斜井和水平井补偿中子测井分辨率改进及应用

为了合理提高斜井和水平井条件下补偿中子测井曲线的纵向分辨率,利用蒙特卡罗模拟研究了在不同井斜角情况下CN241补偿中子测井仪器的纵向几何因子,把几何因子作为仪器响应函数系数,在模拟地层和实际地层中利用分辨率匹配技术对测井曲线进行了分辨率提高处理,并对改进前后的处理结果进行了比较。通过研究得到了不同井斜角下的补偿中子测井的纵向几何因子,验证了在斜井和水平井中使用垂直井的几何因子进行分辨率匹配处理存在较大误差,在40 cm厚地层中误差最大达10 p.u,改进后的结果与改进前相比降低了误差、提高了数据精度。研究结果表明：随着井斜角的不同,仪器的纵向几何因子也不同,要在斜井和水平井中合理进行分辨率提高处理,应该使用对应井斜角的几何因子作为响应函数系数。     

新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器的优化设计与资料处理技术

通过自然伽马响应函数与其探测器长度间关系的研究,选择长度为0.1 m的NaI晶体作为新型高分辨率自然伽马仪器的探测器。为克服短NaI晶体会导致计数率降低和统计涨落误差增大等问题,利用4个大小完全相同的NaI晶体同时测量伽马射线强度,获得4条高分辨率自然伽马测井曲线;然后,对4条测量曲线进行累加并结合带通滤波技术充分降低统计涨落误差;在此基础上,进一步应用正则化反褶积处理提高仪器的纵向分辨率。理论模型和井场试验结果均证明,该新型高分辨率伽马仪器具有0.15 m的纵向分辨率,比常规自然伽马测井仪器的分辨率提高了4倍以上。     

滤波电路对核测井曲线影响的探讨

在仪器输出端并接电容是减少核测井曲线统计起伏以提高曲线表观质量的行之有效的办法。本文从理论上对并接电容后的电路参数进行了分析计算,并列举井场实例说明该方法的可靠性。      

井径测量在煤田勘探中的应用

井眼及井径的变化,对电测井、核测井和声测井的测量值都有不同程度的影响。工作中,我们不仅在划分煤(岩)层、计算岩层产状和分析煤质时需要井径曲线,在解释含水层、计算孔隙度和给水度及井内流量时也必须有真实的井径资料。     

核测井技术在我国煤田勘探中的发展与应用

核测井技术（自然伽玛和散射伽玛）已在我国煤田勘探中得到广泛应用,并取得良好的地质效果。核测井方法的应用,使我国煤田测井技术进入一个新的发展阶段。这个新阶段的主要标志是:对煤层与岩层定性解释的可靠性大大提高,应用范围不断扩大。通过进行全孔解释和测井曲线的综合分析与对比,充分发挥了钻孔的地质效益,为全面研究勘探区的地质情况,提供了丰富的基础资料。      

0.2 m高分辨率双侧向测井仪器仿真设计

为满足油田薄层及薄互层开发的需求,采用数值模拟与电路仿真联合的交互式仪器仿真设计方法,开发了高分辨率数字聚焦双侧向测井仪器。通过仪器仿真,形成了纵向分辨率为0.2 m、深浅侧向探测深度分别为1.09 m、0.38 m的双侧向测井电极系,并得到了不同地层条件下测量信号的幅度以及视电阻率测量误差。现场应用效果表明,所设计的双侧向测井仪器的纵向分辨率与探测深度达到了理论指标,曲线重复性满足质量要求。仪器仿真方法有效地沟通了理论设计与仪器实现,不仅有助于0.2 m高分辨率双侧向测井仪器开发,同样也适用于电极型测井仪器设计。     

回转钻进多参数试验数据采集、管理和控制系统的研制

目前,国内一般的回转钻进试验设备都采用光线示波器作为记录仪器,而且都不能自动地控制钻进过程。 用光线示波器作为记录仪器不仅耗费大量的时间,而且由于钻进时,机械液压系统的振动,加上破碎岩石的均匀性,使得记录结果中混有大量的干扰信号,记录曲线波动很大,造成人为测量误差的增加。     

镭放射源的氡气测漏

目前,在煤田核测井工作中常用的镭放射源有两种:一种是将无水纯氯化镭粉末（或无水纯溴化镭粉末）焊封在铂铱合金管中制成的金属镭源,统称为镭标准源;另一种是铀-镭平衡矿石粉末源,作为现场刻度器使用。因为这两种镭源用于标定（或刻度）核测井仪器,所以对源强的准确度和稳定性均有严格的要求。      

核测井仪器非线性误差的测定

目前煤田勘探使用的核测井仪器,线性范围较窄,易造成非线性记录,影响定性定厚解释的精度。测定非线性误差的公式校正法的主要优点是标定工作量小,使仪器的检修与调校变得更为方便。但是,如掌握不当,则会导致错误的结果。      

公路隧道特大塌方成因分析及综合处治方法研究

结合元磨高速公路大风垭口隧道工程在施工过程中下行线K255+283出现的特大塌方事故,论文综合分析认为该段位于断层突泥富水带且塌方发生前曾发生涌水、塌方,在此基础上提出地表与洞内处治相结合并加以洞内排水的综合处治措施,综合监测和评判结果表明,综合处治后,塌方断面附近初期支护及二次衬砌的受力及变形均未发生异常变化,有关应力和变形在经过一段时间的变化后最终趋于稳定,而且其相关变化值都在很大的允许范围内,证明处治措施不仅理论上可靠,而且现实中安全可行,对未来公路隧道施工塌方处治工作有所指导和借鉴作用。     

砂泥岩薄互层测井资料解释方法

从分析薄互层的特征入手,采用反褶积方法对单条测井曲线做提高分辨率的处理,并调整电阻率测井曲线,使其与提高了分辨率的泥质含量及孔隙度测井曲线的纵向分辨率协调、在此基础上,按一定的解释模型计算出孔隙度和饱和度等参数。实际计算表明,本方法改善了储集参数的评价,降低了含水饱和度。     

测井曲线剩余变化的分维描述火成岩裂缝发育情况

大庆深层火成岩段岩性复杂，偿仅具有从基性到酸性的各种熔岩，还包括不同喷发期次的凝灰岩。岩性变化是影响各种测井曲线响应特征变化的最主要因素。裂缝的响应往往被岩性的影响所淹灭。为此从测井曲线中提取分维来描述裂缝发育程度，必须考虑岩性的影响。为了消除岩性的影响，对分辨率较高且对裂缝反映灵敏的微球形聚焦测井曲线进行滤波处理，获得原始曲线与滤波曲线间的剩余变化，再从中提取分维，从而突出裂缝的影响。实际处理表明，从剩余曲线中提取的分数维，比从原始测井曲线中提取的分维能更好地指示出复杂火成岩地层裂缝发育情况。     

Estimation of regional-scale groundwater flow properties in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh

Quantitative evaluation of management strategies for long-term supply of safe groundwater for drinking from the Bengal Basin aquifer (India and Bangladesh) requires estimation of the large-scale hydrogeologic properties that control flow. The Basin consists of a stratified, heterogeneous sequence of sediments with aquitards that may separate aquifers locally, but evidence does not support existence of regional confining units. Considered at a large scale, the Basin may be aptly described as a single aquifer with higher horizontal than vertical hydraulic conductivity. Though data are sparse, estimation of regional-scale aquifer properties is possible from three existing data types: hydraulic heads, ¹⁴C concentrations, and driller logs. Estimation is carried out with inverse groundwater modeling using measured heads, by model calibration using estimated water ages based on ¹⁴C, and by statistical analysis of driller logs. Similar estimates of hydraulic conductivities result from all three data types; a resulting typical value of vertical anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical conductivity) is 10⁴. The vertical anisotropy estimate is supported by simulation of flow through geostatistical fields consistent with driller log data. The high estimated value of vertical anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity indicates that even disconnected aquitards, if numerous, can strongly control the equivalent hydraulic parameters of an aquifer system.     

粉质黏土堤防漫溢溃决试验

为研究粉质黏土堤防漫溢溃决破坏过程及其对水流要素和土体性质的响应规律,以河道流量、筑堤土体含水率和孔隙率为变量,在弯道水槽中开展了9组堤防漫溢溃决概化试验.通过试验发现,粉质黏土堤漫溢溃决溃口发展过程可分为垂向侵蚀和横向扩宽两个阶段,垂向侵蚀阶段以"陡坎"后退为主要形式;筑堤土体含水率与孔隙率不仅影响了溃口垂向侵蚀以及横向扩宽速度,而且决定了溃口最终形态,河道流量主要影响堤防溃口的横向扩宽速度;溃口处流速以及下游水位变化受溃口高度的制约.拟合得到土体黏聚力与土体含水率、孔隙率的相关关系式;通过试验数据提出了由土体黏聚力和水流参数表达的"陡坎"侵蚀后退速度计算公式,证明具有一定合理性.     

A genetic meta-algorithm-assisted inversion approach: hydrogeological study for the determination of volumetric rock properties and matrix and fluid parameters in unsaturated formations

An evolutionary inversion approach is suggested for the interpretation of nuclear and resistivity logs measured by direct-push tools in shallow unsaturated sediments. The efficiency of formation evaluation is improved by estimating simultaneously (1) the petrophysical properties that vary rapidly along a drill hole with depth and (2) the zone parameters that can be treated as constant, in one inversion procedure. In the workflow, the fractional volumes of water, air, matrix and clay are estimated in adjacent depths by linearized inversion, whereas the clay and matrix properties are updated using a float-encoded genetic meta-algorithm. The proposed inversion method provides an objective estimate of the zone parameters that appear in the tool response equations applied to solve the forward problem, which can significantly increase the reliability of the petrophysical model as opposed to setting these parameters arbitrarily. The global optimization meta-algorithm not only assures the best fit between the measured and calculated data but also gives a reliable solution, practically independent of the initial model, as laboratory data are unnecessary in the inversion procedure. The feasibility test uses engineering geophysical sounding logs observed in an unsaturated loessy-sandy formation in Hungary. The multi-borehole extension of the inversion technique is developed to determine the petrophysical properties and their estimation errors along a profile of drill holes. The genetic meta-algorithmic inversion method is recommended for hydrogeophysical logging applications of various kinds to automatically extract the volumetric ratios of rock and fluid constituents as well as the most important zone parameters in a reliable inversion procedure.     

复杂侵入带的感应测井响应计算

由于泥浆滤液、地层非均质性等各种因素综合影响,同一地层的侵入带半径也常常不是恒定的,而是随深度而变化基于趋肤效应几何因子理论,论述了倾斜侵入带前缘的正演计算理论和方法,分析了不同侵入深度及侵入带前缘与井轴方向不同夹角的感应测井响应特征。结果表明,侵入带形状对测井曲线的幅度和形状影响很大,为解释侵入带环境对测井结果的一般影响和一些测井异常提供了理论依据,应该在测井解释工作中注意该项影响。     

The application of borehole logging to characterize the hydrogeology of the faultless nuclear test site,Nevada, USA

The Central Nevada Test Area was the site of the “Faultless” underground nuclear test, a potential source of radio nuclide contamination to aquifers in Hot Creek Valley, Nevada, USA. Field studies in 1992 and 1993 used hydrologic logging and water sampling to determine the adequacy of the current groundwater monitoring network. New data from the monitoring wells and an abandoned postshot hole raise questions about the ability of the current monitoring network to detect migration. Logging and sampling at monitoring wells HTH-1 and HTH-2 reveal that the construction of HTH-1 may be responsible for its elevated water level (as compared to pre-nuclear test levels) and may also create a local groundwater mound in the alluvium that accounts for higher post-test water levels at HTH-2. This mound would serve to divert flow around the monitoring wells, so that only migration of contaminants through the underlying, higher-pressure volcanic units is currently monitored. A hydraulic high observed in an abandoned hole between the nuclear test and the monitoring wells further reduces the likelihood that HTH-1 and HTH-2 can intercept contaminant migration. Hydrologic logs from a postshot well, drilled into the nuclear detonation zone, reveal inflow at about 485 m below land surface that drives strong vertical flow both up and down the well to outflow zones at about 350 m and 600 m. Although hydrologic relationships between the cavity, the rubble chimney, and the surrounding alluvium are unknown, migration from the site has probably not yet occurred, because regional hydraulic pressures are greater than those observed in this postshot hole.     

自动绘制钻孔图形的简易方法

收 集 原 始 数 据 利 用 FOXPRO 或 FOX BASE 设 计 语 言 建 立 数 据 库 ,用 office2000将 其 转 换 成 电 子 表 格 ,然 后编 制自 动 绘制 钻孔 的 应用 程序 ,使 用 A UTOCAD 绘图 软 件实 现各 煤 层图 纸中 井 上、下 钻 孔的 自动 绘 制。该方 法不 仅 可以 节省 大 量的 绘图 时 间, 可以 提高 绘图 的 精度 。     

对瞬变电磁测深几个问题的思考(三)——瞬变电磁场关断效应及全期视电阻率的普适算法

首先给出瞬变电磁（TEM）场卷积计算式,并将关断电流变化率函数看成冲击函数,垂直阶跃脉冲激发的场分量看成输入信号,卷积结果就是任意形状关断电流的TEM响应。把电流激发脉冲看成是许多垂直阶跃函数的叠加,通过叠加这些阶跃函数的响应求得任意电流脉冲激发的瞬变电磁响应。当已知TEM场的实测值和关断电流形状,就可按编程的方法计算全期视电阻率。文中给出了2个斜坡关断电流激发的电偶极源TEM垂直磁场算例,一个为均匀半空间的响应及其全期视电阻率,另一个为三层K型地电断面的响应及其全期视电阻率。