长江中下游繁昌盆地火山岩年代学和地球化学:岩石成因和地质意义

长江中下游地区发育多个中生代火山盆地,自西向东依次为金牛、怀宁、庐枞、繁昌、宁芜、溧水和溧阳盆地.繁昌盆地自下而上发育中分村组、赤沙组和蝌蚪山组火山岩.中分村组下段和上段流纹岩的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为131.2±1.1Ma和129.1±1.3Ma,和蝌蚪山组流纹岩的形成时代(130.7±1.1Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明繁昌盆地火山岩喷发持续时间较短.中分村组发育英安岩和流纹岩,赤沙组以粗安岩为主,并有少量的流纹岩,两者的SiO2含量分别为64.36％ ～75.45％和63.08％ ～69.75％.中分村组和赤沙组火山岩的稀土和微量元素特征基本一致,均富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nd、P和Ti,其中,流纹岩表现为Eu的负异常.中分村组样品的87Sr/86 Sr(t)为0.7060 ～ 0.7074,εNd(t)为-7.91～ -8.11,赤沙组样品的87Sr/86Sr(t)为0.7073,εNd(t)为-6.62～ -6.71,和蝌蚪山组玄武岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成很相似.综合分析表明,中分村组火山岩为岩石圈地幔部分熔融的岩浆底侵形成的下地壳再次部分熔融的产物,并经过辉石、角闪石、斜长石和磷灰石的结晶分异.赤沙组粗安岩为岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆,经过橄榄石、辉石、斜长石和钛铁氧化物结晶分异形成.岩石圈地幔的部分熔融在长江中下游地区中生代火山岩中表现的最为集中,表明～ 130Ma时期为本地区的拉张峰期.     

安徽繁昌盆地中生代火山岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄及其意义

繁昌盆地是长江中下游地区重要的陆相火山断陷盆地之一。本文对繁昌火山岩盆地中分村组粗安岩、赤沙组黑云母粗安斑岩、蝌蚪山组流纹岩、三梁山组黑云母粗面岩进行了锆石LA-ICPMSU-Pb测年,获得其年龄分别为134.4±2.9、131.3±1.8、130.8±2.2、128.1±3.1Ma,显示盆地内火山岩浆活动的时限约在135～128Ma之间,火山岩均为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。同时在火山岩中测得了多颗继承或捕获锆石的古老年龄,其中最大的为2894Ma,可能对应了2.7Ga峰值年龄的全球性岩浆活动和大陆生长,一定程度上为繁昌盆地可能存在太古宙基底提供了证据。对比显示,繁昌盆地中生代火山岩与长江中下游地区其它断陷盆地火山岩几乎形成于同一时期,与庐枞、宁芜盆地的4个旋回火山活动可以完全对应,而135Ma可以作为长江中下游地区陆相火山断陷盆地早白垩世火山岩浆活动全面展开的时间。盆地内中生代火山活动期(135～128Ma)处于中国东部岩石圈减薄的高峰期,火山岩正是这一地球动力背景下深源岩浆活动的产物。     

宁芜盆地火山-次火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

宁芜火山盆地是长江中下游重要的火山盆地之一,在盆地内自下而上依次发育龙王山组、大王山组、姑山组和娘娘山组火山岩和若干个同源次火山岩或小侵入岩体。本文对宁芜盆地火山-次火山岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素地球化学研究。研究结果表明,大王山组粗安岩锆石U-Pb年龄为130.3±0.9Ma,姑山组两个粗安岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为128.2±1.3Ma和128.5±1.8Ma,另外三个侵入岩年龄分别为127.1±1.2Ma、128.3±0.6Ma和128.2±1.0Ma,均为早白垩纪。综合前人成果,认为长江中下游地区火山盆地内火山活动的时限在135～124Ma之间,不存在侏罗纪岩浆活动。宁芜盆地火山岩和侵入岩的锆石176Hf/177Hf值在0.282502～0.282673范围内,εHf(t)变化为-6.9～-0.7,显示岩浆源自于岩石圈富集地幔部分熔融并在上升过程中受地壳物质的混染,为岩石圈伸展环境的产物。     

大兴安岭中段索伦地区白音高老组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

白音高老组火山岩位于大兴安岭中段科右前旗索伦地区,主要岩性为流纹岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素分析表明,3组样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为127±2Ma、133±2Ma和123±1Ma,即白音高老组火山岩形成于133~123Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征显示,白音高老组火山岩类似于高分异的I型花岗岩,有斜长石和少量角闪石部分熔融残留。锆石的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值介于0.282854~0.283026之间,ε_(Hf)(t)为较高的正值,变化于+5.5~+11.5之间,Hf二阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为828~439Ma,表明兴安地块地壳的主体增生年代为新元古代—显生宙。通过对比东北地区(以邻区为主)同时代岩浆-构造活动,研究区内白音高老组火山岩形成于伸展构造环境,这种伸展构造环境的形成可能与古太平洋板块俯冲于欧亚大陆之下的弧后伸展环境有关。     

庐枞盆地隐伏正长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成

庐枞(庐江~枞阳)盆地是长江中下游地区最重要的火山岩盆地之一。针对该盆地隐伏侵入岩(正长花岗岩),进行的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究,获得2组正长花岗岩(ZK2001-900和ZK2001-1100)的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为130.3 Ma±1.8 Ma和131.0 Ma±2.6 Ma,相对应的锆石εHf(t)值介于-7.5~-3.5和-8.3~-1.6。因此,本次研究确定该隐伏侵入的正长花岗岩形成时代为130 Ma,与庐枞盆地内其他火山-侵入岩浆活动的时间(135 Ma~127 Ma)大致相当,都为早白垩世。同时,也暗示它们可能形成于相同的地球动力学条件下,即区域岩石圈伸展背景下岩浆活动的产物。     

漠河盆地东南部中生代火山岩年代学与地球化学研究

漠河盆地东南部中生代火山岩地层主要由光华组和甘河组组成,锆石U--Pb定年结果确定两组火山岩分别形成于128~125 Ma和126~120 Ma。光华组流纹岩高硅富碱、贫钙铁镁;轻重稀土分馏较明显[w(La/Yb)N=13.01~17.99],铕异常中等(δEu=0.49~0.67);富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti;锆石εHf(t)值为-2.5~3.0,两阶段Hf模式年龄为989~1 130 Ma;岩浆源区为中元古代末期的地壳物质。甘河组粗安岩和玄武粗安岩富碱高钾,镁指数较大(Mg#≈48);稀土元素配分曲线为轻稀土富集的右倾型[w(La/Yb)N=12.67~23.21],铕异常不明显(δEu=0.77~0.91);富集Rb、Ba、K、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素;锆石εHf(t)值为-1.2~4.1;岩浆源区为俯冲流体交代过的岩石圈地幔,岩浆经历了一定程度分离结晶作用。     

宁芜盆地火山-侵入岩的时代、地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文系统选取了宁芜盆地四个火山旋回的典型火山岩以及与铁铜矿成矿有关的岩体进行了精确的锆石定年和Hf同位素分析以及全岩主微量元素测试,研究结果显示龙王山组、大王山组、姑山组火山岩形成时代为134~127Ma,娘娘山组火山岩形成时代稍晚,为118.8±1.6Ma,一个中基性闪长玢岩样品形成时代为130.6±1.3Ma。三个中酸性斑岩样品的形成时代为124~128Ma。龙王山、大王山、姑山旋回火山岩及同期潜火山岩-侵入岩的Hf同位素特征相似,εHf(t)值范围大多在-2~-5之间,暗示其源区性质相似,娘娘山旋回εHf(t)值稍高,反映源区可能有更多幔源物质。结合岩石地球化学特征,认为岩浆的源区为一个富集地幔,而造成中生代火山岩源区地幔交代的流体/熔体可能与更早期的俯冲事件有关,而陆源物质是深海沉积物被俯冲的大洋板片带入地幔深部的。侵入岩与同期火山岩具有相似的形成时代、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成,表明它们是同源异相体。宁芜盆地广泛的岩浆活动为中国东部岩石圈强烈的减薄作用下的一个均一富集地幔熔融的产物。     

内蒙古扎鲁特盆地坤都地区满克头鄂博组流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石成因

为研究内蒙古扎鲁特盆地坤都地区晚侏罗世火山岩的构造属性,对研究区内流纹岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年和原位Lu-Hf同位素研究。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,流纹岩形成于151.2±1.2Ma,属于晚侏罗世。岩石地球化学研究表明,火山岩具高硅富碱、贫镁钙的特征,稀土元素总量为110.38×10~(-6)~138.88×10~(-6),轻、重稀土元素分馏中等,弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.72~0.98),微量元素特征为富集Cs、Rb、Ba和轻稀土元素,强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti,相对亏损Nb、Ta,ε_(Hf)(t)值为-10.1~4.9,对应的地壳模式年龄(T~C_(DM))为1192~3639Ma,反映其岩浆来源于元古宙、太古宙地壳物质的部分熔融,之后经历矿物分离结晶作用。通过对比大兴安岭地区同时代岩浆-构造活动,研究区满克头鄂博组流纹岩形成于后造山伸展背景,与蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山后伸展作用有关。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷晚中生代火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

对松辽盆地长岭断陷南部钻井中2件晚中生代火山岩岩心样品开展SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和原位Lu-Hf同位素研究。火石岭组形成年代为125.3Ma±1.1Ma,晚于前人测得的K-Ar体系年龄,说明火石岭组火山岩在松辽盆地南部和北部是同期喷发的;火石岭组锆石的εHf(t)值为2.0~8.1,表明岩浆起源于新生地壳。基底火山岩年龄为173.6Ma±1.7Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-8.8~+1.5,表明既有新生地壳又有老地壳物质再循环。这些锆石的εHf(t)值与兴蒙造山带东段同期锆石相似,表明二者具有相似起源。中国东北和台湾中生代晚期沉积地层中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱均记录了171~176Ma的峰值,说明此时古太平洋板块已经向欧亚大陆俯冲。并且,该期岩浆活动可能广泛分布在欧亚大陆的东缘,包括中国东南沿海、朝鲜半岛南部和中国东北地区。     

内蒙古北山哈珠东山泥盆系雀儿山群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

北山地区是研究古亚洲洋最终闭合过程的热点地区之一.前人对红石山-百合山-蓬勃山蛇绿混杂岩带的研究多集中在其俯冲作用的时限、极性及相关的石炭纪火山岩的源区及构造属性上,而对该蛇绿混杂岩带北侧出露的泥盆纪火山岩的构造背景和岩浆演化过程研究较为薄弱.对哈珠东山地区泥盆系雀儿山群哈珠组火山岩开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究,结果表明:哈珠东山地区雀儿山群哈珠组火山岩形成于中泥盆世晚期（386.9±1.7 Ma）,属低钾拉斑-钙碱性系列,具富钠、低钾特征,微量元素亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,推测其形成于洋壳俯冲的岛弧环境,可能为古亚洲洋向南持续俯冲的产物.流纹岩锆石Hf同位素组成较为均一,ε_Hf（t）值为+4.4~+15.0,二阶段Hf模式年龄为424~1 109 Ma,表明流纹岩源于早古生代-中新元古代新生年轻地壳的重熔.而安山岩岩浆源区为俯冲消减板片流体交代的地幔楔,岩浆上升中经历了一定的分离结晶作用和上地壳物质的同化混染.综合前人区域研究成果,红石山-百合山-蓬勃山洋的发育应形成于晚泥盆世之后雀儿山弧后盆地的扩张环境.      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997