表现为伸缩缝位置有错缝现象;③挡墙整体与背后土体均未变形。但墙面局部出现竖向臌胀裂缝。针对其破坏型式,文章简要分析了破坏机理:①墙与墙背后土体产生裂缝,主要是挡墙基础未处理好;②墙体中部出现横向贯通裂缝或伸缩缝位置有错缝现象。主要因墙背后静止土压力增大转化为主动土压力造成;③挡墙墙面局部出现竖向臌胀裂缝。主要由于地下水泉涌造成。在分析其破坏机理基础上,同时提出了一些相应的处置措施。     

多级重力式挡土墙土压力分布试验研究

对某高填方路基挡土墙的现场实测水平土压力数据进行了分析,研究表明:该挡墙墙后土压力呈曲线分布,类似字母"R",土压力最大值出现在挡墙底部,而下部的值略小于底部值,最小值出现在挡墙中部。在本级挡墙施工时,墙后第1、2层土压力值接近静止土压力值,大于主动土压力值,第3、4层土压力值小于主动土压力值;在其上若干级挡墙或边坡施工时墙后各点土压力值均小于主动土压力值,即随着填土深度的变化挡墙后各点的土压力系数是在不断变动着的,土压力系数与土压力数值大小的变化规律一致。同时,土压力作用点介于(0.4～0.5)H,且随填土深度增加作用点位置上移;每级挡土墙之间的平台宽度越小,上级挡土墙对下级挡土墙的影响就越大,土压力作用点就越高。研究结论对高填方多级挡土墙的设计具有理论指导意义。     

不同运动模式的悬臂式挡墙地震永久位移算法EI北大核心CSCD

为了有效确定支挡边坡的悬臂式挡墙的地震永久位移,考虑悬臂墙踵板上方局部填土可能存在的不同滑裂特征,基于拟静力法、塑性极限分析上限定理与Newmark滑块法,针对地震条件下可能发生的墙-坡整体对数螺旋面转动、墙-局部填土体系水平滑动及绕墙趾转动3种运动模式,根据较为严格的力学定义分别推导了墙体地震永久位移计算公式。实例分析表明,前两种运动模式所得的地震永久位移相近,均远大于后一种模式,在工程设计中属于位移控制模式。与既有的经验公式法对比表明,文中方法与其误差在30%以内,且比概率置信水平取0.7的Ambraseys-Menu方法小7%。对于墙-坡系统整体旋转滑动模式,在水平地震影响系数一定的情况下,10个主要参数敏感性正交分析结果表明,其对水平屈服加速度影响的敏感性大小排序为:填土黏聚力、墙高、填土内摩擦角、墙体重度、立臂顶宽、填土重度、趾板长度、竖向地震影响系数、底板厚度和踵板长度。     

L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法与地震稳定性分析

提出了L型挡土墙两种破坏模式,即长踵板式和短踵板式,且破坏模式受几何参数和物理力学参数影响。研究了两种破坏模式下L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法和地震稳定性问题,界定了两种破坏模式的临界条件。考虑第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,应用极限分析运动学原理,建立地震荷载作用下L型挡土墙临界状态方程,推导出地震加速度系数表达式。根据极值原理,给出最优解,从而计算得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的滑裂面倾角。通过算例分析可知：临界屈服加速度系数小于M-O公式法,长踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面倾角与坦墙判别公式结果相同,且滑裂面之间的夹角等于90o-φ,即与滑移线场的结论相同。短踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面夹角近似等于90o-φ。     

对计算复合土钉支护整体稳定性的圆弧滑动法的改进

对计算复合土钉支护整体稳定性的圆弧滑动法进行的改进，一是考虑到滑裂面不再是一个完整的圆弧，滑动区和坑底的圆弧不具有相同的圆心和半径；二是考虑到基坑土层初始应力的影响。根据该思想计算了大量实例，并且将其与未改进的方法做比较，得出使用改进方法的稳定系数下限值。     

改进的杆系有限元在预应力锚杆柔性支护法中应用

现在基坑设计中常用的杆系有限元计算方法是基于桩墙和锚杆联合支护的,不适用于预应力锚杆柔性支护。根据预应力锚杆柔性支护法的施工特点,改进了杆系有限元计算模型,提出柔性支护的开挖荷载计算方法,使之可以适用于预应力锚杆柔性支护法。编制了相应的计算程序,最后对一个实际工程进行计算分析,结果表明,用改进后的杆系有限元方法可以计算出预应力锚杆柔性支护的基坑水平位移、锚杆轴力,计算值与实测值较为吻合。     

水泥搅拌桩挡土墙墙顶位移的修正算法

对水泥搅拌桩挡土墙的水平位移计算进行了探讨。以刚性桩法为基础理论和计算模型、弹性抗力法的计算结果为挠曲修正,首次提出一种既便于手算,又能考虑墙身挠曲变形的墙顶位移修正算法。     

刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙内部破坏机制

基于离心模型试验成果,建立软土地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙离散-连续耦合数值模型,采用离散单元颗粒流程序PFC和有限差分程序FLAC分别模拟加筋土挡墙和软土地基,分析挡墙的变形、筋材拉力分布及内部破坏演化过程,并与刚性地基上挡墙情况进行比较,以探讨刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙的内部破坏机制。研究结果表明,数值模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果吻合,其内部潜在破坏面经过连接件锚固端位置,各层筋材拉力均在连接件锚固端位置最大;软土地基上挡墙和刚性地基上挡墙的内部破坏面均一致,且筋材均由下而上依次断裂;软土地基上挡墙内部破坏面与地基圆弧滑移面贯通,为复合滑动模式,而刚性地基上挡墙整体破坏模式为折线型,连接件埋深范围内加筋体沿其底部连接件水平滑出。