跨海峡海底隧道风化槽围岩力学特性研究

厦门海底隧道工程是我国建设的第一条海底公路隧道。隧道在建设过程中穿越F1～F4 四条断层破碎带,破碎带处洞体围岩软弱、破碎,岩石主要为风化破碎类花岗岩,该类岩石尤其是强风化花岗岩强度低,压缩性高,自稳和自承能力差,给隧道衬砌结构的设计和施工工艺的选择带来一系列特殊的问题。通过对风化破碎类花岗岩（主要包括微风化花岗岩和强风化花岗岩）试样进行一系列的室内试验,重点研究风化槽花岗岩的力学行为。强风化花岗岩三轴压缩试验及流变试验表明：强风化花岗岩强度低、变形大、弹性模量低,在达到峰值后,有明显的塑性流动,通过Mohr-Coulomb准则得到强风化花岗岩的摩擦角 约为31°,黏聚力约为0.1 MPa,且该岩石具有明显的流变特征。在流变试验的基础上,建立适合风化槽围岩特点的流变力学模型。其研究成果为海底隧道风化槽隧道围岩注浆加固和衬砌设计提供可靠依据和技术支撑。     

Geotechnical Characterization by In situ and Lab Tests to the Back-Analysis of a Supported Excavation in Metro do Porto

This paper summarizes the geotechnical characterization conducted for the design and subsequent analysis of a strutted excavation in “Metro do Porto”. This region is geologically dominated by heterogeneous weathered granite masses with deep residual soil profiles. Local saprolitic soils exhibit, by their nature, a particular behavior characterized by very sensitive and weak relic micro-structures, due to their specific genesis. This study has included the interpretation of a significant volume of in situ test results, triaxial tests over undisturbed samples and monitoring data, giving rise to specific correlations between testing and design parameters. Real time monitoring enabled a back-analysis by FEM of a well instrumented section of the strutted excavation, which was calibrated taking into account the derived correlations and the deformability behavior of this specific geotechnical ambient. This geomaterial, although revealing very high initial stiffness values (for very small strain ranges) has shown low stiffness values for “medium to high” strain levels, reflecting a singular strong non-linearity in the stress-strain behavior.     

Failure analysis of the granite for a dam foundation

This paper presents the numerical and experimental investigation of a dam foundation. The site consists of granite and especially weathered granite. Numerical and analytical analyses have been conducted to evaluate suitability of the granite for a dam foundation. Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion has been used to calculate the compressive strength of the rock mass. Finite element implementation of Mohr–Coulomb criterion has been used for deformation and settlement analysis. Packer testing and in-situ estimation of rock mass deformability using the Goodman jack have been performed. The results of the evaluations show that very small normal and differential settlements can be expected in structural regions due to dam construction, and the compacted concrete dam can safely be constructed on either the competent granite or the weathered granite. However, the dam foundation on the weathered granite has high conductivity potential problems for the reservoir.     

饱和度对风化花岗岩边坡土体抗剪特性的影响

强降雨易诱发风化花岗岩边坡浅层滑坡,其滑坡滑动面多位于具有较大孔隙尺寸的强风化带。通过对广西玉林与梧州交界处风化花岗岩边坡浅层滑坡的现场勘查和对不同层位的土体进行物理力学试验,研究了饱和度对湿热地区风化花岗岩双层土质边坡抗剪强度的影响,发现两个风化带土体都存在一个“最优饱和度”使抗剪强度达到峰值,但饱和度对抗剪强度指标的影响规律不同,即饱和度对黏聚力影响很大,对内摩擦角影响很小;花岗岩全风化带与强风化带土体性质差异明显,尤其表现在饱和度影响下抗剪强度特性方面,从基质吸力理论和颗粒间胶结作用角度分析所发现的现象,可以清楚地解释产生差异的机制,为风化花岗岩边坡的开挖和滑坡的防治提供理论基础。     

Geomechanical characterisation of rock masses in Alpine regions: the Basque Arc (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Northern Spain)

The geomechanical characterisation of rock masses in Alpine regions is one of the main challenges currently facing rock mechanics. These rock masses, made up of very different materials and frequently tectonically disturbed, are affected by engineering works, giving rise to potentially important problems. Thus, in the Basque Country, these materials are at the cause of important fatalities occurring in recent years. In this context, we aim at characterising these materials with the ultimate purpose of predicting their behaviour. The characterisation is initially approached based on the GSI, m_i and σ_ci parameters, following the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. This information is supplemented with field and laboratory measurements, and by obtaining the RQD and RMR indices. Using the information obtained from 99 metering stations, we develop a graphic classification procedure, which allows us to distinguish materials based on their characteristics, behaviour, type and degree of associated problems, and type and effectiveness of solutions provided. Eight classes of material are established.     

Natural Variability of Shear Strength in a Granite Residual Soil from Porto

The renewal imposed by the Eurocodes regarding the methodologies of safety evaluation requires a statistical analysis of the variability of ground geotechnical parameters. However, the studies published in the reviewed literature do not cover the typical materials from the northeast region of Portugal—residual soils from granite—to which a strong heterogeneity is associated. Hence, a statistical characterization of the natural variability of a granite residual soil from Porto has been made through a significant amount of experimental tests, focusing on its geomechanical properties. In order to provide a database for probabilistic analysis of problems involving this type of soils, an appropriate statistical law has been used to model its variability, which has been quantified by means of coefficients of variation and scales of fluctuation.     

西南某水电站坝址区风化花岗岩工程地质性质分析

文章对西南某大型水电站坝址区深厚层全风化和强风化花岗岩进行研究。将全、强风化花岗岩物理、水理及力学性质与新鲜岩体相应性质进行比较,并分析了花岗岩风化后吸水性增大、岩体软化、抗压抗剪强度减小的成因。对强风化花岗岩与新鲜花岗岩抗压强度进行了比较;拟合了风化花岗岩弹模、变形模量值与新鲜花岗岩相应模量的变化百分比关系曲线。研究结果表明：强风化花岗岩的干抗压强度为新鲜岩体的1/4-1/3,湿抗压强度为新鲜岩体的1/4-1/5;岩体弹性模量和变形模量与岩体的风化程度成反比例线性关系。     

强风化花岗岩弹塑性本构模型研究(Ⅰ):理论模型及参数反演

厦门翔安隧道是国内修建的第一条海底隧道,其相关勘察、设计以及施工经验和工程总结材料将对国内其他海底隧道的建设具有十分重要的借鉴作用。与山岭隧道相比,需要解决的岩体力学与隧道工程结构设计等方面的问题不尽相同,存在不少现行规范未能涵盖而又亟待在设计中予以明确回答的问题。根据厦门翔安海底隧道风化槽强风化花岗岩的室内应力-渗流耦合试验成果,建立了强风化花岗岩的应变硬化的弹塑性模型和黏聚力演化方程,通过反演确定了模型的力学参数。研究表明,提出的应变硬化的弹塑性模型能合理地反映强风化花岗岩的力学特性,其成果具有很好的推广应用价值。     

福建某高速公路隧道强风化花岗岩的旁压试验

旁压试验广泛应用于岩土工程土体参数测试中。根据旁压试验原理与方法,将其运用于福建某高速公路遂道强风化花岗岩原位测试中。试验结果表明:强风化花岗岩强度参数与表层粘性土相当。对于相同性质的岩土层来说,土层的强度指标随深度的增加呈规律性增强。场区内强风化花岗岩具有较高的抵抗水平向变形能力,但其竖向承载能力相对较低。与部分钻孔原位标贯试验成果对比,两种原位测试结果具很好的相关性。      

The Feedback Analysis of Excavated Rock Slope

Summary In this paper a methodology of the feedback analysis on the mechanical parameters and stability of the slope excavated in rock masses is presented. The method is based on the combination of the elasto-viscoplastic finite element method and the complex shape minimum method. Special attention has been paid to the simulation of the variation of parameters because of the blasting damage and the stress relief relaxation, and the de-coupling of parameters as well. The slope excavated in the granite rock masses situated at the ship lock of the Three Gorges Project is studied, from which the mechanical parameters of the rock masses and the deformation, as well as the stability of the rock slope are forecasted in time as the going on of the slope excavation.     

洞群模型试验中微型多点位移计的设计及应用

地质力学模型试验是研究大型地下洞室群围岩稳定性状况的重要方法,但是,许多制约因素使得这类试验难以达到预期效果,其中包括试验过程中物理量的量测问题。以双江口水电站地下洞群稳定性为研究对象,开展了模型试验为准确量测三维应力状态下洞群模型试验中围岩内部的微小位移,设计、制作和安装了高精度微型多点位移计,获得了围岩在开挖全过程中的位移变化规律曲线,同时,还开展了与模型试验相对应的数值模拟。将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,设计成功的微型多点位移计能够广泛应用在各类岩土工程模型试验之中。     

粤西滨海核电厂址强风化花岗岩物理力学特性试验研究

以广东阳江和台山两个典型花岗岩核电厂址为例,定性描述了广东粤西沿海花岗岩的分布及其风化特征,通过进行波速测试、浅层平板载荷试验、原位剪切试验等原位测试,以及常规压缩试验、固结试验等室内试验,系统分析了强风化花岗岩的主要物理与力学性质指标。结果表明：（1）花岗岩受强烈的物理风化和化学风化作用,基岩中的不稳定元素被淋溶、流失,形成了富铝型和富铁型的厚层风化壳,岩层不均匀性特点突出;（2）强风化花岗岩岩体天然含水率和孔隙比变化大,天然重度变化小,压缩性中等;（3）粒度成分对岩石物理性质的影响最大。粒度越大,物性指标越弱。粒度越小,表明岩样越致密,其物性指标越强;（4）波速的大小与岩体风化程度、粒度成分等密切相关;（5）水对强风化花岗岩抗剪强度参数中的凝聚力影响效应比内摩擦角要大,对凝聚力的弱化作用更加明显。其研究结果可为核电工程建设和优化设计提供基础参数。     

深基坑支护结构的实用计算方法及其应用

对深基坑支护结构的受力和变形计算提出了一套系统的实用计算方法,较好地解决了基坑支护结构设计、计算的关键问题,并在广州地铁和许多重大基坑工程应用中取得了较好的效果。该方法把支护结构简化为一竖放的弹性地基梁,支撑、锚杆及岩土体用弹簧系统来代替,岩土的弹簧刚度可用岩土的变形模量来计算, 针对基坑工程施工和结构的动态特点,提出了一套系统的计算方法,其中包括考虑施工过程的增量计算法、合理确定支护结构入土深度的计算法、支撑加预应力及支撑拆除的计算方法等,并应用提出的增量法,首次较完整地对国际上著名的支护土压力Terzaghi-Peck表观土压力给出了理论解释,对岩土的变形模量提出采用承载力反算的经验方法,为岩土参数的确定提供了更简便的方法。这一系列的研究成果为深基坑支护结构的设计提供了一套新颖的实用计算方法,较好地解决了基坑支护结构中的一系列设计计算难题,已在工程实践中成功应用。     

Numerical Modelling of Steep Slopes in Open Rock Quarries

The key question regarding steep rock slopes along rock quarries is their stability because a rock slope failure can have critical results. In this study, the aim is to investigate the areas with potential risk for jointed karstic limestones in a rock quarry. First, to determine rock mass properties, scan-line surveys were performed, and the major orientations of discontinuities were analyzed using stereographic projection. Then, the physicomechanical properties of the slope-forming rock were determined in the laboratory, and geomechanical properties of the rock mass were determined using an empirical failure criterion. Finally, the quarry slope stability was assessed in accordance with numerical modelling. According to the results obtained, the numerical modelling of steep rock slopes can be efficiently evaluated by using finite element method. Beside this, the presence of joints intersecting the main discontinuity sets, the filling materials of discontinuities resulting from weathering of limestone and surface deposits, surcharge load due to mine waste dumped on the slopes and excavation blasting during construction of quarry area play a key role when modelling the steep rock slopes by using finite element method.     

Deformation modulus of heavily jointed–sheared and blocky greywackes by pressuremeter tests: Numerical, experimental and empirical assessments

Deformability of rock masses influencing their behavior is an important geomechanical property for the design of rock structures. Due to the difficulties in determining the deformability of jointed rock masses at the laboratory-scale, various in-situ test methods such as pressuremeter, dilatometer, plate loading tests etc. have been developed. Although these techniques are currently the best and direct methods, they are time-consuming and expensive, and present operational difficulties. In addition, the influence of the test volume on deformation modulus depending on the method employed is also important. For these reasons empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus have also been recommended by several investigators as an alternative approach. In this study; the geomechanical quality of weak, heavily jointed, sheared and/or blocky greywacke rock masses, on which very concentrated civil works are continuing at the southern and southwestern parts of Ankara (Turkey), was assessed. The deformation modulus was determined by pressuremeter tests, the possible effects of variables on the derived deformation modulus from the pressuremeter test were evaluated by numerical methods, and the comparisons between the deformation modulus of the greywackes obtained from the pressuremeter tests and their geomechanical quality (GSI and RMR) were made. Numerical simulations revealed that the presence of a disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of the deformation modulus, while the effect of length to diameter ratio of the pressuremeter probe on the deformation modulus is minor. Based on the geo-engineering characterization assessments, mainly two greywacke rock masses with different geomechanical qualities were identified. Geotechnical quality of one of these rock masses was verified by the back analysis of two slope failures. The empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus of the greywackes using their GSI and RMR values yielded high coefficients of correlation.     

构造控制风化岩边坡侧旋滑移及监测结果映现——以高陂水利枢纽右岸边坡为例

本文以梅州市大埔韩江高陂水利枢纽右岸边坡为例,据现场工程地质勘察、钻探开挖揭露和坡体变形监测数据,分析该风化花岗岩边坡地质特点及不同开挖阶段监测点的位移。发现该边坡的滑移受到地质构造控制:断裂控制其后缘拉裂缝;节理密集带控制东边界侧缘沟谷;与斑状花岗岩相伴生的辉绿岩脉控制其西边界。工程上采取关闭滑体中部通过的公路、补充地质勘探、加强变形体监测、滑体中上部快速削方卸载、保护好西缘辉绿岩脉之下起抗剪支撑作用的块状斑状花岗岩体、减少西侧缘坡脚开挖范围并及早回填砼挡土墙、滑坡前缘跳槽式开挖等工程抢险和加固处理措施,取得了预期效果,保证了坡脚尾水房挡土墙下挖期间的施工安全。     

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three-dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh’s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross-cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.     

Engineering geological characterisation of the rock masses at Tannur Dam site,South Jordan

This paper highlights the geomechanical characterisation of the rock masses exposed at the dam abutments and reservoir area at the Tannur Dam site, South Jordan. The right abutment rock masses are characterised by closely to widely spaced joints. The rock-mass qualities were assigned using the rock-mass rating (RMR) and Q-tunnelling index. Both systems assigned a poor quality for foundation rocks because of the presence of weak rocks. The rock masses constituting the dam abutments exhibit fair quality. The results of packer tests indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the rock masses of Fuheis-Hummar-Shueib (FHS) and Wadi es Sir (A7) formations range from 10 to 150 Lugeon units (LU). The FHS was characterised by lower LU values compared with A7; this reflects the fracturing characteristics of A7. However, the A7 should be grouted especially the right abutment. However, the FHS needs less grouting because the spacing between joints seems to be tight. The estimated shear strength envelopes relevant to the rock masses of both abutments as well as the foundation rocks were quite similar and, therefore, present similar shear strength characteristics. The shear strength for jointed rock masses showed curvilinear failure planes with average cohesion values of 0.67 and 0.64 MPa and friction angles of 36.5 and 35.5° for dam abutments and the foundation area, respectively.     

The Mechanical Behaviour of Clay Shales and Implications on the Design of Tunnels

Summary  This paper is a contribution to the study of tunnelling in difficult conditions, with attention paid to large time-dependent deformations, which may develop either during construction, causing instabilities of the tunnel heading and of the face, or during the service life of the tunnel. Under these circumstances the construction costs may rise due to the delays in excavation time, the stabilisation and heavy support measures that need be adopted. Following a review of characterisation and modelling of time-dependent behaviour in rock, the mechanical behaviour of Clay Shales (CS), a structurally complex formation of the Apennines (Italy), is described. Then, the key factors involved in the selection of the constitutive model for CS are identified. Two constitutive models are selected and discussed and their specific material parameters determined. A case study of a large size tunnel is presented where numerical modelling by the finite difference method is carried out. The results of modelling are compared with the monitoring data in terms of radial convergence of the tunnel and extrusion of the tunnel face.     

紧邻地铁枢纽深基坑变形特性离心模型试验研究

对于紧邻地铁枢纽的深基坑工程,其开挖方式对基坑变形特性和施工安全控制有着显著影响。以上海某紧邻地铁隧道的深基坑工程为背景,其设计方案将该基坑工程划分为大、小基坑分别施工,重点研究大、小基坑的开挖方式对于围护结构及地铁隧道变形的影响。针对“先挖大基坑,后挖小基坑”的开挖方案,采用离心模型试验,研究开挖过程中地下连续墙和隧道结构的变形特性。试验结果表明,“先挖大基坑,后挖小基坑”的开挖方案可以有效地控制基坑变形,所得结论对于类似的紧邻地铁隧道深基坑工程设计与施工具有参考价值。