海洋一号D卫星捕捉到南极火山喷发

海洋一号C卫星和D卫星( HY-1C、HY-1D)是我国首次形成的上、下午组网业务化观测的海洋水色卫星,分别于2018年9月7日和2020年6月11日发射.HY-1C和HY-1D卫星均搭载了海洋水色水温扫描仪、海岸带成像仪( CZI)、紫外成像仪、星上定标光谱仪和船舶监测系统,很好地满足了海洋水色水温、海岸带和海洋灾害...     

HY-2C卫星海面高度数据的质量分析

卫星海面高度数据对于监测全球海面高度具有重要的意义,所以卫星高度数据的定标和检验变得至关重要。海洋二号C（HY-2C）卫星是继海洋二号B卫星后的第二颗业务卫星,于2020年成功发射升空。然而,目前对HY-2C卫星高度计的数据质量了解甚少,所以对HY-2C卫星的海面高度数据进行质量分析具有重要的意义。本文以同期观测的HY-2B卫星和Jason-3卫星的地球物理数据（GDR）为参考,对HY-2C卫星遥感地球物理数据（SGDR）中的海面高度数据进行质量分析。结果显示,在星星交叉定标中使用3种常见的交叉定标插值方法对HY-2C卫星的海面高度异常数据进行自交叉点分析时,HY-2C卫星海面高度异常数据质量分析的结果不同。其中使用三次样条插值方法进行质量分析的结果最优,得到海平面高度异常差的平均值为0.03 cm,标准差为6.17 cm。此外,对HY-2C卫星和HY-2B卫星互交叉点海面高度异常差异的平均值为−0.47 cm,标准差为5.32 cm;HY-2C卫星SGDR与Jason-3卫星GDR的海面高度异常数据进行互交叉点分析,得到海平面高度异常差的平均值为−0.3 cm,标准差为5.32 cm,这些数据表明HY-2C卫星的测高精度与HY-2B卫星、Jason-3卫星一致。因此HY-2C高度计产品数据质量稳定,能满足海洋应用和科学研究的需要。     

东南亚海域HY-1C SST数据评估与校正

海洋一号C卫星（HY-1C）是服务于海洋水色水温、海岸带和海洋灾害与环境监测的业务化应用卫星,是海洋遥感数据的重要来源,对中国HY-1C卫星红外辐射计在东南亚海域的SST观测数据开展评估与校正工作具有重要意义。本研究基于多源卫星SST数据和ARGO浮标测量温度数据,对中国HY-1C卫星在东南亚海域的SST数据进行了质量评估和改进工作。HY-1C SST数据的质量评估结果表明：HY-1C白天的平均偏差、标准差和均方根误差分别为–0.73℃、1.38℃和1.56℃,夜晚数据偏差分别为–0.95℃、1.57℃和1.83℃。与其他同类红外辐射计的数据质量对比发现HY-1CSST数据精度低于其他红外辐射计。采用月平均差值校正、SST分区域差值校正、SST分段校正3种校正方法对HY-1C SST数据质量进行改进,其中HY-1C SST分区域校正的质量提升最明显,标准差、均方根误差接近1℃,夜晚均方根误差比校正前降低了约0.8℃,白天和晚上均方根误差分别降低了32.52%和42.04%。     

HY-2A卫星海面高度数据质量评估

对HY-2A卫星雷达高度计数据进行筛选获取有效的观测点,利用HY-2A卫星第18~23周期数据和同时在轨的Jason-2数据进行交叉点选取,对两颗卫星在交叉点海面高度异常值的差值进行统计与分析,提出了基于交叉点差值统计特征的筛除HY-2A轨道数据方法,评估了HY-2A卫星雷达高度数据质量。结果显示,HY-2A卫星18~23周期阈值筛选去除的点个数占总海洋观测点约12%,HY-2A海面高度异常与Jason-2海面高度异常的标准偏差在7.0 cm,数据精度满足设计精度要求。     

HY-1C/D卫星中国海洋水色水温扫描仪几何定位方法

海洋一号C/D（HY-1C/D）卫星中国海洋水色水温扫描仪（Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner,COCTS）主要用于探测海洋水色、水温等要素,这些要素需要经过卫星资料处理才能获取,而几何定位是预处理的核心,直接影响这些要素的质量。COCTS具有114°视场角和四元逐点摆扫的特征,据此研究出一套完整的几何定位方法。从0级数据中提取卫星星历,利用插值法从中获取采样时间对应的卫星位置和速度,进而得到轨道（ORB）坐标系到地心旋转（ECR）坐标系的转换矩阵。基于四元逐点摆扫的特征,中心视矢量分别绕X轴、Y轴旋转相应角度,获得扫描行各采样点ORB视矢量,建立视矢量与地球交叉点关系模型,从而对根据波段数据绘制的遥感图像进行地理定位。本文使用插值法替代了传统需要6个轨道根数来计算卫星位置的复杂方法,同时直接计算ORB到ECR的转换矩阵,而不采用传统的两步转换方法。经过多组数据计算及定性定量验证,HY-1C/D COCTS几何定位结果一致;采样像元尺度效应导致从星下点到两侧边缘、从赤道到两极,误差逐渐增大,约在两个像元内。该方法满足一定的定位精度要求,可以用于COCTS的几何定位。     

HY-1C卫星影像中太阳耀斑区域的预测技术研究

对卫星影像太阳耀斑区域的预测是保障船-星同步观测有效实施的基础性工作。本文在对HY-1C卫星影像各像元观测几何分析的基础上,简化构建卫星影像各像元的网格化模型,介绍了利用卫星轨道报估算的卫星-太阳-像元位置的观测几何,进而估算卫星影像中太阳耀斑区域的技术方法。经与HY-1C实际卫星影像的应用比对,表明本文预测的像元位置、太阳位置以及卫星观测天底角/方位角均与实际影像数据具有很好的重合度,预测的太阳耀斑区域与实际影像耀斑掩码区重合度良好,验证了该方法能够预测影像中太阳耀斑区域,保障船-星同步观测的能力。     

基于光谱阈值法和分裂合并聚类算法的“HY-1A”CCD云检测算法和应用

“海洋1号A”卫星(简称“HY-1A”)是我国第一颗海洋卫星,它搭载了水色扫描仪和CCD成像仪,其中CCD成像仪主要应用于海岸带地区.为了对海岸带地区进行准确的信息提取和分析,必须去除云的影响和干扰,因此本文针对“HY-1A”CCD数据的特点,对云检测算法进行了评估、遴选和改造,实现了业务化应用,这也是“HY-1A”卫星CCD成像仪海岸带应用示范系统的重要工作之一.云检测的方法众多,主要可以分为可见光/红外阈值法和聚类法两种,每种方法还可以辅以空间均匀性判识.     

HY-2卫星雷达高度计时标偏差估算

卫星雷达高度计是海洋遥感监测的重要传感器之一,测高系统和定轨系统是高度计重要的组成部分。若两系统使用不同的系统时钟,则获得的轨道高度和卫星测距值之间可能会存在一个时标偏差,该时标偏差会降低卫星雷达高度计的海面高度测量精度。针对HY-2卫星雷达高度计的时标偏差问题,本文分析了时标偏差对测高精度的影响,介绍了一种使用自交叉点数据估算时标偏差值的方法,并基于HY-2卫星雷达高度计第21个周期数据开展了时标偏差修正实验。时标偏差修正后HY-2自交叉点的海面高度差值(也称"不符值")分布收敛程度有了明显的提高,其RMS均方根值从24.7 cm减小到了7.0 cm,HY-2与Jason-2互交叉点的不符值的RMS也从16.6 cm减小到了7.3 cm。这表明本文介绍的时标偏差修正方法可有效地提高HY-2卫星雷达高度计的测高精度。     

基于星载GPS数据的HY-2B卫星简化动力学精密定轨

为研究满足HY-2B星载GPS定轨要求的EGM2008重力场模型合理阶次和HY-2B卫星简化动力学定轨精度,采用HY-2B卫星14天星载GPS观测数据及不同阶次EGM2008重力场,进行简化动力学轨道确定。结果表明：采用120阶及以上阶次的EGM2008重力场模型,能够获得厘米级高精度定轨结果。同时,检核结果显示：采用简化动力学法定轨时,载波相位残差结果稳定在6.2～6.8 mm之间,重叠轨道对比结果在轨道径向、切向、法向上均优于0.6 cm, SLR检核整体轨道精度优于4 cm。定轨结果满足测高卫星需求,可为后续我国海洋系列卫星精密轨道确定等相关科学研究提供借鉴。     

南海北部叶绿素a浓度遥感反演算法评估与COCTS反演算法构建

本文利用2018年9—10月和2020年7—8月在南海北部海域获取的叶绿素a浓度和遥感反射率现场实测数据,对3种叶绿素a浓度标准算法（OC2v4、OC3M和OC4v4）及3种区域算法（OC4v4＿TP、OC2＿X、INOC3）进行了模型精度评估;根据我国自主海洋水色卫星（HY-1C和HY-1D卫星）搭载的水色水温扫描仪（COCTS）的波段设置,构建了适用于我国南海北部海域的两波段、三波段、四波段和五波段比值的叶绿素a浓度反演算法。研究结果表明：标准算法的反演精度优于区域算法;针对HY-1C和HY-1D卫星构建的五波段比值OC5＿C算法反演精度较标准算法反演精度有很大提高,叶绿素a浓度反演值与实测值的平均绝对误差为0.08μg/L,平均相对误差为21.36%,可为我国海洋水色卫星遥感数据在南海及同类水体的定量化应用提供算法支撑。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.