C.—W. M. O.—O. M. M.

Abstract

The intrusion of seawater in a tidal river is treated as a diffusion problem, characterized by a coefficient of longitudinal diffusivity.

In order to analyse the longitudinal diffusivity, a mathematical model is set up, consisting of two bodies of water, either one besides the other or one on top of the other. The two bodies are assumed to move relatively to each other, as a secondary effect of the tidal flow. It is moreover assumed that there is turbulent exchange of salt between the bodies.

It is demonstrated that the diffusion of salt into the river is greatest for an optimum value of the coefficient of exchange between the two bodies.

Exchange weaker or stronger than this optimum both diminish the salt intrusion.

The theory is applied to the Rotterdam Waterway, for which estimates of the exchange are made. Estimation of the reduction of the turbulence by stratification and hence of the vertical exchange, shows that the observed strong intrusion is explainable.

Intensified vertical mixing, for instance as provoked by compressed air, need not always result in less intrusion, and hence should be considered carefully.     

B.—U. N. E. S. C. O.

ABSTRACT

Sir Charles Cotton (1964) has pointed out that in an earlier paper (Carlston, 1963) which related drainage density to hydrology, there was insufficient emphasis on the role of climate in its effect on drainage density. Re-examination of the relation of drainage density to base flow in the 15 basins originally described has revealed additional evidence that base flow is affected by precipitation or recharge (a climatic variable), while varying inversely with drainage density.

Within the climatic region studied in the earlier paper (the Humid Subtropical Climate of the eastern U. S.), no evidence could be found that amount or intensity of rainfall affected the intensity of flood runoff or the scale of drainage density. In comparison with other climates, however, such as the Marine West Coast Climate, it is possible that the less intense precipitation of a marine climate may result in lower runoff intensities and lower drainage densities, however the lower mean temperatures of such climates may develop soils of generally higher infiltration capacity which would produce lower drainage densities.

A progressive increase in aridity results in a decrease in soil and vegetal cover which greatly magnifies the range of drainage densities characteristic of semi-arid regions. In such regions, where the land sur-face has a good infiltration capacity rainfall sinks readily into the dry soil (although recharge to ground water may be negligible), and runoff is virtually zero, as is drainage density, Impermeable terranes devoid of vegetal and soil cover reject the rain, runoff is briefly total and drainage density may be greatly magnified, as in the South Dakota Badlands, where drainage density runs into the hundreds. Arid or Desert Climates should produce erosional landforms with generally high drainage densities, though not reaching the magnitudes of drainage density found in the semi-arid badlands where rainfall intensities are much higher.     

F.—PERSONALIA / F.—PERSONALIA

Abstract

Sampling in undisturbed soils of clearcuts and adjacent unlogged virgin forests in western Oregon indicates that clear cutting results in reduced soil moisture depletion and accelerated recharge.     

A) A.I.H.S.—I.A.S.H.

Abstract

Mathematical models are the means to characterize variables quantitatively in many groundwater problems. Recent advances in applied mathematics have perfected what is now called Adomian's decomposition method (ADM), a simple modelling procedure for practical applications. Decomposition exhibits the benefits of analytical solutions (i.e. stability, analytic derivation of heads, gradients, fluxes and simple programming). It also offers the advantages of traditional numerical methods (i.e. consideration of heterogeneity, irregular domain shapes and multiple dimensions). In addition, decomposition is one of the few systematic procedures for solving nonlinear equations. By far its greatest advantage is its simplicity of application. It may produce simple results for preliminary simulations, or in cases with scarce information. The method is described with simple applications to regional groundwater flow. Many applications in groundwater flow and contaminant transport are available in the literature.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor Xi Chen

Citation Serrano, S.E., 2013. A simple approach to groundwater modelling with decomposition. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–9.     

E.—NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS / E.—ORGANISATIONS NON GOUVERNEMENTALES

Abstract

It is shown that a thermodynamic analogy can be set up for structurally cyclic as well as for noncyclic river nets that satisfy Horton's law of stream numbers. In the latter case, the microcanonical formalism of statistical thermodynamics has to be used.     

A.—A. I. H. S.—I. A. S. H.

Abstract

When a river flows into a reservoir, the solid materials it carries sink to the bottom thus reducing the potential reservoir capacity. The suspended load of eight major western rivers flowing into Kainji Lake was determined as a part of the investigation of the suspended sediment of the reservoir. The sediment content in each sample was determined in parts per million.

On the whole the results of this study is in agreement with the previous conclusion that the sediment load of the Niger was low. A range of 29–221 ppm was observed within the reservoir whereas the concentration in the inflowing rivers varied from 122–953 ppm. It was however not possible to determine the total sediment load because discharge data were lacking.

The data presented herein confirm the earlier conclusion that the rate of silting is slow but indicate that locally high rate of sediment supply should give cause for anxiety regarding the possible growth of deltas as the months of these rivers.

The full potential of this study is difficult to assess at this stage but it has revealed a number of problem areas worth looking into in future years. A number of future studies believed to be capable of giving the necessary data for operation and management of the reservoir are recommended.     

Ein Brief von C. F. Gauβ

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

对D.A.Rhoades和F.F.Evison的“VAN地震预报”的答复

Ｒｈｏａｄｅｓ和Ｅｖｉｓｏｎ５ Ｍｕｌａｒｇｉａ和Ｇａｓｐｅｒｉｎｉ的程序中的技术缺陷，在如何对一个地震预报方法实施正确统计评估的方法上做了有益的评论并提出了十分重要的建议。我们认为统计学家们今后要认真遵循这些建议。     

PROGRAMME DE L'ASSEMBLÉE DE TORONTO A. I. H. S.

Synopsis

A method of synthesis has been used to combine the variables characterising sediment transport in laboratory flumes into nondimensional functional equations. These equations are used to provide a basis for logical data correlations. By selecting appropriate nondimensional groups the effect of variation of individual variables such as flume width, sediment grain size, etc., can be determined. It has been found that work of this nature is hampered by the small amount of data available from rational experimentation. Much of the published data is unsuitable for direct use in correlations but may be of use in the future once the trend of results has been predicted by more limited but more basic data. When sufficient data for the transport of light weight materials is available correlations of the type presented may provide a secure basis for the choice of bed material for hydraulic models.     

A simplified 3 D.O.F. model of A FEM model for seismic analysis of a silo containing elastic material accounting for soil–structure interaction

The purpose of this study is the evaluation of dynamic behavior induced by seismic activity on a silo system, containing bulk material, with a soil foundation. The interaction effects between the silo and bulk material, as well as the effects produced between the foundation of the silo and the soil, were taken into account. Proposed simplified approximation, as well as the finite model, were used for analysis. The results, from the presented approximation, were compared with a more rigorous obtainment method. Initially, the produced simplified approximation, with elastic material assumption for the grain, could determine the pressures on the dynamic material along with displacements along the height of the silo wall and base shear force, etc., with remarkable precision. Some comparisons, via a change of soil and/or foundation conditions, were also made regarding the seismic pressure of the dynamic material pressure, displacement and base shear forces for both squat and slender silos. Comparing the analytical predictions to results from the numerical simulations produced good results. It can be concluded that the model can be used effectively to perform a broad suite of parametric studies, not only at the design stage but also as a reliable tool for predicting system behavior under the limit state of the system. The results and comprehensive analysis show that displacement effects and base shear forces generally decreased when soil was softer; however, soil structure interaction (SSI) did not have any considerable effects on squat silos and therefore need not be taken into practice.     

A REVIEW OF "RIVER MECHANICS" BY M.S.Yalin

ＡＲＥＶＩＥＷＯＦ＂ＲＩＶＥＲＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＣＳ＂ＢＹＭ．Ｓ．ＹａｌｉｎＺＨＡＮＧＲｅｎ；ＤＩＮＧＬｉａｎｚｈｅｎ；ＷＡＮＺｈａｏｈｕｉＡｍｏｎｇｓｔｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｄｏｍａｉｎｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｍｅ...     

2011年3-4月全球M≥5.O地震动态

中国地震局地球物理研究所中国数字地震台网数据管理中心(CDSN DMC)根据美国地震联合研究会数据管理中心(IRIS DMC)发布的2011年3-4月全球地震动态,通过修订给出以下监测结果.2011年3-4月全球共发生M≥5.0地震886次,其中3月717次,4月169次.在3-4月发生的886次地震中,东半球共计780次,西半球共计106次.东半球发生M5.0-5.9中强震715次,M6.0-9.9强震65次,西半球发生M5.0-5.9中强震102次,M6.0-7.9强震4次.其中7级以上地震全球共4次,最大一次地震发生在日本本州东岸远海,发震时间2011年03月11日05∶47∶321,Mw=9.1.