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AbstractAdequate water resources management at the basin level needs quality downscaling of climate change scenarios for application to impact assessment and adaptation work. This study evaluates the ability of a regional climate model (RegCM3) to simulate the present-day climate and regional water balance over the Niger River Basin (NRB). RegCM3 gives a good simulation of the NRB hydroclimatic features. The mean bias error for monthly temperature is 1.5°C, 0.3 mm d-1 for rainfall, and 0.4 mm d-1 for runoff. Moderate to high correlations (0.66–0.95) were found between the modelled and the observed variables. RegCM3-based water cycling indices were not statistically different from the observation. Seasonal moistening efficiency (m) ranges between 19% and 37%; 66% of the available atmospheric moisture over NRB precipitates between June and September, of which 21% originates from local evaporation. The result suggests that the moisture sink period is July to October with very high precipitation efficiency over the basin. The model reproduces the hydroclimatology of the NRB and hence is a suitable tool for further studies relating to the assessment of climate change impacts on river basin water systems.
Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor D. Hughes 相似文献
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I. A. ZOTIKOV 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):36-44
ABSTRACT An analysis of the present balance of the ice mass on the Antarctic continent carried out by several authors, shows a substantial excess of supply over expenditure. However, no consideration was given to the possibility of a decrease in the amount of Antarctic ice by melting at its lower surface and a run-off of water. This paper is intended to fill this gap. A theoretical analysis shews that the possibility of such melting exists for a definite relationship between the ice thickness, the temperature at its surface, the rate of accumulation and the geothermal heat flow. Using numerical values for these factors, it is shown that throughout the entire central zone of the Antarctic ice cap, over an area of about 12 × 106 sq.km, there is continuous melting at the bed. Contours of the rates of bottom melting are given on a map of the continent. The maximun rate of melting is about 6–7 mm of water per year; the average rate in the area of melting is about 3 mm of water per year, equivalent to a volume not exceeding 20 km3 of water per year, and not more than several percent of the total ice balance of the continent. 相似文献
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发震断层的形变是断层活动的重要参数之一,对认识断层性质、震源机理有重要作用。文中以逆冲性质为主的汶川地震为例,采用符合地表水平形变特征的Biharmonic样条插值对GPS水平形变矢量插值,然后再分解为EW和SN向分量。利用可靠的GPS观测值对InSAR参考点进行校正,统一两者的坐标系。通过对汶川地震视线向形变场剖面与GPS对比分析发现,断层上盘GPS与InSAR观测参考点相差9.93cm,而下盘则为-11.49cm。在此研究基础上,通过GPS水平形变场与InSAR视线向形变场联合解算,获取了汶川地震垂直连续形变场。结果表明,断层两侧垂直形变衰减较快,横跨断裂带形变量30cm的宽度不超过50km;沿发震断层附近垂直形变高值区分布不均匀,主要集中分布在发震断裂的汶川县城至都江堰段、茶坪—北川—南坝段和青川段。这3段各有特色,南段断层两侧垂直形变极不对称,主要以上盘剧烈抬升为主,最大抬升区域在映秀镇至连山坪一带,抬升量达到5.5m。中段表现为较强的反对称性,断层一侧抬升另一侧沉降。该段上盘最大抬升区域在茶坪东侧,抬升量为255cm,下盘最大沉降量在永庆,沉降量为-215cm。北端垂直形变相对较小,主要分布在青川北侧,呈对称分布,在发震断层最北端,最大抬升量为120cm。 相似文献
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气压和温度对南极中山站重力场观测的影响研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
对南极中山站1998-12-26-2000-01-01的气压、温度和重力场潮汐及非潮汐变化观测资料进行了综合对比与相关分析,研究了气压和温度变化对重力场观测的影响.结果表明,在南极中山站,重力场和气压变化存在很强的相关性,气压变化对重力场的影响非常大,且随频率的增加呈减少的趋势气压在长周期、周日、半日和1/3日频段的平均重力导纳值分别为-1.6834,-1.5304,-0.9450,-0.8791μGal/hPa,与中、低纬度地区的同类观测结果之间存在很大的差异,具有明显的"反变气压计"效应.重力场和温度变化的相关性随时间不同存在较大的差异,温度对重力场观测的影响主要反应在长周期频段,温度的平均重力导纳值为0.6296μGal/℃,对重力场高频(包括周日、半日和1/3日潮汐频段)扰动的贡献极小.气压和温度改正后,潮汐各频段的标准偏差有不同程度的下降,周日和半日频段的标准偏差从6.63μGal和1.41μGal分别下降到2.11μGal和1.13μGal,各重力潮波的观测精度都有提高;重力残差的振幅谱在各频段,特别是在长周期频段明显降低. 相似文献
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简述半个世纪以来我国地磁观测研究的发展概况,内容包括我国地磁台站建设、地球主磁场测量与研究、变化磁场的时空特征及形成机制、地磁变化与地震、气候变化等自然现象的关系以及宇宙磁学. 相似文献
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冰荷载的实验研究与计算方法 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
本文阐述:(1)我国自1988年以来冰荷载实验研究概况;(2)世界各国冰荷载实验研究的概况及各国规范中规定的冰荷载公式;(3)我国在冰荷载研究中取得的成果;(4)现有冰荷载公式的特点与应用限制;(5)桥梁系统在冰荷载作用下的结构反应;(6)我国冰荷载的实验研究评价;(7)研究总结;(8)冰荷载作用下桥梁的计算。 相似文献
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本文讨论了在中国北京、武汉、上海、昆明、兰州、乌鲁木齐、广州、沈阳和青岛等九处的固体潮观测结果,并且与具有海洋和液核的地球模型进行了比较。文中特别讨论了仪器标定问题。结果表明了模拟固体潮效应的精度达到了0.6μgal。 相似文献
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本文讨论了在中国北京、武汉、上海、昆明、兰州、乌鲁木齐、广州、沈阳和青岛等九处的固体潮观测结果,并且与具有海洋和液核的地球模型进行了比较。文中特别讨论了仪器标定问题。结果表明了模拟固体潮效应的精度达到了0.6μgal。 相似文献
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文中对腾冲火山区1998—2004年水准及重力观测资料进行了分析,发现垂直形变量大多在±10mm之内,重力变化为几十μGal,火山锥体和断层附近点位活动异常较大,可综合应用多源mogi模型和断层模型解释,断层的活动可使相邻测点的形变方向相反;垂直形变和重力的逐年变化表明火山岩浆处于一种活动状态。将火山区点位各时间段的重力梯度展布在形变-重力关系解释图中,发现数据主要落在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ区,结合形变量对压力源等效体积的估算,初步认为火山区岩浆目前活动程度较低,暂没有喷发的危险 相似文献
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用雷达卫星(RADARSAT)合成孔径雷达(SAR)和防卫气象卫星(DMSP)特别微波成像辐射计(SSM/I)在1999年1月23日同一天对中国渤海区域海冰的观测数据,进行了主动SAR与被动SSM/I的组合研究.用一层海冰电磁散射辐射的建模与数值模拟,分析了中纬度渤海沿岸海冰的特征性变化,提出用SSM/I辐射亮度温度的散射指数、极化指数、极化比率来识别渤海海冰;用RADARSAT高分辨率SAR数据(水平极化后向散射系数)对渤海海冰物理特征进行识别与分类.这些特征指数在时间与空间尺度上的相关变化可有效地应用于渤海海冰的监察. 相似文献
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根据地质资料,首先建立庄浪河断裂带、马衔山北缘断裂带空间展布的三维几何模型和分段模型,并把地质方法大致推测或估计的各段滑动速率和滑动方式作为先验初值,通过三维深断裂位错模型对GPS观测站点速度场的最佳拟合,反演获得各断裂段的现今滑动速率。结果表明,马衔山北缘断裂有1.4~3.0mm/a的逆倾滑,且中部断层段有约3mm/a的左旋走滑;庄浪河断裂有0.6~1.2mm/a的逆倾滑,走滑分量不明显。这些滑动速率值均在地质方法的推测范围内,且模型预测的GPS站点速度与实际观测值在整体上取得了较好的吻合。本研究表明,对于庄浪河断裂带、马衔山北缘断裂带这样一些滑动速率相对较低且传统地质调查方法较难实施的断裂,基于GPS观测结果的滑动速率反演是一种有效的补充手段 相似文献
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用MCD—3X型测深地震仪改装后加入一个延时触发记录装置的仪器,在耿马Ms=7.2级地震极震区进行观测,记录到一些小余震。定位在IBM—PC计算机上进行。根据定位结果,计算了地震射线的离源角,用观测到的P波初动方向资料在SCHMIDT网上绘制了方向分布图,作出了一组节面。这是一组由北盘向上逆冲滑动为主引起的地震,破裂具有微小的走滑分量,性质为左旋。这个破裂与耿马主震的以右旋走滑为主的破裂完全不同。利用震源机制结果,结合其它资料对发震应力场和发震断裂进行了讨论和研究。 相似文献
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G. M. HABBERJAM 《Geophysical Prospecting》1972,20(2):249-266
An account is given of the use of the square array technique in investigating the surface effects of rotational anisotropy when the axes of anisotropy are inclined to the surface. It is shown that, as with other arrays, two anisotropy parameters and n can be derived by varying the array orientation. On the basis of these considerations, the effects of such anisotropy on the values of the mean apparent resistivity and azimuthal inhomogeneity ratio normally obtained in square array measurements is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the variation of resistivity with orientation and it is noted that, in areas of moderate anisotropy, this variation is lower for the square than for the Schlumberger array. In addition to this advantage, the azimuthal inhomogeneity ratio obtained from square array measurements may be used to indicate the severity of anisotropy in an area and two field examples of this use are given. Where anisotropy is severe, gross variations of apparent resistivity with orientation are obtained with either square or collinear arrays. In these circumstances, the use of crossed measurements is considered and the particular stability of the crossed square array demonstrated. 相似文献
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本文讨论了磁通门式磁力仪探头轴偏离磁子午面对测磁倾角的影响和探头轴偏离水平面对测磁偏角的影响。叙述了自制的磁通门式地磁倾角仪与比测的结果,标准误差≤±0.1。 相似文献