岩土工程可靠度分析的改进响应面法研究

为了提高响应面法的计算效率和精度,对现有的全局响应面法进行了改进。采用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络,代替目前常用的BP网络,迭代过程中在超锥体的范围内构造响应面,逼近隐式的非线性功能函数。数值算例分析表明,与通常的响应面法相比,改进全局响应面法的迭代次数和有限元分析次数均大幅减少,节省机时,有利于提高计算精度。同时,以浅基础和挡土墙为工程背景进行可靠度分析,表明该方法能以较快的收敛速度和较少的有限元分析次数,获得较高精度的可靠度指标,适用于岩土工程的可靠度分析。     

Numerical integration method for computing reliability index of geotechnical system

To account for the uncertainties in the design of a geotechnical system, reliability-based design approach is often adopted, in which the main task is to evaluate reliability index of the system based on a performance function (or limit state function). In this paper, we propose a new method for computing the reliability index, based upon the numerical integration of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the performance function. This numerical integration method requires only a deterministic evaluation of the system performance and the joint probability of the uncertain input parameters. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method, measured in terms of the accuracy and the computational effort, respectively, are demonstrated with two geotechnical problems: a drilled shaft in sand and a semi-gravity retaining wall. The new method is found valid regardless of the type of distribution of uncertain input parameters, whether the correlations exist among these input parameters, whether the system involves single or multiple failure modes, and how the performance function is formulated.     

俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙强震反应数值模拟

首先,介绍了基于OpenSees独立开发的一套用于挡土墙-土地震反应相互作用有限元分析计算软件RW_2DPS.据此建立了俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙-土强震相互作用有限元模型.模型中,引入非线性有限元计算方法,选用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟砂土的动力属性,应用零长度接触单元模拟墙与土体之间的接触特性,且采用一致耗能阻尼边界与速度边界条件.最后,输入随机地震动,进行挡土墙-土强震反应分析,并重点探讨墙背地震土压力和水平地震惯性力沿挡土墙高度分布规律.结果表明,墙背动土压力峰值出现在距挡土墙底约1/3墙高处;挡土墙背加速度具有放大效应,加速度峰值出现在挡土墙顶部;不同地震动作用下,加速度放大系数沿墙高分布规律不同,动土压力沿墙高变化规律基本一致.     

面板对路堤式加筋土挡墙力学特性的影响

加筋土挡墙作为一种新型的轻型支挡结构,广泛应用于公路、铁路、港口等工程中。随着加筋土挡墙技术的发展,面板的类型也越来越丰富。利用Plaxis有限元软件,对路堤式加筋土挡墙进行了二维有限元计算分析。针对墙背水平土压力、垂直土压力、挡墙侧向位移、筋材应变和挡墙稳定系数等计算结果的分析,探讨了3种类型面板（返包式面板、整体式面板和拼装式面板）对路堤式加筋土挡墙力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,垂直和水平土压力的数值计算结果均小于理论值;相比较与其他两种面板的加筋土挡墙,返包式面板加筋土挡墙筋材的应变最大;面板类型对于加筋土挡墙的整体稳定性几乎没有影响。研究成果为实际工程的应用提供了理论指导。     

挡墙加固非饱和土边坡整体稳定性分析

在对挡墙加固边坡进行设计和评价时应综合考虑基质吸力和挡墙对边坡整体稳定性的影响。应用可以考虑基质吸力的弹塑性强度折减有限元程序,分析了挡墙加固非饱和土边坡的整体稳定性,揭示了基质吸力对加固边坡整体稳定性的影响程度,同时亦分析了整体潜在滑动面位置的变化情况,并进行了关于吸力摩擦角的敏感性分析。     

Seismic response analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil segmental retaining walls by finite element method

The paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the dynamic response of a geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall that is constructed with dry-stacked modular concrete blocks as the facia system. In the finite element model, the cyclic shear behavior of the backfill soil is described by a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship with Masing hysteretic unload-reload behavior. The reinforcement material is modelled using a similar hysteretic model which takes into account the measured response of cyclic load-extension tests performed on unconfined geogrid specimens in the laboratory. Interface shear between wall components is simulated using slip elements. The results of finite element analyses giving the seismic response of a typical geogrid reinforced segmental retaining wall subjected to prescribed acceleration records are presented. The results of analyses highlight the influence of dynamic loading on: (1) wall displacement; (2) cumulative interface shear force and displacement between facing units; (3) tensile forces developed in the reinforcement and; (4) acceleration response over the height of the wall. A number of implications to the design of these structures are identified based on the results of these simulations.     

高速公路加筋陡坡路基长期工作特性研究

为研究高速公路环境与边坡填筑一体化设计关键技术,在对某高速公路段12 m高加筋边坡进行长期工作特性的现场试验研究基础上,建立考虑格栅黏弹性和土体黏弹塑性流变模型的高速公路加筋边坡数值分析模型,采用增量-初应变迭代法对各种工况进行了分析计算。通过与试验测试数据的对比,验证数值的可靠性,进而进行大量变动参数的数值分析,详细地探讨加筋边坡填筑过程中加筋结构的力学特性。在将试验数据和数值分析结果的对比分析的基础上,得到边坡加筋体内土压力、地基应力和格栅拉力分布规律及其成因,随后与类似加筋直墙和单级加筋路堤的研究结果对比,得到多级加筋陡坡的一般规律及其破坏模式。     

基坑土钉支护可靠性分析优化算法

针对基坑工程中岩土参数存在随机性和变异性的特点,基于响应面重构法、遗传算法和禁忌搜索方法研究了土钉墙边坡可靠性分析方法。考虑土钉的加固作用,建立了适用于土钉墙边坡任意形状滑面安全系数计算的改进Morgenstern-Price法。基于响应面原理,将改进Morgenstern-Price法取代传统响应面法中的有限单元法来随机抽样构造响应面函数,建立了一种近似的土钉墙边坡可靠度计算方法。以土体的抗剪强度指标 、 为随机变量,提出了一种能同时确定土钉墙边坡最小可靠度指标 及相应最危险滑面的全局优化计算方法--土钉墙可靠性分析自适应禁忌搜索遗传算法（ATSGA）。结合算例,分别以土钉墙边坡的最小可靠度指标和最小中值安全系数为目标函数,采用ATSGA法搜索其相应的最危险滑动面,结果表明,二者相差较大。     

Genetic algorithms in probabilistic finite element analysis of geotechnical problems

In application to numerical analysis of geotechnical problems, the limit-state surface is usually not known in any closed form. The probability of failure can be assessed via the so-called reliability index. A minimization problem can naturally be formed with an implicit equality constraint defined as the limit-state function and optimization methods can be used for such problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is proposed and incorporated into a displacement finite element method to find the Hasofer–Lind reliability index. The probabilistic finite element method is then used to analyse the reliability of classical geotechnical systems. The performance of the genetic algorithm (GA) is compared with simpler probability methods such as the first-order-second-moment Taylor series method. The comparison shows that the GA can produce the results fairly quickly and is applicable to evaluation of the failure performance of geotechnical problems involving a large number of decision variables.     

边坡可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限元法

提出基于非侵入式随机有限元法的边坡可靠度分析方法,并编写计算程序NISFEM。采用有限元滑面应力法计算边坡安全系数,将Hermite随机多项式展开与SIGMA/W和SLOPE/W模块有机结合实现边坡可靠度非侵入式随机分析。根据随机多项式展开系数,给出边坡安全系数前4阶统计矩（均值、标准差、偏度和峰度）和Sobol指标解析表达式,并采用Sobol指标进行边坡可靠度参数敏感性分析。最后,以均质土坡可靠度问题为例,证明该方法在边坡可靠度分析中的有效性。结果表明,边坡可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限元法能够有效地考虑边坡变形对边坡可靠度的影响,计算效率远远高于蒙特卡罗模拟方法（MCS）,是解决复杂边坡可靠度问题一种有效地分析手段;黏聚力和内摩擦角变异性对边坡安全系数前四阶统计矩具有明显的影响,重度变异性对安全系数前4阶统计矩几乎没有影响;抗剪强度参数间负相关性对边坡安全系数均值几乎没有影响,但对安全系数标准差、偏度和峰度均有明显的影响。此外,随着抗剪强度参数间负相关性的增加,边坡安全系数由近似正态分布逐渐变为明显的非正态分布。     

挡土墙模糊可靠性分析

在简要介绍结构可靠度分析中的一次二阶矩中心点法后,建立了挡土墙结构稳定性的模糊可靠度分析基本模型,并以一个重力式挡土墙为例,说明了分析其稳定性的模糊可靠度具体方法,最后进行了参数的敏感性分析。     

Capturing strain localization behind a geosynthetic‐reinforced soil wall

This paper presents the results of finite element (FE) analyses of shear strain localization that occurred in cohesionless soils supported by a geosynthetic‐reinforced retaining wall. The innovative aspects of the analyses include capturing of the localized deformation and the accompanying collapse mechanism using a recently developed embedded strong discontinuity model. The case study analysed, reported in previous publications, consists of a 3.5‐m tall, full‐scale reinforced wall model deforming in plane strain and loaded by surcharge at the surface to failure. Results of the analysis suggest strain localization developing from the toe of the wall and propagating upward to the ground surface, forming a curved failure surface. This is in agreement with a well‐documented failure mechanism experienced by the physical wall model showing internal failure surfaces developing behind the wall as a result of the surface loading. Important features of the analyses include mesh sensitivity studies and a comparison of the localization properties predicted by different pre‐localization constitutive models, including a family of three‐invariant elastoplastic constitutive models appropriate for frictional/dilatant materials. Results of the analysis demonstrate the potential of the enhanced FE method for capturing a collapse mechanism characterized by the presence of a failure, or slip, surface through earthen materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于主应力迹线分层的有限土体土压力计算

为了研究挡墙后有限土体的主动土压力,以墙后无黏性土体为研究对象,假定破裂面为通过墙踵的平面,且在挡墙平动模式下,墙后土体形成圆弧形小主应力拱。采用沿小主应力迹线分层的方法,将挡墙后土体划分为若干个圆弧形曲线薄层单元,考虑了单元体上下表面应力分布的不均匀性,提出了一种有限土体挡墙主动土压力计算方法,给出了主动土压力合力及其作用点高度的表达式,并验证了该方法的正确性。研究结果表明：采用曲线薄层单元法可以准确考虑单元体复杂的受力情况,能更好地反映挡墙后有限土体主动土压力的变化规律;有限填土时主动土压力沿墙高 呈非线性分布,土压力先随着土体深度增加呈单调递增趋势,然后在接近墙底位置处呈单调递减趋势。分析参数敏感性时取不同土体宽高比与墙背粗糙程度对挡墙主动土压力分布及合力作用点高度进行分析,结果表明：随着土体宽高比n的增大,主动土压力值逐渐增大,土压力分布曲线非线性越来越明显,合力作用点高度逐渐降低且恒大于 。当 0.71时,均趋于稳定。可将 0.71作为有限土体与半无限土体的临界宽高比。随着摩擦角 的增大,主动土压力值逐渐减小,土压力分布曲线非线性越来越明显,合力作用点高度逐渐增大且恒大于 。     

Reliability analysis of serviceability performance for an underground cavern using a non-intrusive stochastic method

This paper proposes a non-intrusive stochastic analysis procedure for reliability analysis of the serviceability performance of an underground cavern with an implicit limit state function. This procedure is formulated on the basis of the stochastic response surface method (SRSM) and the deterministic finite element method. First, the SRSM is briefly introduced and implemented through a MATLAB code. Then, the software SIGMA/W is used to perform a deterministic finite element analysis. Next, a link between the MATLAB code and SIGMA/W is developed to automatically pass exchange data between the two platforms. Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate the capacity and validity of the proposed procedure. In the first example, a closed-form limit state function is adopted to validate the SRSM by comparing it with the results obtained from a direct Monte Carlo simulation. In the second example, the serviceability performance of an underground cavern is analyzed to illustrate the capacity of the proposed procedure to handle a reliability problem with an implicit limit state function. The proposed procedure does not require the user to modify the existing deterministic finite element code. The deterministic finite element analysis and the probabilistic analysis are decoupled. This is a major practical advantage because realistic probabilistic analyses are made possible. The SRSM can produce sufficiently accurate reliability results. Furthermore, the method is much more efficient than the direct Monte Carlo simulation. Sensitivity analyses show the effect of the variability of input random variables and the correlation between them on: (1) the probability density functions, (2) the first four order statistical moments, and (3) the probability of failure, which is investigated and discussed.     

基于耦合方法的挡土墙地震响应的数值模拟

为有效描述动力灾变过程中挡土墙附近土体的细观特性,并大量减小离散元模拟的颗粒数目,节省计算时间,利用离散-连续耦合动力数值模型,模拟了已有离心机试验中重力式挡土墙的地震响应。靠近挡土墙的土体区域用相互作用的离散颗粒模拟,远离挡土墙的土体采用连续模型模拟,编写结构的动力有限元程序并嵌入离散元软件中来模拟挡土墙。通过离散元软件PFC2D和有限差分软件FLAC2D的交互运算实现耦合过程。耦合方法的核心在于:①在离散-连续土体的交界面保证连续性;②模拟中离散区域土体的宏观性质与连续土体模型一致。为进一步满足以上两点,分别提出了新的边界耦合力提取方法和自振柱模拟方法。研究表明耦合方法可以从细观尺度上有效描述土体与结构的相互作用和关心区域的土体特性。     

动载下土工格栅加筋桥台挡墙承载性能分析

为研究加筋土桥台结构在顶部条基动载作用下的动力响应问题,通过MTS伺服加载系统施加循环动载,开展室内加筋桥台挡墙动载破坏试验,对比分析3种格栅长度和3类格栅型式的加筋土挡墙沉降及面板水平位移、土压力、筋材应变等参数的分布规律,揭示加筋桥台挡墙的动力承载性能。试验结果表明：在循环动载下不同格栅长度及型式的加筋桥台挡墙破坏模式存在差异,M、A、B型格栅加筋长度 1.0H（H为挡墙高）的挡墙破坏模式均为冲切剪切破坏,A、B型格栅 0.7H和 0.4H的挡墙破坏模式为局部剪切破坏。加筋桥台挡墙面板侧移随筋材长度增加依次减小,A型格栅加筋土挡墙侧移系数总体上相比B型小。桥台挡墙因加筋格栅长度及型式不同导致动土压力衰减规律差异明显,当 1.0H时M型及A型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高呈抛物线函数模型,当 0.7H时,A型和B型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高皆呈指数函数模型。     

加筋土挡土墙边坡的稳定性分析

加筋挡土墙边坡是一种新型的复合边坡加固技术,用传统的方法很难设计这种复杂的结构。以一工程实例叙述了采用弹塑性有限元法预测加筋土边坡的稳定性的方法;给出了不同设计方案下的位移;分析了土体力学参数对边坡最大水平位移的影响。结果表明,土体的弹性模量、内摩擦角与粘聚力是影响边坡位移的重要因素。这些土力学参数与边坡最大水平位移是非线性关系,且有呈现临界点的趋势。因此,适当控制填土的力学性能参数有助于达到安全节省的设计目标。      

Capturing strain localization in reinforced soils

Lade’s single hardening soil model with Cosserat rotation embodied in the finite element method is employed to investigate the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soils with special attention to the development of shear banding. The ability of the finite element model to detect shear banding in a reinforced soil is examined against three high quality small-scale laboratory plane strain tests on Toyoura sand with and without reinforcement. These three tests were chosen because of the clear failure surfaces that developed in the soil during loading. The FEM analyses were able to reasonably simulate the plane strain laboratory tests including both unreinforced and reinforced cases. The FEM analyses gave reasonably good agreement with the experimental results in terms of global stress–strain relationships and shear band occurrences. Furthermore, and based on FE analyses of a hypothetical geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) retaining wall, it is shown that the geosynthetic reinforcements are very effective in hindering the formation of shear bands in GRS retaining walls when small spacing between the reinforcement layers was used. When used properly, the geosynthetic reinforcements made the soil behave as a truly reinforced mass of considerable stiffness and strength.     

地震作用下返包式加筋土挡墙数值模拟

返包式加筋土挡墙是一种柔性面板挡墙,因其良好的地基适应性及地震安全性广泛应用于交通、市政和水利等诸多领域中。本文使用FLAC^3D数值模拟程序对返包式加筋土挡墙墙面坡度、土工袋填料及筋材强度进行了抗震性能研究。研究结果表明：当墙面坡度<1∶0.30时,墙后侧向土压力分布均匀且数值较小,近似于一条竖向直线;当墙面坡度≥1∶0.30时,墙后侧向土压力分布规律一致且符合朗肯土压力理论。因此,当墙面坡度<1∶0.30时,加筋土结构应按加筋土边坡进行设计;当墙面坡度≥1∶0.30时,加筋土结构应按加筋土挡墙进行设计。土工袋填料种类对返包式加筋土挡墙地震动力响应几乎没有影响,在抗震设计时可不考虑其对挡墙的影响。筋材强度越高,返包式加筋土挡墙抗震性能越好,但筋材强度与挡墙的抗震性能不成正比例,由于加筋土结构的"加筋作用饱和"现象,大幅度提升筋材强度并不会使挡墙的抗震性能得到大幅度提升;因此,工程中在保证筋材强度达标的前提下需注意经济性。     

Pile group settlement: A probabilistic approach

The uncertain settlement response of pile groups is determined using a ‘hybrid’ formulation and a first-order perturbation technique. The spatially varying soil modulus, which gives rise to the uncertainties in the pile group settlement, is modeled as a homogeneous random field. The random field is assumed to be one-dimensional since the ‘hybrid’ formulation does not account for horizontal variation in the soil properties. Using the proposed method, the coefficient of variation of the pile group settlement is computed. The single-pile solutions obtained compare favorably with the solutions from a conventional stochastic finite element analysis. Pile groups of sizes ranging from two to twenty-five piles are studied. It is observed that the coefficient of variation is not significantly affected by the pile spacing as well as the group size. By defining an appropriate performance function, the reliability index of a pile group system is also found to be approximately the same as that of a single-pile system. These observations suggest that the solutions for a single pile may be used to estimate the uncertainties in the settlement response of pile groups.