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人类和每一种生物的生理生存都依赖于水,而许多人类食品的生产却又破坏了水质(如灌溉、鱼类产卵场的维护等)。要想评价地表水水质是比较困难的。与海水相比,它的离子含量变化非常大,海水是很均一的。 相似文献
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由于目前尚无一套完整的对生态状况和遭受污染进行监测的指标,我们不能确定问题的严重性和广度是否正在地区尺度上加大,这种格局是否是生态系统结构和功能长期明显变化的预警指示,或者它们是否和周围污染程度的变化有着密切的联系。因此,在环境问题(如酸性沉降、全球大气变化、生物多样性降低)的复杂性、影响范围和社会关注越来越明显的今天,我们急需建立一个能足以准确描述未来变化的基本框架。为此,美国国家环保局(EPA)科学咨询委员会于1988年建议在 EPA 领导下实施一项计划,监测生态状况及其发展趋势,同时建立一套在污染达到危机程度之前对出现的问题加以预测的新方法。国家研究理事会最近的一份报告(1990)进一步强调了加强地区和全国性监测的必要性。为了达到更好地对全国生态条件进行评价的需求,EPA 的研究和发展司已开始制定一项环境监测与评价计划(EMAP),正在设计组建一个完整的监测网络。 相似文献
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北京地区风沙活动的监测 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:4
1990-1991年北京风沙整治研究试验站又对北京市东南部沙质土壤地区做了风沙活动的监测,以判断近五年来沙荒地改造利用的效果。监测结果表明:1、北京地区风沙日数继续下降,由1981-1985年的平均每年19.8次下降为1986-1990年的12.4次。扬沙天气日数有所增加,由1951-1985年平均占71.6%,增加为1986-1990年的77.4%。今后防治的重点仍应以防治本地沙源为主,风沙日数下降与当地植被覆盖增加相关。2、风沙天气日数/大风天气日数的比值由前35年的1.40下降为近5年的0.82,说明近五年的防治风沙是有成绩的,风沙日数的减少不单纯是因为大风日数减少所致。3、对典型地段起沙量的观测表明:同样风速下的起沙量大幅度降低,原因是植被保护增加和耕作面形成土壤结壳。4、对沙壤质农田的降尘进行了连续观测,1990年4月-1991年3月年降尘总量267.9 吨/平方公里.年,月平均降尘22.31 吨/平方公里.月,此值略大于北京全市平均值。对今后风沙的防治也提出了原则意见。 相似文献
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胡经国 《云南地理环境研究》1989,(2)
地质灾害研究是一项系统工程。它包括地质灾害的勘察、监测、预测预报和防治。地质灾害研究的目的在于防治,将灾害损失减少到最低限度。防治地质灾害应以防御为主,治理为辅。要有效地防御地质灾害,或者合理地超前治理地质灾害,都需要对地质灾害进行及时准确的时空预测预报。为此,必须在勘察的基础上,对地质灾害的发展动态进行长期系统的监测。只有在对大量可靠的监测资料进行科学分析的基础上,才能作 相似文献
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泥石流监测预警站利用的是泥石流预警报系统,以便对泥石流进行监测后,作出泥石流预警报。泥石流预警报系统由三个子系统组成,这就是:1.暴雨类泥石流预报子系统;2.泥石流地声报警子系统;3.泥石流规模报警子系统。三个子系统分别用在泥石流监测预警站所属的雨量、地声、泥位三类泥石流监测点上。泥石流预警报系统由中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站在蒋家沟研制而成,1985年底通过鉴定,获1986年度中国科学院科学技术进步三等奖。 相似文献
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Monitoring and simulation of water, heat,and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
WATANABEMasataka WANGQinxue HAYASHISeiji MURAKAMIShogo LIUJiyuan OUYANGZhu LIYan LIYingnian WANGKelin 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(2):131-141
1IntroductionInJune1992,theworldsummitorganizedbytheUnitedNations,withparticipantsincludingnationalleadersfromaroundtheworld,concludedwithAgenda21(UnitedNations,1992),theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,inRiodeJaneiro.Thedeclarationpromptedcountr… 相似文献
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WATANABE Masataka WANG Qinxue HAYASHI Seiji MURAKAMI ShogoLIU Jiyuan OUYANG Zhu LI Yan LI Yingnian WANG Kelin 《地理学报》2005,15(2):131-141
The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System- (EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region. 相似文献
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不同类型生态系统水热碳通量的监测与研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
亚太地区环境革新战略项目(APEIS) 在中国5种主要生态系统类型区(草地: 海北、耕地: 禹城、稻田: 桃源、林地: 千烟洲、荒漠: 阜康) 建立了一个以连续观测能量、水分和碳素通量为中心,包括气象、水文、土壤、植被等各项生态要素的监测网络系统,被称之为APEIS-FLUX系统。作者首先对APEIS-FLUX系统的观测数据进行了初步分析,表明该系统稳定可靠,它可以实时地提供高质量、高精度、长期而连续的通量及生态要素的观测数据。对数据的比较清楚地反映出了不同生态系统类型区的水热碳通量的差异性。其次,利用APEIS-FLUX数据对美国航空航天局(NASA) 的MODIS数据产品进行比较验证后发现,除部分产品如地表面温度(MOD11) 等与观测数据较吻合以外,大部分数据产品如土地覆盖(MOD12),叶面积指数(MOD15) 和光合速率与净第一性生产力(MOD17) 等都与观测数据相差深远,有必要对其处理程序和模式进行修正。为此,我们利用APEIS-FLUX的数据作为MOD15和MOD17的生成模型(BIOME-BGC) 的输入数据,并对该模型的有关参数进行了修订。结果表明,该模式在通过修正后,可以很好地模拟植被的生长过程及其相应的水热碳循环过程。 相似文献
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亚太地区环境综合监测的研究方法--APEIS项目研究综述 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了对亚太地区的环境灾害、环境破坏和环境退化及其影响进行监测和评估,由日本环境省发起的亚太地区环境革新战略项日(APEIS)环境综合监测子项(IEM)自2001年开始,建立了一个以MODIS卫星数据和地面观测资料为基础的综合环境监视网络系统。该网络系统起初是由日本国立环境研究所(NIES)和中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所(IGSNRR)共同合作建成的。之后,新加坡国立大学和澳大利亚联邦科学产业研究组织(CSIRO)地球观测中心也正式宣布加入,该系统覆盖整个亚太地区。美国宇航局(NASA)提供了一套MCDIS的高级数据产品,然而,这些产品没能在亚洲地区利用当地的实测资料进行充分地比较和验证。APEIS项目旨在提供利用该地区精确地面观测数据进行了比较验证的高质量数据集。利用该数据集可以推导出水分亏缺指数、沙尘暴指数、地表面温度、土地覆盖变化,以及净第一性生产量等一系列生态环境指标,从而埘环境破坏、环境退化和生态脆弱区进行长期有效的监测。为了评价水资源、食物生产等生态系所提供的产品与服务的现状和变化特征,本研究还开发了一个可利用M0DIS数据的流域环境综合管理模型。该模型已经被用于对流域规模的水、热、碳循环、泥沙转移以及农业生产等生态要素的模拟和评估,并利用高精度的观测资料对其进行了验证。利用该模式可以对流域生态系统所提供的产品与服务的有效利用,以及流域的可持续发展提供一系列战略性的政策选项。 相似文献
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ZHANG Yongqiang SHEN Yanjun YU Qiang LIU Changming A. Kondoh TANG Changyuan SUN Hongyong JIA Jinsheng 《地理学报》2002,12(3):295-300
Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage. 相似文献
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黄土高原不同气候区裸地水、热特征对比 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了更好地理解陆地表面水、热通量的空间差异,利用2009年和2010年1月黄土高原陆面过程观测试验(LOPEX)的陆面过程资料,对比分析了不同气候区主要地表水、热通量特征。结果表明:半干旱区的定西在近地层气象要素、土壤湿度、动量通量、地表能量及CO2通量等主要陆面特征物理量与半湿润区的平凉、庆阳差异明显;气候背景相接近的平凉、庆阳的主要陆面特征量比较接近。虽然地形、地势、海拔、下垫面影响因子也是影响陆面特征的重要因素,但是气候背景差异愈明显,陆面特征差异也愈大,即一个地区的气候背景是陆面过程特征的主要决定因子,对陆面特征产生综合影响,而地形、地貌只对一个或几个陆面物理量有影响。 相似文献
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Estimation of ground heat flux and its impact on the surface energy budget for a semi-arid grassland 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Three approaches, i.e., the harmonic analysis (HA) technique, the thermal diffusion equation and correction (TDEC) method, and the calorimetric method used to estimate ground heat flux, are evaluated by using observations from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) in July, 2008. The calorimetric method, which involves soil heat flux measurement with an HFP01SC self-calibrating heat flux plate buried at a depth of 5 cm and heat storage in the soil between the plate and the surface, is here called the ITHP approach. The results show good linear relationships between the soil heat fluxes measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate and those calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method, respectively, at a depth of 5 cm. The soil heat fluxes calculated with the latter two methods well follow the phase measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate. The magnitudes of the soil heat flux calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method are close to each other, and they are about 2 percent and 6 percent larger than the measured soil heat flux, respectively, which mainly occur during the nighttime. Moreover, the ground heat fluxes calculated with the TDEC method and the HA technique are highly correlated with each other (R2 = 0.97), and their difference is only about 1 percent. The TDEC-calculated ground heat flux also has a good linear relationship with the ITHP-calculated ground heat flux (R2 = 0.99), but their difference is larger (about 9 percent). Furthermore, compared to the HFP01SC direct measurements at a depth of 5 cm, the ground heat flux calculated with the HA technique, the TDEC method, and the ITHP approach can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 percent, 7 percent, and 6 percent at SACOL site, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of ground heat flux to the surface energy budget is very important for the semi-arid grassland over the Loess Plateau in China. Using turbulent heat fluxes with common corrections, soil heat storage between the surface and the heat flux plate can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 to 7 percent, resulting in a closure of 82 to 83 percent at the SACOL site. 相似文献
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本文根据作者随中国第11次南极考察队(1994-1996年)赴中山站夏考期间,使用TMT(系留式气象塔)观测系统,在中山站、冰盖和海冰等三个点上观测到的气温、湿度、风速、风向和气压等大气要素的廓线资料,利用相似理论的通量-廓线关系,给出这三个观测点上的动量通量、曳力系数和感热通量,在近中性条件下,中山站粗糙度高度为2.9cm,冰盖与海冰点二者粗糙度高度差不多,分别为2.8×10-2cm和3.6×10-2cm,曳力系数则分别为5.06×10-3、1.34×10-3和1.41×10-3。结果表明,即使在中山站地区这样一个尺度范围内,由于下垫面的热力学特性、地形、地貌、地势和地理位置等的差异,无论是大气边界层结构还是湍流通量等的输送特性都有明显的差别,因此南极地区的大气边界层结构和冰(雪)-气交换特征都是比较复杂的,具有很强的局地性 相似文献
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本文简述了南大洋在全球碳循环系统中的重要作用以及极地海域海洋CO2通量现场实测数据调查的局限性和存在问题,借鉴国外学者在大洋利用卫星数据估算海-气CO2通量的研究成果,结合我国在南极积累的二十多年的大洋考察资料,展望我国在南大洋进行相关碳通量估算的研究前景。总的基本思路是:从海表层水CO2分压和其相应的调控因子之间推导出经验公式,通过最佳的插值方式由卫星遥感数据外推整个计算海域的CO2数据场,与实测数据做比较,计算碳通量。 相似文献