VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is inves-tigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres andsmall-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres andlarge-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropi-cal cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated bymeans of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventila-tion flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of thetropical cyclone.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

A barotropic prirnitive equation model is used to simulate the tropical cyclone motion.Tropical cyclonemovements under different environmental flow backgrounds were examined and sensitivity of tropical cyclonetracks were discussed.Conclusions of practical significance have been obtained in this paper.     

环境气流及非绝热加热对热带气旋结构和移动的影响

设计一个三层的准地转斜压模式,研究了不同结构环境气流和环境非绝热加热场中热带气旋移动路径和结构的特征.数值试验的结果表明:(1)无外界影响下热带气旋向西北方向移动,垂直速度场有明显的螺旋结构;(2)热带气旋主要受基本环境气流引导,非对称环流中的小扰动干扰了热带气旋的移动;(3)非绝热加热场对热带气旋影响较大,热带气旋有向加热中心移动的倾向,同时热带气旋的水平、垂直结构都有较大的变化.     

斜压涡旋中的通风气流与热带气旋移动的关系

应用准地转斜压模式数值模拟了热带气旋的移动。将热带气旋的流场分解为轴对称分量和非对称分量,研究非对称流场中的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量的关系。数值试验结果表明:(1)在热带气旋的非对称流场中,不但有大尺度β涡旋,而且还有小尺度涡旋。(2)小尺度涡旋与大尺度β涡旋之间的相互作用导致热带气旋移向的摆动和移速的振荡。(3)应用Fiorino和Elsberry的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量有很大偏差。(4)应用改进的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量相关密切。     

SOME ASPECTS OF OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

As shown in a statistical analysis of the relationship between environmental fields at varied timeand tropical cyclone motion, the forecasting ability of the initisl environmental field predictors for tropical cyclone motion decreases with the increase of valid time period of forecast;it is higher with these predictors at a fUture time than at an initial time. The work also indicates that for the tropical cyclone motion over a given period of valid forecast, better predictors appear at times mostly differing from thevalid periods; for periods at 48-120 h the environmental predictors at 48-72 h are more capable of forecasting. With statistical interpretation of NWP products, a predictive model for tropical cyclone motionis superior in performance over a statistical forecasting model that employes predictors of the initial field in the basic framework. The concluding remarks can be used as reference in the construction of an objective prediction model for tropical cyclone motion.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON FUNCTIONS AFFECTING TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE AND MOTION

By using a beta-plane quasigeostrophic barotropic model,four numerical experiments withintegration time more than five days are performed.Results show that the vorticity advection termand beta term are two basic factors significantly affecting tropical cyclone structure and motion.     

热带气旋逆时针打转物理机制的研究

应用一个无基本气流的准地转斜压模式数值模拟热带气旋逆时针打转运动。分析结果表明：对称气流对非对称涡度的平流引起非对称流场中的小尺度涡旋和通风气流逆时针旋转；旋转的通风气流引导热带气旋作逆时针打转运动。     

A METHOD OF RAPID CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS OVER CHINA AND ITS APPLICATION

Using data of tropical cyclones making landfall in China between May and October each year during the 1951-2015 period from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA-STI) Tropical Cyclone (TC) Best Track Dataset, we developed a method of rapid classification of TC tracks based on their average movement velocities and noted three types of tracks: a westward type, a northwestward type, and a northward type. We compared the climate characteristics of the westward and northward types and discuss their corresponding causes. The results show that the westward and northward types account for more than 80% of all TCs making landfall in China. Their climate characteristics, such as the frequency, landfall intensity, duration over land, velocity over land, movement distance over land, and other changes, show both similarities and differences. Both TC types show significant increases in their over-land durations, indicating that the effects of these landfalling TCs are increasing. However, the causes of these two TC types are similar and different in certain respects. The changes in large-scale steering flows have significantly affected the frequencies and over-land velocities of the landfalling TCs of the westward and northward types. In addition, differences between the changes in formation locations of the westward and northward types may lead to significant difference in their landfall intensities.     

THE STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE BY TOVS AND ITS APPLICATION IN NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION

The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold — the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.     

FUZZY PROBABILITY PREDICTION METHOD FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK

Based on forecasting criteria of tropical cyclone categories of left and right turning and stable track and fuzzy mathematical principles, a fuzzy probability prediction method is formulated for track changes. It is 48-h valid for forecasting sudden change or stable track as well as giving fuzzy probability of trajectory, for the use in decision-making. As shown in operational experiments, if is easy to operate, simple to illustrate, objective to quantify.definite to conclude. and satisfactory to actualize. It is dependable with high level of reference, especially when the fuzzy probability is greater than 70%. for errors in direction and 48-h mean distance errors are all lower than those at major forecasting centers at home or abroad.     

AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO SHORT-AND MEDIUM-RANGE PREDICTION OF TRACK AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

An objective prediction approach to the 6 h-144 h track and intensity of tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific is proposed. On the basis of both analog deviation technique and completed historical sample curve library, the track or intensity prediction for each forecast period are determined respectively through the optimum weighted superposition of displacement or intensity change of the cases, with different number and weighted coefficient corresponding to minimal analog deviation, from different tropical cyclone or different stage of the same cyclone. so that the prediction results for both forecast period and entire process are optimal. The verification suggests that the approach exhibits better forecast performance than other previous forecast methods by having remarkable decreasing forecast errors in short-and medium-range forecast of both track and intensity,and that the approach can also be used to predict effectively the decay process of tropical cyclone and is able to predict anomalous track and tropical depression.     

一种初始涡旋重定位方法及热带气旋路径数值模拟试验

采用平滑滤波和柱形滤波技术,从背景场中分离出初始涡旋环流和大尺度环境场,然后把分离出的涡旋环流进行平移和再植入到观测位置,最终得到一种初始涡旋重定位方法。针对2006—2007年7个热带气旋共23个时次,采用背景场直接加入热带气旋bogus模型和背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型2种方案,分别进行了对比模拟试验。结果表明:对背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型的方案模拟的24和48小时热带气旋路径平均误差都相对较小,初始涡旋重定位方法可以减小热带气旋模式因热带气旋初始位置偏差而引起的误差,有助于提高热带气旋模式的路径预报水平,有较好的业务应用前景。     

热带气旋的水平尺度对其移动的影响

应用无基本气流的无辐无正压模式研究热带气旋的水平尺度对其移动的影响,水平尺度较小的（较大的）热带气旋向西北偏北（西北偏西）移动,水平尺度较小的（较大的）热带气旋使其大尺度β涡旋逆时针旋转一个较小的（较大的）角度αｉ。热带气旋的移向θｃ与角度αｉ有关,即θｃ≈３６０°－αｉ。因此,热带气旋的移向随其水平尺度的增大而逆时针向偏转。     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION*

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is investigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres and small-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres and large-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropical cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated by means of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventilation flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of the tropical cyclone.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE IN BAROTROPIC ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS

Development of a tropical cyclone in barotropic environmental flows is investigated with a shallow water model. It is found that the tropical cyclone develops only when it is embedded in an environmental now with a southward relative vorticity gradient. The related physical mechanism is explained by analyzing the kinetic energy conversion between the environmental flow and tropical cyclone circulation.     

EFFECT OF ENERGY DISPERSION ON THE STRUCTURE AND MOTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

The energy dispersion of a typhoon vortex and its effect on the typhoon motion are studied using an analyticalmethod of double-Fourier expansion as well as a numerical model in a β-plane nondivergent barotropic framework.The analytic model and the linear version of the numerical model give essentially the same result:the energy dispersionfrom a tropical cyclone can creat an L-H-L wave train to the east of the tropical cyclone.Three numerical experiments,integrated for 7 model days by the nonlinear model,indicate that the closed high in the wave train produces obvious in-fluence on the structure and movement of the tropical cyclone.     

陆地摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的模拟研究

采用准地转正压涡度方程模式,对地形强迫和陆地摩擦作用下登陆热带气旋的路径和强度进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明：在考虑地形摩擦耗散作用时,热带气旋可能出现路径的突然偏折;在热带气旋强度比较弱而陆地摩擦作用比较强的情况下,热带气旋路径容易发生突然偏折,且其强度的突然变化不明显;陆地摩擦作用可能是造成登陆前后热带气旋路径突然偏折的一个重要因素。     

热带气旋路径集合预报方法研究Ⅰ——正压模式结果的初步分析

选择1979～1993年间的热带气旋为试验个例,通过扰动热带气旋初始位置和初始结构,构造集合成员, 用正压原始方程模式,进行路径集合预报试验, 并初步探讨预报成员的集合方法。试验结果表明:热带气旋定位误差影响路径预报,但扰动初始位置的集合平均预报与控制试验的预报水平相接近。扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报试验表明,约有60 %～70 %个例的集合路径预报得到改进。此外,试验结果还表明,当环境引导气流较弱时,进行扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报,预报结果的改善较明显。     

THE ENSEMBLE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION I：USING A PRIMITIVE EQUATION BAROTROPIC MODEL

1INTRODUCTIONErrorsofnumericalforecastingcomprisethoseintheinitialvalue,modelandcomputationandthefirstkindoferrorbecomesmoreandmoreoutstandingwiththeon-goingdevelopmentofcomputersandnumericalmodels.Subjecttoavailableobservationmeans,therealatmosphereisanythingbutapproximatelymeasured.Meanwhile,oneshouldpayattentiontothepossibility,assuggestedbyLorenz[1],thatanyslightdifferencesduringtheinitialstatemayleadtoresultsthatturnouttobetotallydissimilarfromwhatwouldbeexpectedotherwise,asfarasdefi…     

A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF LAND FRICTION ON LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK AND INTENSITY

A quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model is used to simulate the influences of topographic forcing and land friction on landfall tropical cyclone track and intensity. The simulation results show that tropical cyclone track may have sudden deflection when the action of topographic friction dissipation is considered, and sudden deflection of the track is easy to happen and sudden change of tropical cyclone intensity is not clear when the intensity of tropical cyclone is weak and the land friction is strong.The land friction may be an important factor that causes sudden deflection of tropical cyclone track around landfall.