地球系统、成矿系统到勘查系统

面对21世纪,矿床学和矿业发展有两大趋势(1)全球化;(2)矿产开发和环境保护的协调发展。矿床研究要扩展到全球背景。在简述地球系统和地球系统科学的基础上,提出了地质突发事件具有灾害和资源的两重性的观点。强调要从地球系统的大背景来研究成矿环境和成矿过程,也即将矿床成因和成矿系统研究提高到地球系统科学的层次,这是新世纪中矿床学发展的一个显著特点。成矿系统是一个有特色的地质系统,文中提出成矿系统论的5个要点(1)根据构造动力体制划分成矿系统大类;(2)多因耦合、临界转换的基本成矿机制;(3)矿床系列和地质-物探-化探-遥感异常系列共同构成的矿化网络;(4)矿床形成—变化—保存的全过程;(5)成矿系统的资源-环境双重效应。成矿系统论对于指导矿产勘查有重要意义。文中提出了成矿系统研究向勘查系统转化的原则和方法。通过对成矿系统的整体分析、空间分析、时间分析和历史分析,有助于明确找矿方向和目标。西藏朱诺斑岩铜矿的实践表明,勘查选区的核心问题是对找矿信息的分析、理解和把握。要将筛选关键找矿信息与分析成矿地质环境、控矿因素二者有机结合,赋予各种信息以客观、准确的地质内涵,是勘查选区成功的必要条件。最后,用“三环图”表示了地球系统、成矿系统和勘查系统的辩证关系。     

大地坐标系与投影坐标系

在物探化探工作中,所有的测点在陆地、海洋、空中均有它唯一的空间位置。在工作的不同阶段,测点位置按工作设计要求采用不同的方式予以标示。在实地观测时,测点定位采用全球定位系统GPS（DGPS）,由大地坐标系的大地坐标标示测点位置。在展示工作成果时,则采用投影坐标系的平面直角坐标标示测点位置。这里介绍了大地坐标系、常用投影坐标系的建立与特征,投影坐标系的选择与应用,不涉及具体的计算公式。     

煤层气系统——一种非常规含油气系统

为了更加有效地预测煤层气分布,指出煤层气有利勘探区域,引入了含油气系统来研究煤层气。煤层气系统是由煤层和其中的煤层气及煤层气藏形成所必需的一切地质要素和作用所组成的天然系统,其中的地质要素包括煤层及其顶底板,作用是煤层气的生成、储集和保存等。煤层气系统的建立和研究,为煤层气的勘探和开发提供了一种新的思维方式和研究方法,以及一套煤层气勘探研究的程序和框架。      

含煤系统

从煤地质学和系统论结合的基础上提出含煤系统的概念。含煤系统的基本要素有:物源、聚煤环境、地下热流。有关的成煤作用包括:泥炭的原地堆积—异地搬运作用、地壳旋回运动所引起的埋藏作用和成煤阶段的热变质作用。这些基本要素和成煤作用必须在时间空间上相配置,才有可能形成有工业价值的煤层。含煤系统在时间上可以分为物质来源子系统、物质堆积子系统、埋藏变质子系统。在空间上可以分为若干低一级的与此含煤系统特征相似的含煤子系统      

Ordovician system

Rocks in the Brungle‐Darbalara area of the Tumut Trough form two distinct domains: basement (mainly Bullawyarra Schist), of Cambrian‐Ordovician age, and an Ordovician ‐ Early Silurian sedimentary and volcanic cover sequence. These two domains are separated by a sharp discontinuity that marks an abrupt change in rock type, structure, metamorphic grade and deformation style. Cover sequences have undergone only one major penetrative deformation during the Late Silurian, involving sub‐greenschist facies metamorphism and upright folding. In contrast, the basement also underwent at least two older deformations at greenschist facies and contains distinct high‐strain zones subconcordant with the basement‐cover contact. The high‐strain zones, characterized by a ubiquitous south‐southeast trending mineral lineation, record a discontinuous history of ductile followed by brittle behaviour, consistent with an extensional origin.

The structural and metamorphic discontinuity separating basement from Silurian cover is characterized by widespread cataclasis and alteration and is interpreted as a major detachment fault associated with lithospheric extension and the development of the Tumut Trough in the Early Silurian. During the main period of movement on the detachment, which took place prior to intrusion of the Blacks Flat Diorite into the Bullawyarra Schist, mafic and serpentinized ultramafic rocks either were tectonically emplaced or intruded into the high strain zones. This preceded and accompanied extensional faulting of the cover and deposition of Silurian trough sediments and volcanics which unconformably overlie and onlap older units.

The development of the Tumut Trough, in the Brungle‐Darbalara area, bears many similarities with that of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Such a model is consistent with environments suggested for the trough by previous workers. The south‐southeast extension direction parallels the trough‐bounding faults and implies an overall strike‐slip tectonic setting.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系含水层系统分析

从地下水含水层系统的角度对鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系地下水系统进行了划分和分析。由于下白垩系统保安群为一套陆相碎屑岩建造,岩性复杂,由砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩组成的频繁交替、重复叠置的多层层状结构,决定了鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地是多层结构的地下水系统。这种重复叠置的多层层状地质结构,决定了地下水含水层系统的多层性、承压性及层与层之间的相对封闭性。根据沉积旋回和含水介质的性质,在全盆地范围内把白垩系地下水系统从上向下划分为：罗汉洞含水岩组、环河含水岩组和洛河含水岩组。通过对这3大含水岩组分别进行了分析认为,洛河含水岩组和环河含水岩组分布范围广、,含水层厚度大、天然资源丰富,是盆地区具供水意义的主要含水岩组。罗汉洞含水岩组因分布面积小,含水层厚度差异大、水质变化大,除陇东地区外,大部分地区供水价值较小。     

The system Pb-As-S

Silica-tube quenching experiments and gold-tube pressure experiments were used to study phase relations in the PbS-rich portion of the system Pb-As-S. Emphasis was placed on determining the P-T-X stability relations of jordanite, the most Pb-rich of the synthetic Pb-As-S compounds. Jordanite, Pb₉As₄S₁₅, is stable below 549 ± 3° C, at which temperature it melts to galena, liquid, and a sulfur-rich vapor phase. Confining pressures of up to 2 Kb do not measurably change this reaction temperature. Density measurements on synthetic material show that the jordanite cell contains 3 (Pb₉As₄S₁₅); space group P2₁/m requires that the cell content be expressed as either Pb_28–xAs₁₂S_46–x or Pb_26+xAs₁₂S_44+x, with the former much more probable from a structural point of view. In both cases 0.8 < x < 1.4 and the situation is thus quite different from the usual case of defect structures, such as pyrrhotite, Fe_1–xS, which shows considerable range of solid solution. Heating experiments on natural gratonite (Pb₉As₄S₁₅) show that this mineral is most probably a low-temperature dimorph of jordanite, the inversion occurring below 250° C. Experiments have also confirmed the extensive substitution of Sb for As in jordanite, as suspected from chemical analyses of the isostructural mineral geocronite (Pb_28–x(As,Sb)₁₂S_46–x).

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Zusammenfassung Durch Abschreckversuche mit Hilfe von Quarz- und Gold-Druckampullen wurden die Phasenbeziehungen im PbS-reichen Teil des Pb-As-S-Systems studiert. Besonderer Wert wurde auf die Feststellung der P-T-X-Stabilitätsverhältnisse des Jordanits, des Pb-reichsten Phase der synthetischen Pb-As-S-Reihe, gelegt. Jordanit (Pb₉As₄S₁₅) ist unterhalb 549 ± 3° C stabil, wo er sich semikongruent zu PbS, einer Schmelze und einer schwefelreichen Dampfphase zersetzt. Drucke bis zu 2 kb ergaben keine meßbaren Änderungen dieser Reaktionstemperatur. Dichtemessungen am synthetischen Material weisen darauf hin, daß die Jordanitzelle 3 × (Pb₉As₄S₁₅) enthält. Die Raumgruppe P2₁/m fordert entweder die Formel Pb_28–xAs₁₂S_46–x oder Pb_26+xAs₁₂S_44+x, wobei die erstere Form strukturell wahrscheinlicher zu sein scheint. In beiden Fällen ist 0.8 < x < 1.4 und weicht vom gebräuchlichen Begriff der Defektstrukturen, wie z.B. beim Pyrrhotin (Fe_1–xS) ab, wie das bemerkenswerte Mischkristallfeld zeigt. Erhitzen von natürlichem Gratonit (Pb₉As₄S₁₅) zeigt, daß dieses Mineral sehr wahrscheinlich eine dimorphe Tieftemperaturphase des Jordanits ist. Die Umwandlung erfolgt unterhalb 250° C. Außerdem wurde eine umfangreichere Substitution von As durch Sb im Jordanit festgestellt, was nach den chemischen Analysen des isostrukturellen Geochronits Pb_28–x(As,Sb)₁₂S_46–x) zu erwarten war.

     

The system diopside-nepheline-leucite

The system diopside-nepheline-leucite, representing a join in the undersaturated part of the system nepheline (Ne)-kalsilite (Ks)-CaO-MgO-SiO₂, has been investigated at atmospheric pressure. The system is pseudoternary and cuts the primary phase volumes of forsterite solid solution (Fo_ss), diopside solid solution (Di_ss), nepheline solid solution (Ne_ss), carnegieite solid solution (Cg_ss), and leucite solid solution (Lc_ss). Melilite (Mel) occurs as a subliquidus phase. The phase diagram has two four-phase points: 1. one at 1275±5° C and Di₆₀Ne₈Lc₃₂ where liquid coexists with Fo_ss, Di_ss and Lc_ss, corresponding to olivine (Ol) leucitite; 2. the other at 1194±5° C and Di_27.5Ne_29.5Lc₄₃ where Ne_ss, Fo_ss and Lc_ss coexist with liquid, corresponding to Ol-Ne italite. With decreasing temperature, liquid moves from point (1) to a five-phase assemblage (3) where liquid is in equilibrium with Fo_ss, Di_ss, Mel and Lc_ss (1258±5°C), which is representative of Ol-Mel-leucitite. From point (2) liquid moves to a second five-phase assemblage (4), where Fo_ss, Mel, Ne_ss, Lc_ss and liquid are in equilibrium (1175±5°C, corresponding to a Lc-Ne katungite. The assemblage Fo_ss+Ne_ss+Di_ss+Mel+Lc_ss+ liquid, is reached between 1168° and 1100° C and corresponds to Ol-Mel-Ne leucitite. Fo_ss reacts with liquid and disappears. Near the point (1) it disappears at 1135±10° C, whereas near the point (2) it reacts out at 1060±10° C. Near the join Di-Ne it disappears at 950±10° C. The final assemblage in the system is representative of Mel-Ne leucitite.Presented at the symposium Recent Advances in the Studies of Rocks and Minerals at High Pressures and Temperatures held in Montreal, 1972. Jointly sponsored by the International Mineralogical Association and the Commission on Experimental Petrologie.     

The Cu-Zn-S system

The phase relations in the Cu-Zn-S system were studied at temperatures ranging from 100 ° to 1050 °C with emphasis on the 500 ° and 800 °C isotherms. All experiments were performed in closed, evacuated silica tubes in which vapor always is a phase. Ternary phases did not appear in any of these experiments. At 800 °C tie-lines exist between cubic ZnS (sphalerite) and the digenite-chalcoite solid solution, between ZnS and three CuZn alloys (, , ) and between ZnS and ZnCu liquid containing from zero to about 30 wt % Cu. Only the cubic, sphalerite, form of ZnS was encountered in the present study. At 800 °C the solid solution of ZnS in Cu₂S is 7.0 ± 1 wt % and the solid solution of Cu₂S in ZnS is less than 1.0 wt %. At lower temperatures ZnS coexists with all other phases once they become stable, i.e., -CuZn (<598 °C), CuS (<507 °C), and blue-remaining covellite (<157 °C). At 500 °C the solid solution of ZnS in Cu₂S is 1.5±0.5 wt % and that of Cu₂S in ZnS is less than 0.1 wt %. The presence of ZnS depresses the temperature of the hexagonal cubic inversion in Cu₂S by about 13 °C, but does not measurably affect the temperature of the monoclinic hexagonal inversion in Cu₂S nor that of the cubic cubic inversion in Cu₉S₅. The coexistence in nature of sphalerite and copper-sulfides is discussed in light of the low temperature phase relations in the Cu-Zn-S system.

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Zusammenfassung Die Phasengleichgewichtsredaktionen des Dreistoffsystems Cu-Zn-S wurden über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, nämlich von 100 °C bis zu 1050 °C und dabei besonders nachdrücklich die 500 ° und 800 °C-Isothermen, untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in abgeschmolzenen und vorher evakuierten Quarzglasampullen durchgeführt, in welchen eine Dampfphase (vapor) stets gegenwärtig war. In keinem der Experimente war das Vorhandensein einer ternären Phase zu verzeichnen. Bei 800 °C verlaufen Konodenscharen vom kubischen ZnS (Zinkblende) zur Digenit-Kupferglanz-Mischkristallreihe, ferner Konoden zwischen ZnS und drei Cu-Zu-Legierungen (, , ) und zwischen ZnS und einer Zn-Cu-Schmelze von 0 bis ca. 30 Gew.-% Cu. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit trat nur kubisches ZnS (Zinkblende) auf. Cu₂S vermag bei 800 °C 7,0±1 Gew.-% ZnS in fester Lösung aufzunehmen, während die Löslichkeit von Cu₂S in ZnS weniger als 1,0 Gew.-% beträgt. Mit zunehmender Temperaturerniedrigung koexistiert ZnS mit allen übrigen Phasen des Systems, sobald diese stabil werden, z. B. -CuZn (<598 °C), CuS (<507 °C) und blaubleibender Covellin (<157 °C). Bei 500 °C beträgt die Löslichkeit von ZnS in Cu₂S nur noch 1,5±0,5 Gew.-% und die von Cu₂S in ZnS weinger als 0,1 Gew.-%. Die Gegenwart von ZnS erniedright die Inversionstemperatur von hexagonalem kubischen Cu₂S um etwa 13 °C, hat aber weder einen meßbaren Einfluß auf die Inversionstemperatur des monoklinen hexagonalen Cu₂S noch auf die kubisch kubische Inversion des Cu₉S₅. Angeischts der im Cu-Zn-S-System ermittelten Phasenbeziehungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen werden die Koexistenz natürlicher Zinkblende mit Kupfersulfiden diskutiert.

     

The Cu-Se system

Phase-relations in the Cu-Se system were determined by evacuated silica-tube experiments. The phase diagram up to 1100° C was obtained from the results of differential thermal analyses of pure compounds and of their mixtures. The phases in the system are: Cu₂Se — undergoes a polymorphic transformation at 150° C. The symmetry of the low temperature form is not yet known. The high form is cubic with a fluorite-type structure. Cu_2–xSe — cubic, with x variable in a very narrow range, at room temperature. Cu₃Se₂ — tetragonal, breaks down to Cu_2–xSe and CuSe at 150° C. CuSe — hexagonal below 60° C and, presumably, orthorhombic at higher temperature, melts incongruently at 387° C to Cu_2–xSe and a Se-rich liquid. CuSe₂ — orthorhombic, melts incongruently at 347° C to CuSe and a Se-rich liquid. The presence of an eutectic at 523° C was inferred from differential thermal heating and cooling curves.

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Zusammenfassung Die Phasenbeziehungen im Cu-Se System wurden durch Versuche mit Hilfe evakuierter Quarzampullen bestimmt. Bis zu 1100° C wurden die Ergebnisse der Differential-Thermoanalyse verwendet. Die Phasen im System sind: Cu₂Se: wandelt sich bei 150° C polymorph um. Die Symmetrie der Tieftemperaturform ist noch nicht bekannt, während die Hochtemperaturform kubisch ist (Flusspatstruktur). Cu_2–xSe (kubisch) hat bei Raumtemperatur einen sehr kleinen x-Wert. Cu₃Se₂ (tetragonal) spaltet sich bei 150° C zu Cu_2–xSe und CuSe. CuSe (hexagonal) ist unterhalb 60° C vermutlich rhombisch und bei höherer Temperatur (387° C) zersetzt es sich inkongruent zu Cu_2–xSe und einer Se-reichen Schmelze. CuSe₂ (rhombisch) zersetzt sich bei 347° C inkongruent zu CuSe und einer Se-reichen Schmelze. Die Anwesenheit eines Eutektikum bei 523° C wird aufgrund von DTA-Analysen angenommen.

     

闽中裂谷系的格局演化及成矿系统时空结构

闽中裂谷系为转换-伸展型裂谷盆地系,其形成发展和复合-成矿作用是福建地史上的一个重大事件。研究认为:闽中裂谷系在古元古代结晶基底上形成于新元古代-早古生代(850～500Ma),盆山反转于奥陶-志留纪(447～412Ma);沉降中心迁移、伸展轴向改变并复活发展于中石炭世-中三叠世(315～223Ma),构造动力反转复合于侏罗纪(188～137Ma)-白垩纪(134～90Ma);构造格局演化驱动了喷流沉积-改(再)造成矿系统与斑岩(矽卡岩)-浅成热液成矿系统之间的复合交融。研究提出:(1)裂谷体内“麻源群”(部分改划古元古代迪口组变质核杂岩系)与马面山群、万全群同归南华纪;(2)裂谷成矿系统时空结构所昭示的闽省找矿主攻方向:在伸展体制主导的裂谷纵向(NNW、NE)“先张后压”型断层带特定层位找中大型喷流沉积-改(再)造型矿床,在挤压体制主导的裂谷横向(NEE)“先压后张”型断裂带特定岩系找大中型斑岩(矽卡岩)-浅成热液型矿床。     

Soil information system as part of a municipal environmental information system

 The objectives of the interdisciplinary pilot project "Development of a municipal environmental information system" in Hannover encompassed the development, modification and improvement of data acquisition methods and methods for describing the environment on the basis of this data, as well as methods for evaluating the data as a basis for measures affecting the environment taken by the community. The subproject "Urban Soils" had the following two main objectives: (i) development of a data acquisition method for soils in municipal areas and a method for evaluating this data, and (ii) development of methods for making this information available to local government in the form of a "soil information system" for urban areas. To achieve these objectives, the following work was carried out: (1) a factor analysis to determine which factors affect the soil in an urban area; (2) study of methods for mapping soils in cities; (3) development of a concept for a soil information system; and (4) evaluation of environmental problems of the municipality using the soil information system. Data acquisition was done in two steps: First, soil-relevant data was selected, standardized, digitized and stored in an alphanumeric and a graphic database for a factor analysis. By intersection of the eight information levels, the factors affecting the soil were determined for the city of Hannover (200 km²). To test the hypothesis that the results for one site can be transferred to another site with the same combination of factors, 43 test sites typical of urban land use were selected. These test sites were mapped in a way to fulfill geostatistical requirements; physical and chemical analyses of the soils were made. A prognosis of soil distribution and properties was made on the basis of the factor analysis. and compared with the actual conditions. Concurrent with the pedological research, a prototype soil information system was developed. The system consists of databases, a methodbase, a geometrical tool, and a control system. Alphanumeric data is stored in a relational database, the geometric data in ISAM files. Methods for determining soil parameter values were selected and tested for their applicability. Using the pedological data and the soil information system, information can be obtained about soil conditions in Hannover as well as about soil processes (e.g. infiltration rates) and interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, etc. This information can be obtained in the form of thematic maps and statistical representations, which can be used by decision-makers at the municipal level. Received: 3 September 1994 · Accepted: 19 December 1995     

字符标识的输入数据系统

一、引言传统的计算机程序要求用户按照数据准备手册小心翼翼地遵循程序所要求的格式和顺序准备数据,一处错了,往往破坏整个数据系统,而且不易查找。这对使用自己不太熟悉的程序的用户来说,实在是一件很费精力又容易出错的工作。本文针对上述问题,得益于文献〔1〕的启发并借用文献〔2〕的若干子程序加以修改扩充,形成少数所谓的二次语言——输入语言,从而提出字符标识的输入数据系统。     

The Baltic-Kattegat-Skagerrak estuarine system

Measurements of alkalinities and calcium concentrations in the Baltic Sea indicate that there has been a slight increase in both these parameters over the last century. These increases may have been caused by the leaching of limestone by acid rain. About ten percent of the nutrients are exported from the Baltic to the Kattegat; however, very little, if any, alkalinity is stored in the Baltic since river input and system output are approximately equal. Since the precipitation and evaporation are almost equal in the Baltic Sea, corrections are not needed for river inputs.