Application of ASTER data in characterization of environmental pollution in Takab area, NW Iran

The Takab area in NW of Iran is an important gold mineralized region with a long history of gold mining. In this study ASTER data is used to evaluate environmental effects of gold mining. The results show that mining activities have resulted in release of…     

Discrimination of Different Erosion Levels of Porphyry Cu Deposits using ASTER Image Processing in Eastern Iran: a Case Study in the Maherabad, Shadan, and Chah Shaljami Areas

The Lut block, eastern Iran, is one of the most extensive Cenozoic magmatic rocks, that show suitable targets for porphyry Cu-Au and high-sulfidation epithermal Au related to porphyry Cu-Au mineralization. In this study, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） was used to identify different erosion levels of three porphyry Cu deposits, including Maherabad, Shadan, and Chah Shaljami, located in the Lut block volcanic-plutonic belt. Alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, alunite, jarosite, epidote, chlorite, montmorillonite, muscovite, biotite, orthoclase, gypsum, and quartz, are selected to map different alteration zones and erosion levels. Distributions of end-members are mapped by using the SAM and MTMF in VNIR and SWIR of ASTER bands and the results are evaluated against the field studies. For some end-members, the results of SAM processing are more reliable compared to the MTMF because the latter looses field spectra. The use of angle threshold in the SAM, and MF-score and infeasibility value in the MTMF or low abundance of some end-members, and finally comparison of output images of spectral processing show good correlation with alteration maps. Differentiation and explanation of various erosion levels of porphyry Cu deposits are done successfully by using the ASTER sensor data.     

Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization

Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein-type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW-SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE-SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Pb-Zn vein-type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn (up to 100 ppm), the age (43.6 to 31.4 Ma) and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7047 to 0.7065) of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block (middle Eocene-lower Oligocene) for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.     

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand,Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method for determining the optimum threshold (maximum spectral angle) to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits: Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000790

The Heilangou gold deposit is located in the northern QixiaePenglai gold belt, which is one amongst the three large gold belts in the eastern Shandong Province （Jiaodong Peninsula）. The ore body has formed within the Guojialing granite. In this study, we report the mineral chemistry of pyrite, as well as the S, Pb, and HeO isotope data of the Heilangou gold deposit. The chemical composition of pyrite in the Heilangou gold deposit indicates that the associated gold deposit is a typical magmatic hydrothermal one. The geochemical signatures and crystal structure of pyrite show that the ore-forming materials have been derived from the crust. The S isotope data of the pyrites from Heilangou show an overall range from 5.5 to 7.8＆amp;and an average of 6.7＆amp;. The S isotope data in this deposit are similar to those from the deposits in the Jiaodong gold belt. The Pb and S isotope variations are small in the Heilangou gold deposit. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios are 17.4653e17.5958, 15.5105e15.5746 and 38.0749e38.4361, respec-tively. These data plot between the lower crust and the orogenic belt. The Pb isotope data in the Heilangou gold deposit are similar to those in the Linglong gold deposit. From the Qixia gold area （the Liukou and Majiayao gold deposits） to the MupingeRushan gold belt （Rushan gold deposit） to the ZhaoeYe gold belt （the Linglong, Sanshandao and Jiaojia gold deposits）, the 206Pb/204Pb ratios progressively increase. The DeO isotope data obtained from quartz separates suggest that the ore-forming fluid was similar to a mixture of magmatic and meteoric waters. These results suggest that the ore-forming elements were primarily from source fluids derived from the lower crust.     

Geochemistry and Genesis of Iron-apatite Ore in the Khanlogh Deposit, Eastern Cenozoic Quchan-Sabzevar Magmatic Arc, NE Iran

The Khanlogh deposit in the Cenozoic Quchan-Sabzevar magmatic belt, NE Iran, is hosted by Oligocene granodioritic rock. The Khanlogh intrusive body is I-type granitoid of the calc-alkaline series. The orebodies are vein, veinlet, massive, and breccia in shape and occur along the fault zones and fractures within the host rock. Ore minerals dominantly comprise magnetite and apatite associated with epidote, clinopyroxene, calcite, quartz, and chlorite. Apatites of the Khanlogh deposit have a high concentration of REE, and show a strong LREE/HREE ratio with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. Magnetites have a high concentration of REE and show weak to moderate LREE/HREE fractionation. They are comparable to the REE patterns in Kiruna-type iron ores and show an affinity to calc-alkaline magmas. The Khanlogh deposit is similar in the aspects of host rock lithology, alteration, mineralogy, and mineral chemistry to the Kiruna-type deposits. Field observations, hydrothermal alteration halos, style of mineralization, and the geochemical characteristics of apatite, magnetite, and host rock indicate that these magnetite veins have hydrothermal origin similar to Cenozoic Kiruna-type deposits within the Tarom subzone, NW Iran, and are not related to silica-iron oxide immiscibility, as are the major Precambrian magnetite deposits in central Iran.     

Tectonic-mineralizing Fluids in the Kekesayi Gold Deposit,Qinghe, XinjiangEI北大核心CSCD

The Kekesayi gold deposit is located in the Buergen ductile shear zone in the southern margin of Altay, Qinghe County, Xinjiang. The deposit consists of altered mylonite type and gold-bearing quartz veins type ores. The main ore-bearing rocks are gray metamorphic tuffs of the Tuoranggekuduke Formation. The ores are mostly lenticular and vein, and are strictly controlled by shear bands. Through field investigation, sample collection and laboratory identification, the structural alteration characteristics are studied in detail. The microstructure of quartz is analyzed by SEM cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL). The fluid inclusions of the deposit were studied by means of micro-temperature measurement and laser Raman analysis, and the tectonic-fluid evolution characteristics were discussed. Our results showed that: (1) The gold mineralization is closely related to the structural alteration of the ductile shear zone. The mylonitization, subgrain deformation and fluid structure are developed in the mining area. The recrystallized texture, dissolution structure and multistage composite shear structure characteristics of SEM-CL show that the deformation and metamorphism are very strong. The tectonic-hydrothermal activity resulted in strong silicification and pyritization and closely related to gold mineralization. (2) The fluid inclusions of quartz veins in the mineralized rocks are distributed in groups and the morphology of the fluid inclusions are mostly oval and tadpole in shape. The primary fluid inclusions are distributed in disorder, and the secondary fluid inclusions distribute linearly along the fissures mostly elongated owing to the strong tectonic deformation. Fluid inclusions are not of uniform size, generally are 8-20 μm. The types of inclusions can be classified according to the petrography and micro temperature measurement: two phase aqueous solution type (LH2O-VH2O), carbon-rich type (LH2O-LH2O) and single phase aqueous solution type (LH2O). The evolution of the fluid is characterized by high temperature, low salinity and rich CO2 in the early stage. As the deformation of the shear zone increases in the middle and late stages, the fluid evolved into low temperature, low salinity rich H2O. (3) The Kekesayi gold deposit has the characteristics of orogenic gold deposit, and the evolutionary characteristics of tectonic-ore forming fluids are consistent with the evolution of shear zones. Structural alteration of shear zone is the main controlling factor of mineralization. And magmatic hydrothermal alteration may also play an important role in mineralization. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Characteristics of Ore-controlling Structures and Ore Emplacement Mechanism in the Shihu Gold Deposit,Hebei Province - A Case Study of the No.101 VeinEI北大核心CSCD

The Shihu gold deposit lies in the middle-northern Taihang Mountains and is strictly controlled by faults. The ore-controlling structures in the mining district are not well-documented. Detailed field observation and laboratory investigation of the No.101 vein indicated that the ore-controlling structures of the Shihu gold deposit are the pre-Mesozoic shear joints with SN and NW strike that reactivated during the Yanshanian emerged from. The NNW-SSE left-strike-slip stresses during the main mineralization stage led to the dilation of the NW-strike structural segments along the roof and footwall of the early quartz diorite porphyrite veins, which contributed to the extensive wall-rock alteration, intensive gold mineralization and occur as quartz-vein type ores, and consequently the formation of rich ore pillars. On the contrary, the SN-strike compressive structures correspond to the weak wall-rock alteration and gold mineralization and occur as altered-rock type ores. All the rich ore pillars laterally distributed with high-angle (70°±), and wholly pitched southward with 40° angle. According to the structural ore-controlling regularities, the location between the No.47 and the No.61 exploratory line with elevation below 150 m is an excellent ore-prospecting area. Our prospecting proposal based on the ore-controlling structural analyses in the study area has been proven by the underground works in the Shihu gold deposit. © 2017, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Newly Discovered Native Gold and Bismuth in the Cihai Iron-Cobalt Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Cihai iron-cobalt deposit is located in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan ironpolymetallic metallogenic belt. Anomalous native gold and bismuth have been newly identified in Cinan mining section of the Cihai deposit. Ore formation in the deposit can be divided into three stages based on geological and petrographical observations:(I) skarn, with the main mineral assemblage being garnet-pyroxene-magnetite;(II) retrograde alteration, forming the main iron ores and including massive magnetite, native gold, native bismuth, and cobalt-bearing minerals, with the main mineral assemblage being ilvaite-magnetite-native gold-native bismuth; and(III) quartz-calcitesulfide assemblage that contains quartz, calcite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, and safflorite. Native gold mainly coexists with native bismuth, and they are paragenetically related. The temperature of initial skarn formation was higher than 340℃, and then subsequently decreased to ~312℃ and ~266℃. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during the iron ore depositional event was higher than the melting point of native bismuth(271℃), and native bismuth melt scavenged gold in the hydrothermal fluid, forming a Bi-Au melt. As the temperature decreased, the Bi-Au melt was decomposed into native gold and native bismuth. The native gold and native bismuth identified during this study can provide a scientific basis for prospecting and exploration for both gold- and bismuth-bearing deposits in the Cihai mining area. The gold mineralization in Cihai is a part of the Early Permian Cu-Ni-Au-Fe polymetallic ore-forming event, and its discovery has implications for the resource potential of other iron skarn deposits in the eastern Tianshan.     

Laumontitization as an Exploration Indicator of Epithermal Gold Deposits： A Case Study of the Axi and Other Epithermal Systems in West Tianshan, China

In the light of field investigation, microscopic study, X-ray phase analysis and mineral infrared spectral analysis, it is considered that laumontitization is of extensive occurrence in the Axi gold orefield. The development of laumontitization and its relationship to mineralization show that the laumontitization appeared mainly at the top of and in the periphery of orebodies, and occurred at the edge of the epithermal system or at the late stage of epithermal system evolution. Therefore, laumontitization can be used as an exploration indicator of epithermal gold deposits. The fluids responsible for laumontitization in the Axi gold orefield are similar to those producing hot spring-type gold deposits or those from modem geothermal fields. Epithermal mineralization of the Axi gold deposit was dated at Carboniferous, indicating that the West Tianshan of China is a region favorable to epithermal-type gold mineralization and preservation. Hence the West Tianshan of China is a target area for exploring epithermal gold deposits.     

湖南梅城—寒婆坳地区煤田显微构造成因

从显微尺度分析了湖南梅城-寒婆坳地区岩石中出现较多的显微构造现象,并结合区域构造背景,从宏观和微观角度分析了研究区煤田构造成因。结果表明,研究区以低温脆性变形为主,多组裂隙的交错发育表明了应力场的多期次性,应用缝合线反演得出研究区印支期第Ⅰ期NW-SE向为最大主压应力场,第Ⅱ期NE-SW向挤压应力场次之;平均差应力为50~70 MPa,表明印支期以来煤田构造变形过程中,岩石经历了中等偏低强度的构造应力作用。梅城-寒婆坳地区煤田构造是在脆性-脆韧性变形为主的多期次中等偏低强度的复杂构造运动条件下形成的。     

花岗质岩石中岩石包体研究的新进展

介绍了近年来国内外在花岗质岩石中的岩石包体研究的部分成果，重点论述了利用花岗质岩石中的岩石包体研究岩浆底侵作用、内生成矿作用、岩浆混合作用和区域变质作用等方面的主要进展。     

蒙古国塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组火山碎屑岩中片钠铝石胶结物的成因

塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷铜钵庙组火山碎屑岩中发育大量的片钠铝石自生矿物。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析等,查明了火山碎屑岩中的胶结物与自生矿物类型和成岩共生序列。含片钠铝石火山碎屑岩的成岩共生序列为粘土包壳-方解石-一期微晶石英-一期高岭石-二期微晶石英、二期高岭石、片钠铝石-铁白云石;通过MAT253稳定同位素质谱仪确定了片钠铝石和铁白云石的稳定同位素组成为片钠铝石的δ¹³C_PDB为-8.15‰~-2.81‰,与片钠铝石平衡的CO₂的δ¹³C_CO2为-12.91‰~-7.55‰,通过与海拉尔盆地及BGS盆地系碳氧同位素数据的类比,表明片钠铝石中的碳主要为幔源岩浆来源,形成片钠铝石的钠和铝主要来源于安山岩岩屑、长石晶屑碎屑、玻屑和火山灰等;铁白云石的δ¹³C_PDB为-6.76‰~-2.65‰,与片钠铝石的碳氧同位素数据相似,结合相关地质实例及地球化学模拟实验,可以推断铁白云石中的碳也是幔源岩浆来源,铁白云石中的铁离子主要来源于安山岩岩屑、玻屑、火山灰和蒙脱石等矿物。     

Presence of radon in groundwater in parts of Bangalore

Presence of high levels of Radon (²²²Rn) gas was reported from groundwater in Bangalore. To ascertain the ground reality and the nature of the hazards, if any, a study was conducted by the Central Ground Water Board, Bangalore in and around Bangalore city. Groundwater samples from borewells and a dug well were collected and analysed. Available data on Radon gas from both groundwater and surface water sources were also compared. The presence of Radon gas and its concentration in groundwater were examined with respect to geology and well depths. The results are discussed in the paper.     

Association of hydrogeological factors in temporal variations of fluoride concentration in a crystalline aquifer in India

The major part of groundwater in India is found in granitic aquifers. Fluoride in groundwater from a crystalline aquifer in a semi-arid region of granitic rocks in India, known as Maheshwaram watershed, was analyzed for spatial and temporal variability during 1999–2002 to assess the effect of hydrogeological factors on fluoride concentration. Samples were collected from 32 representative wells in the area for the pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for F content. The CHESS computer program was used to calculate ionic activities of aqueous species and the mineral saturation index (SI) for calcite and fluorite. The GARDENIA computer program was used to calculate the recharge values in the study area. The influences of dissolution kinetics of fluoride minerals and recharge from rainfall on fluoride concentration were of interest and results clearly indicate that fluoride content in groundwater depends on the interaction period of groundwater with host rock. Results could also be utilized for designing remedial measures particularly with dilution method in an optimal way.     

复杂性科学理论在地球物质学中的作用

地球物质学是一门以复杂的地球系统为研究对象的新学科,而复杂性科学专门用来研究一些非线性复杂问题。目前复杂性科学已在不同的学科中得到广泛应用,同时也在地球物质学中得到应用,成为地球物质学中最基本和最重要的理论。     

CSAMT法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

X射线荧光光谱分析在我国铁矿石分析中的应用

系统介绍了20世纪90年代以来X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）在我国铁矿石分析中的应用,包括粉末压片法和熔片法两种最基本的分析手段,主要内容集中在熔片—波长色散X射线荧光光谱分析法在我国铁矿石分析方面的测试技术,重点介绍了熔剂的类型、配比、熔片方法、熔融温度以及钴内标的使用,同时介绍了基体效应校正、谱线重叠校正等方面的内容。     

我国矿山环境地质问题类型划分研究

根据矿种类型、矿山开发阶段和矿山存在问题性质的不同,提出了我国矿山环境地质问题类型的3种划分方案。依据矿种所进行的矿山环境地质问题类型划分方案,虽然较为详细具体,但有些问题是相互重复的;依据矿山开发阶段所进行的划分方案,虽然刻画了矿山开发演变整个历史过程中所面临的不同问题,但较为宏观简单;依据矿山自身存在问题的性质的划分方案较为适用。文章最后系统分析了依据问题性质而划分的矿山环境地质问题各类型的特征。     

我国荒漠戈壁区矿产勘查技术研究与应用现状

由于荒漠戈壁区的地质工作条件恶劣,为减少勘查成本,避免盲目勘查,在该区开展了航卫遥感技术、大深度物探技术(包括航空、地面和地下等空间)、深穿透地球化学勘查方法和非线性理论数据处理方法等应用,目前在岩性构造推断和矿化信息提取等方面取得了一定的进展。