土遗址全长黏结式锚固系统动力响应解析方法

以纵向宽大裂隙引起的夯土城墙遗址稳定问题为背景,建立危险土体?锚杆?稳定土体锚固系统简化力学模型。该模型将土体对锚杆的摩阻作用简化为一个线性弹簧和一个与速度相关的阻尼器的并联机构,将裂隙段锚杆对两侧土体的拉结作用简化为一个线性弹簧。基于弹性体动力理论建立锚固系统动力平衡方程,并推导了锚杆轴力和位移的动力响应解析解。最后,以新疆高昌故城南城墙某段锚固工程为例对提出的解析方法进行了说明,明确了锚杆轴力响应特征及其分布规律,并通过数值分析对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明：在动力作用下同一位置锚杆的轴力响应呈围绕静力平衡位置的波动形态,轴力峰值点位于裂隙附近,且逐渐向临空端和锚固端指数衰减。在考虑地震加速度沿遗址高度的放大效应后能够获得较精确的锚杆轴力响应。     

锚杆参数对锚固边坡抗震性能影响研究

分析了锚固边坡锚杆与岩土体在动力荷载下的黏结机制,提出了一种简化的锚杆岩土体相互作用的动力学模型,推导了锚杆岩土体系统的动力响应解析解。结合该简化的锚杆岩土体动力学模型,借助ANSYS有限元程序建立锚固边坡数值模型,分析了在地震荷载作用下,锚杆参数（弹性模量、横截面积、长度、间距）变化对锚固边坡抗震性能（位移、加速度、应力）的影响。分析结果表明：锚杆参数对锚固边坡抗震性能影响强弱不一,增大横截面积可以有效提高边坡抗震稳定性,减小间距也可以改善边坡抗震性能;而弹性模量和长度对边坡抗震性能提高不大,甚至还会起反作用。这些结论对于锚固边坡的抗震设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法的锚板在黏土中的极限承载力数值分析

当结构在土体中运动时,往往导致土体发生较大的变形,此类问题采用大变形数值分析方法更为恰当。耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian, 简称CEL）法是大变形数值分析方法中的一种,在分析大变形问题时具有很强的适用性,但在国内尚未开展CEL法分析锚板承载力的研究。以方形锚板在均质土及线性土中的拔出试验为原型,基于CEL法建立数值模型,对锚板的极限承载力及破坏机制进行研究,并通过用户自定义子程序,实现了线性土的强度分布随锚板拔出而变化。计算结果表明,土体杨氏模量越大,锚板的极限承载力越大;随着位移增大,锚板的抗拔力先增大,后降低;当埋深小于临界埋深时,土体发生整体破坏;当埋深大于等于临界埋深时,土体发生局部破坏。数值计算反映的规律与试验结果基本吻合,体现了CEL法模拟锚板在海床中大位移响应的出色能力。     

The elastic response of multiple underream anchors

A technique is developed for the analysis of multiple underream anchor systems resting in an elastic soil. This technique may be used to consider anchor systems involving arbitrary anchor inclination and depth beneath the soil surface, as well as arbitrary number, shape, size and spacing of underreams. The approach is largely analytical in nature and involves only a fraction of the computation required for a finite element analysis. Consideration is given to the effects of anchor depth and inclination to the soil surface, and the spacing and number of underreams upon the elastic response of anchor systems. On the basis of the result from this study, a simple, approximate method for estimating the response of multiple underream anchors is proposed. This approach involves the use of several interaction charts, which are presented in the paper, and can be used as a hand method for estimating the load–displacement behaviour of quite general anchor systems to sufficient accuracy for most practical purposes. The use of the approximate approach is illustrated by an example.     

预应力锚杆框架梁的支护力学行为研究

采用实际工程数值模拟,结合现场试验与测试以及变换设计参数进行数值仿真试验等,对预应力锚杆框架梁支护体系加固边坡的力学响应、支护体系与加固坡体之间相互作用的空间力学效应以及支护体系的力学响应对设计参数的敏感性等问题进行了研究。结果表明,预应力锚杆框架梁的支护力学性状表现出张拉和稳定工作两个不同阶段,设计时应主要考虑位于坡脚附近的框架梁与锚杆的内力在稳定工作阶段有所上升的不利影响,锚杆的锚固预应力、锚固角和锚固间距均对支护体系的内力和加固边坡的压缩变形有显著影响。     

层状地层全长粘结型锚杆锚固力学效应分析

考虑地层分层特征,根据剪切位移法基本原理,推导了拉拔荷载作用下层状地层全长粘结型锚杆位移、轴力及锚固体周边剪应力解析解,并结合FLAC模拟算例对比验证该方法的可行性;研究发现地层间界面处锚杆周边剪应力及轴力分布分别存在突变点和折点,其变化程度与地层物理力学性质有关,对此,提出了层状地层全长粘结型锚杆布置方案的建议。     

基于3D-FSM的预紧力端锚数值模拟及其多核并行化研究

在对传统锚杆荷载传递机制分析的基础上,提出了一种考虑托板、锚杆与岩体相互作用的数值模拟方法：通过Kelvin基本解计算出锚杆集中力对围岩的影响,同时就锚杆自由段与相应岩体两端点的位移差相等建立位移方程,结合先前开发的3D-FSM数值模拟系统中的表面受力平衡方程进行联立求解,利用所得结果可以计算域内任意点的应力及位移变化,形成完整的预紧力端锚边界元数值模拟系统。通过与Flac3D系统模拟对比,验证了该系统的可靠性。为提高运算效率,对该系统进行基于OpenMP的多核并行化改进,给出了改进的基本思路和加速比对比图。由于边界元本身具有建模简单、计算区域大、计算精度高等优点,因此,这种模拟方法有很大的应用价值。     

散粒体中锚杆间距的锚固效应研究

采用细观数值模拟方法研究散粒体的锚固效应,基于随机模拟技术生成三维多面体颗粒及其在空间中的分布,在随机散粒体不连续变形模型的基础上将砾石锚固试验进行数值实现,分析加锚散粒体材料的宏观与细观力学性能,研究加锚密度及其与颗粒粒径的关系对散粒体力学性质的影响,并探讨锚杆在散粒体材料中的作用机制。分别建立不同锚杆间距和不同颗粒粒径的数值试样,数值模拟结果表明：散粒体锚固数值试验能够较好地反映不同加锚散粒体结构的变形规律与锚固效应;散粒体材料的宏观特性与其细观组构的演化密切相关;锚杆加固散粒体的作用机制为加锚散粒体内形成压缩区,挤压加固作用提高了散粒体间的接触作用力,散粒体结构的整体性得到加强并能承受一定荷载;不考虑锚杆长度的情况下,当锚杆间距小于3倍的散粒体平均粒径时,锚杆能够有效地加固散粒体形成稳定结构。     

Numerical modeling and mechanical analysis of an innovative soil anchoring system

In this paper, the pull-out performance of an innovative system for soil anchoring is mechanically interpreted on the basis of a preliminary finite element investigation. The system consists of a tie rod equipped with thick steel sockets, extruding into the soil to increase the overall pull-out bearing capacity. The effectiveness of the anchorage is shown to be mainly due to the steel sockets, producing two correlated strength mechanisms: a direct one, associated with the shear/flexural strength of the sockets themselves; and an indirect one, in the form of a remarkable increase in the normal confinement on the tie rod and hence in the mobilizable shear stresses. The numerical results are finally exploited to conceive a simplified mechanical model for the interpretation/prediction of the pull-out anchor performance.     

浅埋平板圆锚竖向拉拔极限承载力计算方法

采用自制可视化试验装置开展了平板圆锚的拉拔模型试验,基于数字照相测量技术对极限拉拔下锚周土体的位移变形场进行了量化分析。在本次试验的埋深比范围内,极限承载力随埋深比增加而非线性增大,但增长速率逐渐减缓;观测到的锚周土体滑动面与地面、锚板所围区域整体呈现出“底大、顶小、径长”的倒喇叭形状;滑动面可用两条直线段来近似描述;极限拉拔力学模型由一个截面直径上小下大的倒圆台和一个等截面圆柱体组成。根据极限平衡条件推导建立了砂土中浅埋平板圆锚竖向拉拔极限承载力的计算方法,该方法对4组试验数据的计算较其他4种方法与试验实测值更为接近,且离散性更小,效果较好。     

Large deformation dynamic analysis of saturated porous media with applications to penetration problems

This paper outlines the development as well as implementation of a numerical procedure for coupled finite element analysis of dynamic problems in geomechanics, particularly those involving large deformations and soil-structure interaction. The procedure is based on Biot’s theory for the dynamic behaviour of saturated porous media. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid phase of the soil is represented by either the Mohr Coulomb or Modified Cam Clay material model. The interface between soil and structure is modelled by the so-called node-to-segment contact method. The contact algorithm uses a penalty approach to enforce constraints and to prevent rigid body interpenetration. Moreover, the contact algorithm utilises a smooth discretisation of the contact surfaces to decrease numerical oscillations. An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme preserves the quality and topology of the finite element mesh throughout the numerical simulation. The generalised-α method is used to integrate the governing equations of motion in the time domain. Some aspects of the numerical procedure are validated by solving two benchmark problems. Subsequently, dynamic soil behaviour including the development of excess pore-water pressure due to the fast installation of a single pile and the penetration of a free falling torpedo anchor are studied. The numerical results indicate the robustness and applicability of the proposed method. Typical distributions of the predicted excess pore-water pressures generated due to the dynamic penetration of an object into a saturated soil are presented, revealing higher magnitudes of pore pressure at the face of the penetrometer and lower values along the shaft. A smooth discretisation of the contact interface between soil and structure is found to be a crucial factor to avoid severe oscillations in the predicted dynamic response of the soil.     

预应力锚杆柔性支护体系的锚杆抗拔力研究

预应力锚杆柔性支护体系是在锚杆支护基础上发展起来的,是用于深基坑支护或提高边坡稳定性的一种新技术,为深入了解其工作性能和作用机制,对其锚杆抗拔力进行了分析和研究,提出了摩擦型灌浆锚杆抗拔力的改进求解方法。研究表明,预应力锚杆柔性支护结构体系中锚杆所提供的抗拔力应由锚土作用抗拔力和土体自承作用抗拔力两部分组成;锚杆在支护体系中是作为传力构件传递土体自承作用抗拔力,通过锚土作用提供抗拔力。进一步分别对两部分抗拔力进行理论求解,给出了各自相应的理论计算公式,确定了预应力锚杆支护体系总的抗拔力。工程实例证明了所提出的锚杆抗拔力求解的合理性。依据改进求解方法所求得的锚杆极限抗拔力在数值上较传统方法结果大,改进求解方法后的抗拔力概念更加明确,这从理论上进一步充实了预应力锚杆支护体系的作用机制,为工程实践提供了科学依据。     

低围压下锚固点应变传感光缆与土体变形耦合性试验研究

应变传感光缆与被测土体之间的耦合性是决定分布式光纤监测准确性的关键。为解决土工模型试验中传感光缆与被测松填砂土间的变形耦合性问题,本文研制了一种锚固点应变传感光缆,并利用自制的光缆-土体耦合性试验装置,开展了相关的光缆拉拔试验,探究了低围压下锚固点对应变传感光缆与砂土之间耦合性的影响及作用机理。研究结果表明:光缆的轴向应变随拉拔位移的增大而增大,但应变传递被限制在0.35 m以内;相同拉拔位移下,锚固点应变传感光缆比普通传感光缆需要更大的拉拔力;锚固点大大降低了应变梯度,使应变在一定范围内呈现出平均化的特征,影响范围为锚固点前后0.05~0.075 m以内。提出了耦合性的提升率指标,以此定量评价锚固点对增强光缆与土体耦合性的作用效果。本次试验中锚固点的提升率为97.41%,表明锚固点可有效增强光缆与土体的耦合性;同时,提出了一个力学模型来模拟锚固点应变传感光缆在松填砂土中的拉拔过程,准确地描述了光缆拉拔力与锚固点受力和光缆表面摩擦力之间的关系。研究成果对于土工模型试验中分布式光纤测试技术的应用提供了科学依据。     

非完全粗糙平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深研究

吸力贯入平板锚被用于系泊深海浮式结构,实际应用中必须预估平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深。采用大变形有限元方法探索非完全粗糙平板锚在正常固结黏土中的旋转过程。大变形有限元法通过网格重剖避免平板锚大幅值平动和转动引起的土体单元扭曲。根据平板锚旋转到达的埋深,实时更新“锚-土”界面上的摩擦剪切强度。将数值模拟结果与离心机模型试验进行对比验证,表明高岭土中平板锚表面的粗糙系数约为0.3。平板锚丢失埋深随粗糙系数的减小而增大,但粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响受平板锚厚度比和拉力偏心比的耦合作用。厚度比和偏心比越小,粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响越显著。     

充气锚杆极限承载力计算方法

为研究充气锚杆极限承载力计算方法,在模型试验基础上,探讨充气锚杆抗拔过程中的受力特征与破坏形式,分析锚杆荷载-位移曲线变化特征。基于圆孔扩张理论,通过简化力学模型,推导充气锚杆侧阻力与端阻力计算公式,将理论公式计算值与试验成果进行比较。研究结果表明：(1) 采用球孔扩张理论可以较好地描述膨胀体端部对土体产生的弹性、塑性变形力学机制,估算端阻力值。充气膨胀压力对土体的挤压膨胀作用大大增加了锚杆的侧阻力。(2) 极限承载力理论公式计算值与抗拔试验值基本吻合,验证了极限承载理论计算公式的正确性。(3) 通过与螺旋锚杆相比,充气锚杆的承载力约为单锚片螺旋锚杆的4.3倍,约为双锚片螺旋锚杆的1.9倍,充气锚杆的承载能力优势明显。     

膨胀土地区边坡拟框锚结构工作特性的现场试验

以广西膨胀土为研究对象,考虑气象因素的影响,模拟单锚和框锚结构,进行了现场试验测试。膨胀土与结构物共同作用的结果表明,大气剧烈影响深度范围内土体的胀缩性会对锚杆的工作状态产生较大影响,实际工程中可以考虑对大气剧烈影响深度范围内的锚杆设置自由段。在雨季,框架梁可通过锚杆对梁的约束限制土体膨胀变形,维持土体干密度,进而阻止土体强度的衰减,以达到防止边坡发生浅层破坏的目的。膨胀土吸湿膨胀时,由于框锚结构是半刚性的体系,随着变形协调的过程,框锚结构会释放部分膨胀力,这使梁底土体反力维持在一个定值左右,同时,土体反力呈现中间大两边小的分布形式。现场试验测试结果可对框锚防护系统的设计起到优化的作用。     

Axisymmetric finite element analysis of pile loading tests

In this paper a typical soil–structure interaction problem is considered, the case of a vertical pile installed in sand and submitted to an axial compression loading. Results from two full scale pile tests are analysed and the tests are reproduced by numerical simulations via finite elements method (FEM). The choice of the mechanical parameters for the soil and the sand–pile interface and the modelling approach are first described. A new numerical strategy is outlined to account for pile installation effects due to jacking and driving via FEM. The proposed approach is based on the application of existing empirical correlations available for the quantification of residual radial and shear stresses along the pile shaft as well as residual pressures around the pile base after the installation. This approach is proposed as an alternative to more complex methods based on the numerical modelling of the pile penetration problem. The role of the constitutive modelling of the interface is also discussed. Finally, comparative analyses of pile loading tests using FEM are provided and the comparisons between numerical and experimental results are presented and discussed.     

Uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates in reinforced cohesionless soil

The uplift response of symmetrical anchor plates with and without geogrid reinforcement layers has been evaluated in model tests and numerical simulations using PLAXIS. Many parameters of the reinforcement layers were used to reinforce the sandy soil over circular, square, and rectangular symmetrical anchor plates of various sizes. In the current research, different parameters, such as relative density of sand and embedment ratios, in conjunction with geogrid reinforcement layer parameters including size, number of layers, and the proximity of the layer to the circular anchor plate, were investigated in a scale model. The failure mechanism and the associated rupture surface were observed and evaluated. Test results showed that using geogrid reinforcement layers significantly improves the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates. It was found that inclusion of one geogrid layer resting directly on top of the symmetrical anchor plate was more effective in enhancing the symmetrical anchor capacity than the layer itself. It was also found that the inclusion of one geogrid layer on the symmetrical anchor plate improved the uplift capacity more than the same symmetrical anchor plate embedded without a reinforcement layer. The single geogrid layer was also more effective in enhancing the uplift capacity compared to the multiple geogrid layer reinforcement approach. In general, the results show that the uplift capacity of symmetrical anchor plates in loose and dense sand can be significantly increased by the inclusion of geogrid layers. It was also observed that the inclusion of geogrid layers reduces the requirement for a higher L/D ratio to achieve the required uplift capacity. The results of the laboratory and numerical analysis are found to be in agreement in terms of the breakout factor and failure mechanism pattern.     

The time–deflection behaviour of a rigid under-reamed anchor in a deep clay layer

The behaviour of an under-reamed anchor in a consolidating soil is examined by approximating the anchor as an impermeable circular plate embedded in a deep soil layer. Hankel and Laplace transforms are applied to the equations governing the consolidation process, and this greatly simplifies the equations, allowing a solution to be obtained for the transformed variables. Numerical inversion of both the Hankel and Laplace transforms is used to obtain the solution at any time. A particular feature of the solution method is that the unknown contact stress between the anchor and the soil and the unknown flows in the plane of the anchor are approximated as a series of simple functions with unknown coefficients. By determining the coefficients of the terms in the series, the complete solution may be found. Computations have been carried out using the method proposed, and results are presented for the time–settlement behaviour of an impermeable anchor. These results are compared with some published and some recomputed finite element data, and this highlights some of the difficulties encountered in using such numerical techniques.     

BFRP筋锚杆土质边坡支护应用研究

论文通过拉伸试验、抗剪试验、耐腐蚀试验、与水泥基黏结强度试验,研究了BFRP筋力学性能,表明BFRP筋抗拉强度大于890MPa,耐酸碱强度保留率大于92%,抗剪强度略小于普通钢筋,与水泥基类黏结强度大于4.5MPa。参照《岩土锚杆（索）技术规程》（CECS 22:2005）,结合BFRP力学性能参数,对BFRP锚杆支护土质边坡进行设计。BFRP筋作为锚杆,其抗拉强度设计值取750MPa,与砂浆黏结强度取2.0MPa。通过BFRP筋材和钢筋锚杆加固土坡的现场对比试验,分析了BFRP锚杆加固土质边坡的效果,表明两种锚杆受力和边坡变形类似,验证了BFRP筋作为岩土支护锚杆的适用性。