RÉSULTATS DE L'ÉTUDE DE L'ÉCOULEMENT DES ALLUVIONS EN SUSPENSION DES RIVIÈRES DE LA ROUMANIE

Abstract

The study is based on the 121 answers to the international survey on ground water recharge published in I.A.S.H. bulletin n° 87.

After generalities about the aims, benefits, type of devices, recharged aquifers and size of plants, are examined:

—The infiltration devices (basins canals).

—The injection devices (wells).

—The economical aspects of realisations.

Diverse statistical correlations are found, and regression formulas proposed, concerning:

—Connections between permeability, size of devices, and the injection or infiltration rate.

—Connection between the annual input and the capital invested.

The synthesis of these datas conduct to results which may be useful to pepare new-projects of artificial recharge.     

LE CINQUANTIÈME ANNIVERSAIRE DE L'AISH / THE FIFTHIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE IAHS

Abstract

One of the scale problems in hydrology is to relate nonlinearity in basin response to size and other factors. On the Sputka basin (103.4 km²), three groups of unit hydrographs were identified, each group having a common shape parameter, N, of the Nash model and each, therefore, representing one dimensionless response. The existence of the three dimensionless responses can be explained in the first place by there being different spatial rainfall patterns for the events from which they were derived. The time parameter, K, within the individual groups depends primarily on the initial flow and on the skewness of the rainfall time pattern. However, when the conditions of rainfall uniformity and of a minimum depth are strictly met, and the initial flow is in a certain range, the basin behaves in a linear fashion.     

LES MODALITÉS DU TRANSPORT DES ALLUVIONS DANS LES RIVIÈRES CÉVENOLES

Abstract

The rivers Gard, Herault and Vidourle which go down very rapidly from the Cevennes into the Mediterranean sea, between very steep slopes, are particulary able to transport débris as a consequence of their very big floods. Nevertheless, during the floods of the autumn 1958, which were of a bi- or tricentenial frequency, only the loams, clays and sands were able to reach the sea during the flood. Shingle was transported in great quantities but only upon short distances, of no; more than 2 or 3 km. Even in such torrents, the transport of shingle is very long, and the greater part of the shingle actually present in the river bed was swept out from the foot of the slopes during the last cold period of the Quaternary, under periglacial conditions. The construction of a dam, at the Moulin de Bertrand in the Hérault valley, which does not allow the transit of shingle, did not result in the modifications in the conditions of transport of the pebbles downstream: the pebbles which are presently transported do not come from the upper valley, but are reworked from the accumulations built up in the bed before the construction of the dam.     

b) RAPPORT DU SECRETAIRE SUR LA VIE DE L'ASSOCIATION AU COURS DE LA PERIODE 1957–1960

Summary

The Hooghly is a tidal river and Calcutta one of the most important ports of India is situated on it. The tidal effect stretches to over 175 miles length up to Nabadwip where two nonperennial rivers Bhagirathi and Jalangi, both taking off at different sites from the Gangesmeet and discharge their rain water (freshets) into the Hoogly all through the summer months. Other rivers join it also downstream. Annual tide tables are published for three places on the river viz Sagar, Diamond Harbour and Garden Reach.

In this paper lunitidal intervals, durations of rise and fall, mean high water, mean low water, mean tide level and mean sea level planes and mean ranges have been shown to go through periodic seasonal changes. It has been shown that different tidal planes have changed differently in the intrior of the river indicating changes in tidal regimes and in the river bed. Whereas variations in yearly sea levels since 1882 have not been appreciable at Sagar, these at Garden Reach have changed considerable at indicating sometimes an improvement in the channel, other times worsening of the channel. Four 19 yearly cycles of mean sea-level at Garden Reach have been analysed to give phaselags different from Zero and large variations in amplitudes. To carry this study further one period of 19 years each for Sagar, Madras and Vishakhapatnam on East Coast and 4 periods each for Bombay and Aden in the Arabian Sea have also been analysed to see the possibility of nodal variations being constant in amplitude and phase over large areas of the ocean. 19-yearly cycles in the differences between MTL &; MSL have been examined for Bombay, Madras and Garden Reach. The effects of freshets on various planes have been analysed and the curves of annual freshets and MTLs at Garden Reach are found to run closely parallel. The variations in yearly high water and law water planes above MTLs of the corresponding years after corrections for the longitude of the moons' node have been found to be inappreciable. Theoretical extreme high water and low water planes have been found to be more extreme than actually recorded planes which are very near M.H.W.S. and M.L.W.S. planes indicating there are no predominant effects of winds and storms on the tides in the river. The mean ranges at Garden Reach have been found to be steadily increasing. Theoretical effects of increase in range and lowering of MSL on MHW and MLW plane has been found to agree with actual values. Monthly average temperatures and salinities show distinct annual cycles. High temperatures occur at the same times as low salinities and high mean sea levels. Vertical density structure may be responsible for a large part of annual variation in the sea level at Sagar which is a region of particular interest on account of opposite influences of seasonal monsoons, drainage of rivers and oceanic currents. Seasonal variations in average monthly pressure have been related to variations in mean sea levels and it is found that as the pressures decrease, the height of MSL increases. Tide in Hooghly has been found to be progressive type of wave. Rates of travel of tidal streams outside Sagar and rates of streams in the river have been given also, stating the effects of freshets on tidal streams. Bores in Hooghly have been examined. Shapes of tidal curves and profile of the bore at Garden Reach have been drawn. Rates of propagation of the bore from Doodsons' formulae have been compared with actual values and a remarkable agreement has been found. The rise of tide in 10 minutes and 30 minutes which is the time taken for the steep rise to disappear has been correlated with range of tide and a useful table has been included. Tides in Hooghly are predicted by applying harmonic shallow water corrections to open sea primary predictions at Sagar. As the freshets are unpredictable an approximate relationship has been worked out between the departures of actual freshets from num freshets of the years of analyses and departures of actual from predicted tides. From a knowledge of actual freshets the predictions can be corrected almost, daily.

A large number of tables and only the essential graphs have been included to illustrate the contents.     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE HYDRIC BALANCE OF LAKES IN THE EASTERN ROMANIAN PLAIN IN THE YEARS 1956–1970

ABSTRACT

Because of the late withdrawal of the Levantine lake waters and because of low relief the Eastern Romanian Plain was fragmented only by big alochthonous rivers (Ialomi?a, C?lm??ui and Buz?u).

The tabular-like, 40–50-km-wide interfluve areas covered by loessoid deposits and eolian sands on the periphery are deprived of surface drainage which accounts for their present evolution.

The major relief forms in these interfluves are depressions called in Romanian ‘crov’ (sink-holes) in the central areas and short valleys formed initially by erosion processes and now modelled by mechanical and chemical weathering at their periphery: in these depressions (sink-holes) and in the secondary valleys, peripheral to the interfluve areas, lakes had started to be formed.

Because of the semiarid climate sink-hole lakes have an intermittent hydrological regime, whereas those located in the small fluviatile liman-type valleys, enjoy a permanent regime. By the absence of surface drainage, by the loss of significant amounts of water through evaporation and the degree of mineralization, these lakes fall within the group of salt lakes.

In the past few years (since 1966 and especially since 1969) the level of these lakes has continually risen and the depressions formerly lacking water started being flooded by the rising of the piezometric level.

An analysis was made of the water balance of the Amara-Ialomi?a lake to investigate this phenomenon.

Level and evaporation recordings were made in the period 1956–1970. The findings revealed that the supply of underground water to the lake amounts to 47·3 per cent exceeding the water supply produced by the rains that fell on the surface of the lake (46·7 per cent). A close relationship was established (with a lapse of 8–12 months) between the surface supply of the basin (through rainfalls) and the flow of underground water to the lake.

Extending the precipitation-induced level changes over a longer period (1896–1915 and 1921–1970) it was found that level increases are cyclic, as a direct consequence of the corresponding precipitation regime.     

LE DEGRÉ DE PRÉCISION DES MESURES AU MOULINET HYDROMÉTRIQUE DANS DES CONDITIONS D'ÉCOULEMENT PARTICULIÈRES/ The accuracy of measurements with screw type current-meters in special flow-conditions

Summary

Refering to numerous ratings of screw type current-meters and to the results of laboratory-experiments the author studies successively the degree of accuracy of measurements in very shallow water, the disturbing influence of a beam on which several current meters are fixed and finally the behaviour of current meters in return flow and in unsteady flow conditions.