Monitoring of drawdown pattern during pumping in an unconfined physical aquifer model

In this study, we attempted to analyse a drawdown pattern around a pumping well in an unconfined sandy gravelly aquifer constructed in a laboratory tank by means of both experimental and numerical modelling of groundwater flow. The physical model consisted of recharge, aquifer and discharge zones. Permeability and specific yield of the aquifer material were determined by Dupuit approximation under steady‐state flow and stepwise gravitational drainage of groundwater, respectively. The drawdown of water table in pumping and neighbouring observation wells was monitored to investigate the effect of no‐flow boundary on the drawdown pattern during pumping for three different boundary conditions: (i) no recharge and no discharge with four no‐flow boundaries (Case 1); (ii) no recharge and reservoir with three no‐flow boundaries (Case 2); (iii) recharge and discharge with two no‐flow boundaries (Case 3). Based on the aquifer parameters, numerical modelling was also performed to compare the simulated drawdown with that observed. Results showed that a large difference existed between the simulated drawdown and that observed in wells for all cases. The reason for the difference could be explained by the formation of a curvilinear type water table between wells rather than a linear one due to a delayed response of water table in the capillary fringe. This phenomenon was also investigated from a mass balance study on the pumping volume. The curvilinear type of water table was further evidenced by measurement of water contents at several positions in the aquifer between wells using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This indicates that the existing groundwater flow model applicable to an unconfined aquifer lacks the capacity to describe a slow response of water table in the aquifer and care should be taken in the interpretation of water table formation in the aquifer during pumping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

怀来地震台线应变测项群井抽水干扰分析

怀来地震台伸缩仪观测曲线年变形态每年出现2次较大幅度的阶跃型上升,且变化幅度大小不同。对该地震台观测山洞周边4 km范围内抽水井的分布、2016-2017年季节性抽水时间、抽水量、群井开抽数量等进行调查,并与伸缩仪观测曲线异常变化进行对比分析,发现在时间及变化幅度上,二者同步性较好,分析认为形变观测的周期性大幅度上升变化应与观测山洞周边群井抽水有关,非地震前兆异常变化;并对抽水引起的形变观测机理进行初步分析,提出干扰消除方法。     

生产油井井下温度场数值模拟分析

An improved numerical simulation method is presented to calculate the downhole temperature distribution for multiple pay zones in producing oil wells. Based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory, a 2-D temperature field model in cylindrical coordinates is developed. In the model, we considered general heat conduction as well as the heat convection due to fluid flow from porous formation to the borehole. We also take into account the fluid velocity variation in the wellbore due to multiple pay zones. We present coupled boundary conditions at the interfaces between the wellbore and adjacent formation, the wellbore and pay zone, and the pay zone and adjacent formation. Finally, an alternating direction implicit difference method （ADI） is used to solve the temperature model for the downhole temperature distribution. The comparison of modeled temperature curve with actual temperature log indicates that simulation result is in general quite similar to the actual temperature log. We found that the total production rate, production time, porosity, thickness of pay zones, and geothermal gradient, all have effects on the downhole temperature distribution.     

三峡库区消落带不同水位高程植被和土壤特征差异

植被和土壤是消落带生态系统的重要组成部分.本研究选择三峡库区腹地忠县境内的3个地质地貌和土地利用历史相似的近自然消落带,对不同水位高程(160 m和170 m)植被群落和土壤特征进行研究,结果表明:一年生草本在消落带植物物种数中比例高达72.4%,而多年生草本仅为27.6%;不同水位高程植被物种组成完全相同,且盖度、生物量、生物多样性指数均没有显著差异;随着水位高程变化,群落优势物种存在一定差异,即160 m高程优势种为多年生狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon),而170 m高程为一年生白酒草(Conyza japonica);土壤容重、含水量、pH、有机质、总氮、总磷在160 m和170 m水位高程间均没有显著差异.因此,160 m和170 m水位高程在淹水时间和深度上的差异造成群落优势种的不同,而对当前植被和土壤特征并没有显著影响.     

Quantification by numerical simulation of the impact of gullies on the water budget of a basement area,southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT

Many regions of the world are affected by high density of large gullies that can impact on water resources. As these impacts have not been properly evaluated, this study presents a quantification model by numerical simulation of the effect of gullying on the water budget. An active gully of a very eroded region (Bação Complex) was selected and systematically monitored during a hydrological year. The simulation of the gully area by finite element method enabled the quantification of impacts, such as baseflow reduction and groundwater drawdown in the vicinity of this erosional feature. The baseflow reduction, when extrapolated to the whole complex, showed a significant baseflow loss during the dry seasons and an increase of stream flows during the rainy seasons, favouring floods. The numerical simulation results indicate that these modifications are relevant and must be considered when managing aquifers in intensely gullied areas with problems related to water availability.     

基于黏弹滑移界面理论揭示套管中模式波的传播特征

目前固井质量评价主要是利用套管中模式波的幅度或衰减变化判断套管与水泥间的胶结状况.在超声测量频段（70~500 kHz）,现有声波测井仪器工作时在套管中激发的模式波类似薄板中的对称兰姆波（拉伸波）或反对称兰姆波（弯曲型兰姆波）.本文将黏弹滑移界面理论应用到套管和水泥的耦合界面,探讨了套管中的准兰姆波（包括拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波）与套管后物质的耦合方式,拉伸波与套后物质主要以剪切刚度耦合,即便是0.01 mm的微环也会使得拉伸波的衰减明显降低,接近套后是流体时的响应特征;而弯曲型兰姆波与套管后物质主要以法向刚度耦合,这使得在套后胶结轻质水泥时弯曲型兰姆波对微环不敏感,在套后耦合常规水泥时微环的存在又会使得弯曲型兰姆波的衰减明显增强,衰减的增加说明其与套后物质的声耦合更紧密,也表明微环与常规水泥的等效声阻抗适当降低,更有利于弯曲型兰姆波传播时与套后介质实现法向刚度的匹配.拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波对同一胶结状况的不同响应特征也为固井质量综合评价时区分不同的水泥胶结状况提供了可能.

     

基于黏弹滑移界面理论揭示套管中模式波的传播特征

目前固井质量评价主要是利用套管中模式波的幅度或衰减变化判断套管与水泥间的胶结状况.在超声测量频段（70~500 kHz）,现有声波测井仪器工作时在套管中激发的模式波类似薄板中的对称兰姆波（拉伸波）或反对称兰姆波（弯曲型兰姆波）.本文将黏弹滑移界面理论应用到套管和水泥的耦合界面,探讨了套管中的准兰姆波（包括拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波）与套管后物质的耦合方式,拉伸波与套后物质主要以剪切刚度耦合,即便是0.01 mm的微环也会使得拉伸波的衰减明显降低,接近套后是流体时的响应特征;而弯曲型兰姆波与套管后物质主要以法向刚度耦合,这使得在套后胶结轻质水泥时弯曲型兰姆波对微环不敏感,在套后耦合常规水泥时微环的存在又会使得弯曲型兰姆波的衰减明显增强,衰减的增加说明其与套后物质的声耦合更紧密,也表明微环与常规水泥的等效声阻抗适当降低,更有利于弯曲型兰姆波传播时与套后介质实现法向刚度的匹配.拉伸波和弯曲型兰姆波对同一胶结状况的不同响应特征也为固井质量综合评价时区分不同的水泥胶结状况提供了可能.     

2016年衡水冀16井水位变化分析

衡水冀16井水位2016年经常出现有规律的大幅度异常波动变化,具有小幅下降—持续上升—小幅上升—持续下降变化形态,日变最大幅度0.73 m。通过现场核实,发现观测仪器工作正常,附近鱼场地下水开采量增加。增加辅助观测仪器同井对比水位观测,并对鱼场2口冷水井进行抽水试验,分析衡水冀16井水位异常变化原因。结果显示,衡水冀16井水位大幅波动异常变化可能因冷水井1抽水所致,冷水井2无影响。     

Semi‐analytical solution for a slug test in partially penetrating wells including the effect of finite‐thickness skin

This paper presents a new semi‐analytical solution for a slug test in a well partially penetrating a confined aquifer, accounting for the skin effect. This solution is developed based on the solution for a constant‐flux pumping test and a formula given by Peres and co‐workers in 1989. The solution agrees with that of Cooper and co‐workers and the KGS model when the well is fully penetrating. The present solution can be applied to simulate the temporal and spatial head distributions in both the skin and formation zones. It can also be used to demonstrate the influences of skin type or skin thickness on the well water level and to estimate the hydraulic parameters of the skin and formation zones using a least‐squares approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of hydraulic conductivity using a conventional slug‐test data analysis that neglects the presence of a skin zone will give an incorrect result if the aquifer has a skin zone. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深井电极交叉供电对自然电位的影响

通过实验论证平凉地震台深井电阻率观测自然电位畸变由电极交叉供电造成,讨论分析不同电极供电对自然电位的影响。结果表明:对测量极供电,会影响自然电位,不会影响电阻率测值;单极供电对自然电位的影响表现为阶跃突跳,并以指数形态恢复,恢复时间约10 h,干扰峰值与供电电流、供电时间等有关;对观测数据进行校正,取得较好效果。     

Numerical modelling of the potential effects of a dam on a coastal aquifer in S. Spain

This study presents the results of a three‐dimensional variable‐density numerical modelling of the Motril‐Salobreña coastal aquifer and the possible effects of the entry into service in May 2005 of the Rules Dam, located just 17 km from the coast. Present parameters of the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer show that the system's conditions are very similar to a natural regime. The dam will substantially alter aquifer recharge, as the entry flow through the alluvial sediments of the Guadalfeo River will be entirely cut off or drastically reduced. Different scenarios reproducing the possible evolution of the aquifer under operation of the Rules Dam have been modelled. In most cases, results indicate that the conditions of the aquifer would worsen, with a general advance of the freshwater–saltwater interface. The area with most risk of saltwater intrusion is the old mouth of the Guadalfeo River, where the mixing zone could advance 1200 m inland. It is proposed that maintaining a 5–6 Mm³ year^?1 ‘ecological flow’ in the Guadalfeo River could prevent this saline advance. This application demonstrates that variable‐density models are potentially useful tools for estimating the effects of dams on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions of a coastal aquifer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of an aquifer system in the Upper Palar Basin: a case study

Hydrodynamics of the groundwater flow regime in hard rock regions, and its quantification, are not yet fully understood. This is mainly a result of several uncertainties involved in quantifying the hydrogeological parameters. Numerical techniques are potential tools in interpreting hydrogeological parameters in hard rock regions. Such a study was carried out in the Palar River Basin, Tamilnadu (India), where pumping tests carried out on large diameter wells were interpreted using a numerical technique. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of well drawdowns on the mixing process of river water and groundwater and water quality in a riverside well field,Northeast China

Riverbank filtration (RBF) has been widely used throughout the world as an effective means to regulate surface water and groundwater resources and pretreat raw water for municipal water supply. The quality of the water from a riverside well field and the mixing ratios of surface water and groundwater is primarily impacted by the hydrodynamic processes in the RBF system. The RBF system is largely controlled by the water exploiting system in addition to the natural hydrologic condition of the river–aquifer system. As one of the most important design parameters of the riverside well field, the drawdown of groundwater level greatly determines the water head differences between the river water and groundwater as well as the field flow net, which subsequently impacts the mixing of river water and groundwater and water quality significantly. This study aimed to improve the understanding of the mixing process between the surface water and groundwater and estimate the impact of the RBF on the mixing ratio of surface water–groundwater and water quality quantitatively. A set of field pumping tests with various groundwater level drawdowns were carried out independently and successively at a riverside field with a single pumping well near the Songhua River in Northeast China in August 2017. During these tests, the water levels and hydrochemical parameters of the Songhua River, the adjacent aquifer, and the pumping well were monitored. The dynamic mixing process of the river water and groundwater and water quality under various drawdown conditions were analysed systematically using analytical methods. The results obtained from Dupuit method and the Mirror Image method in conjunction with the Hydrochemical Tracing method showed that the pumping water directly from the river water reached 60% ± 10% after a steady flow net was established. The larger the proportion of the pumping water captured from the river, the better quality of the pumping water was, because the quality of the river water (only limited to some water quality parameters monitored which were minority) was better than that of the groundwater. The results also showed that total Fe, TDS, total hardness, COD_Mn, and K⁺ were relatively sensitive to the changes of groundwater drawdown, and their concentrations decreased with an increase in the groundwater drawdown. It can be concluded that both the mixing ratio of the surface water and the groundwater and the water quality of the riverside well field can be regulated through adjusting the designed drawdown of the groundwater level, which is helpful for the design and the optimization of the riverside well water intake engineering.     

胜利油田油水井动态与华北地震关系的初步分析

近些年来,在收集总结大量复杂多样的地震前兆资料中,油水井动态异常以其变化量显著而引人注目。本文以近几年华北地区所发生的地震为实例,旨在分析研究胜利油田油水井的产油量、产液量、油水井压力(地层压力)在震前震后的变化规律。     

安徽阜南综合观测井水位大幅度下降异常原因探讨

安徽省阜南综合观测井(下文简称阜南井)水位于2015年4月20日开始出现大幅度下降变化,至2015年10月9日累计下降1.8 m,之后在低值波动.2016年5月29日,该井水位再次出现下降变化,安徽省地震局随即开展了异常现场核实及相关分析,获得以下认识.     

清丰井气体观测资料动态特征变化原因分析

介绍了清丰井及气体观测基本情况,研究了清丰井气体观测资料动态特征变化的原因。结果表明,井孔条件,抽水条件,如水泵深度、抽水量等因素的改变对观测结果产生较大影响。     

利用深井地下水位动态研究大华北地区现今构造应力场状态

在水平层状含水层(一维)模式下, 根据含水层应力与井水位变化之间的定量关系表达式, 利用华北地区40多口深井水位动态变化资料, 探索研究华北地区现今构造应力场状态。 即水位上升代表构造应力场压性增强张性减弱; 水位下降代表构造应力场压性减弱张性增强。 初步研究结果表明, 1995~1998年华北北部地区张家口-渤海构造带和山西构造带北部水位普遍上升, M_S5.0以上地震活动频繁; 1999年以后华北地区水位普遍处于下降状态, 反映了华北地区1999年以来构造应力场状态以张性为主, 整个华北地区M_S5.0以上地震活动处于相对平静状态。 该结果可为华北地区地震活动性预测研究提供应力场背景信息。     

唐山地震前不同区域油水井异常变化及其机理分析

对唐山地震前胜利、大港、辽河3个油田的油井和渤中2井的资料以及北京附近部分水井的资料进行整理和分析,描述了油水井的短期和临震异常特征;分析了唐山地震前同一地区和不同地区间的油水井前兆异常之间的关系,对油水井异常变化的机理进行了研究和分析,认为不同的油水井前兆异常是由于唐山地震孕震过程中造成的不同地区的应力状态不同所致,油水井前兆异常可以用来监测和预报地震。