RUNOFF FROM A NEW WATERSHED

ABSTRACT

A complex of hydrogeological, hydrochemical, and biochemical investigations aimed at developing methods for the quality control of irrigation return water and agricultural nonpoint discharge was conducted from 1981 to 1985. The chemical composition of drainage flow in the zone of transient humidification in the Ukraine has been investigated; some dependencies of salts and humidity transfer rates as a function of a range of irrigation and climatic factors have been established. A new so-called “bioengineering” type of water-protective structure based upon natural mechanisms of water purification has been developed. The efficiency of the bioengineering structure for the reduction of the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and some compounds has been determined as a function of temperature, duration of the flow contact with biogeocenosis, water column depth and other parameters.     

中国地震代表团赴新西兰访问考察

应新西兰国家研究科技部邀请，以国家地震局人事教育司司长李裕彻为团长的中国地震代表团于１９９３年１０月１０－２０日访问考察了新西兰。本文介绍了这次访问考察的概况，并根据访问期间了解到的情况，较详细地介绍了新西兰的防震减灾工作、防灾减灾机构及其职能、防震减灾研究等方面的情况。     

三维重磁场“曲化平”的一个方法

本文从勘探地球物理的实际需要和特点出发,探讨了重磁位场解析延拓的数学提法,给出一套较为实用的数值解法。所论述的原理、方法适用于三维空间任意起伏地形条件下的重磁位场曲化平计算,可做“上延拓”计算,也可做“下延拓”计算。在一个比较复杂的理论模型上所做的方法检验表明“上延”和“下延”都取得了较好的效果。     

三维重磁场“曲化平”的一个方法

本文从勘探地球物理的实际需要和特点出发,探讨了重磁位场解析延拓的数学提法,给出一套较为实用的数值解法。所论述的原理、方法适用于三维空间任意起伏地形条件下的重磁位场曲化平计算,可做“上延拓”计算,也可做“下延拓”计算。在一个比较复杂的理论模型上所做的方法检验表明“上延”和“下延”都取得了较好的效果。     

根据地球热历史研究得到的地幔温度模型(英文)

通过求解全球能量平衡方程 ,得到地幔温度剖面。中地幔过渡带有一个温度突然增加 ,因此不能根据近地表数据向下做简单的外推。这个问题可以通过研究地球的冷却过程解决。目前地幔底部的温度值是 2 94 0K ,中地幔过渡带温度为 2 0 4 0K ,穿过这个带有一个 310K的突变。上部边界层底部的温度为     

长白山天池火山全新世3期浮岩长石斑晶中熔体包裹体高温热台实验研究

长白山天池火山在全新世曾多次喷发,以往研究结果基本上认定至少有3期喷发物:距今约5,000a前淡黄色碱流质浮岩、距今约1,000a前灰白色碱流质浮岩和碎屑流以及距今约300a的黑色粗面质浮岩和熔结凝灰岩。喷发物斑晶矿物中含有众多熔体包裹体,形貌特征各有不同。经Leitz1350高温热台对天池火山全新世3期喷发物长石中熔体包裹体的均一法测温实验,结果表明第1,3喷发期的岩浆温度相差不大,而千年大喷发期较为复杂,揭示当时有2个不同温度段的熔体存在,为大喷发可能由2种岩浆注入和混合而触发的论点提供了线索。实验还证实,个体小的熔体包裹体易于均一,而个体较大的、尤其是含有大量子晶的熔体包裹体则很难均一;均一温度与熔体包裹体大小、何时从较快升温速率变为较慢升温速率、是否为初次升温时测量得出有关。同一颗熔体包裹体多次数升温至均一,每次得到的均一温度不同,而且每升温一次得到的均一温度均比前一次高,证实了均一过程中的确有H扩散的现象     

南京玄武湖鱼类暴发性死亡原因分析

南京玄武湖近年来死鱼事件频发，对该湖水生生态系统的长期监测结果表明，湖水富营养化和沉积物污染十分严重；但生态毒理学研究表明，湖水和沉积物等对鱼类尚未见有急性毒性作用．根据玄武湖鱼类死亡症状，从玄武湖鱼体上分离到一种致病力极强的鱼类病原菌──嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonashydrophila），研究了该病原菌的致病特性，并系统地分析了水质主要污染指标、水体富营养化、藻类种群动态、沉积物污染及其氧化还原层（Eh，＋200mV）等多种因素对玄武湖鱼类暴发性死亡的发生和流行的影响．研究结果表明，近年来玄武湖频频发生的暴发性死鱼多系病原菌感染鱼体引起的鱼类暴发性出血病（鱼类环境病）所致，而该湖水体长期处于严重富营养和有机污染状态以及年久未清的沉积物等是这种“鱼类环境病”的诱发因素．     

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE BASE SLIDING RESPONSE OF RIGID CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS TO DYNAMIC LOADING

A series of dynamic slip tests on a concrete gravity dam model was conducted on a shaking table. The aim of the experiments was to investigate the dynamically induced sliding and overturning characteristics of a typical low height gravity dam monolith cracked at its base. Tests indicated that downstream sliding is the main instability that could be expected during an earthquake. Dynamic, finite element analyses of the experimental model, using a Lagrangian contact surface algorithm, were also performed. A comparison of the experimental and analytical responses indicated that the seismically induced slip can be predicted reasonably by such a contact surface algorithm implemented in a standard finite element package. A comparison of observed displacements with Newmark's sliding block displacements indicated that a conservative estimate of seismic induced slip of a gravity dam could be obtained by using Newmark's sliding block concept, generally adopted for earth dams and embankments.     

MEASUREMENT OF FROST-INDUCED SNOWMELT RUNOFF IN A FOREST SOIL

Snow interception in a coniferous stand leads to considerable short-range variability in snowcover depth, which in turn affects the water and heat regime of the soil. To study the coupling between snow accumulation, frost penetration, and hydrological response, plot-scale experiments were conducted in a subalpine spruce forest. The stony, sandy–loamy Spodosol was highly permeable and had an organic layer of 5–15 cm thickness. Within two plots, one underneath a tree crown and one in a canopy gap, we measured near-surface runoff, soil temperature, and liquid water content. Snow and frost depths varied more in space than between two winter periods at given locations. Frost penetration was greater near the trunk, where a higher portion of snowmelt water drained downslope close to the surface than in the gap due to frost-induced reduction of infiltration. In both years, the spring snowmelt occurred over two distinct periods. During the first snowmelt, the water percolated primarily through the frozen layer and part of it probably refroze within the frozen layer, thereby raising the total water and ice content. During the second event, near-surface runoff was more pronounced.     

MEASURING AND MODELLING OF SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND RUNOFF GENERATION IN AN AGRICULTURAL LOESSIAL HILLSLOPE

Surface runoff may be generated when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity, or when the soil profile is saturated with water. Indications exist that both types of overland flow may occur in hilly agricultural loess regions. Here, for a loessial hillslope under maize in the southern part of The Netherlands, it was shown, with pressure head and runoff measurements, that Hortonian overland flow occurs during typical summer rain events. Surface runoff was initiated after saturation of the top 5–10 cm of the soil. Deeper in the soil, unsaturated conditions prevailed while runoff took place. Peak runoff discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment occurred a few minutes after peak rainfall intensities were measured. It appeared that SWMS_2D, a two-dimensional water flow model, was capable in simulating observed pressure head changes and runoff. Simulated potential runoff for the transect studied was higher by a magnitude of three than the measured areal average. This indicates effects of surface ponding, and the probable location of this particular transect in a region with high runoff production.     

对江苏省溧阳2次破坏性地震发震构造的新认识

1974年、1979年在江苏省南部溧阳地区相继发生了震级分别为5.5级和6级的2次破坏性地震,其中1979年的6级地震是现代发生在江苏省陆域内震级最高的地震。2次地震相隔5年,极震区基本重合,说明2次地震的发震构造属同一活动断裂。不少学者经过考察认为这2次地震的发震构造与NNE走向的茅东断裂有关。近年来,许多研究者在溧阳震区开展了大量浅层人工地震探测、高密度电法、钻探及地震地质考察,随着资料的积累以及对震区余震的精确定位,人们对溧阳地震的发震断裂有了更清晰的认识。这2次地震的主震及其余震均沿茅东断裂以东2km的金坛-南渡断裂分布,2次主震震中均位于金坛-南渡断裂南段与近EW向的溧阳-南渡断裂相交会的区域内。因此,笔者认为这2次溧阳地震的发震主断裂应为金坛-南渡断裂。     

AN EXAMPLE OF DAMAGE FROM A POWDER AVALANCHE

Abstract

A powder avalanche moved a 3,200 kg truck 19,8 m horizontally and dropped it 15 2 m into a gully without serious damage. Data from the site are used to compute the velocity of snow-free air and of a snow-air mixture necessary to cause this event. These velocities are found to be within the velocity of the avalanche as estimated from the equations published by A. Voellmy.     

河南濮阳清丰2号井水位快速下降异常原因调查分析

2013年5月7日~9日河南濮阳清丰地震台清丰2号井水位快速下降约0.18 m,下降幅度大于平常下降幅度,9日起水位慢慢恢复。对产生水位快速下降的原因进行了调查分析,研究结果显示:河南濮阳清丰2号井水位下降是由于同层地下水开采抽水造成的,不是地震前兆异常变化。     

珠江三角洲五桂山南麓断裂第四纪活动新知

野外工作期间 ,在珠江三角洲五桂山南麓发现两个切割第四系的断层剖面。这是首次在珠江三角洲地区见到的断裂第四纪活动的直接地质证据。对两个剖面作了详细介绍 ,并通过三角洲第四系的分析和对比 ,确认五桂山南麓断裂在中、晚更新世时期是活动的     

声波测井中首波与次首波的理论研究

本文讨论了裸眼井中由点状声源激发的首波与次首波问题,认为:首波与次首波分别是以地层纵波速度V_c和地层横波速度V_s传播的几何衰减波。同时给出了泄漏波的解析式,而泄漏纵波和泄漏横波的截止频率分别为远场处的首波与次首波的传播特征频率。     

声波测井中首波与次首波的理论研究

本文讨论了裸眼井中由点状声源激发的首波与次首波问题,认为:首波与次首波分别是以地层纵波速度Vc和地层横波速度Vs传播的几何衰减波。同时给出了泄漏波的解析式,而泄漏纵波和泄漏横波的截止频率分别为远场处的首波与次首波的传播特征频率。     

西安曲江池古墓浅震初探

古城西安,以其名胜古迹、艺术珍藏之丰硕著称于世。为了开发我国古代的灿烂文化,在陕西省文物管理局组织下,几个单位分别用多种方法对一座位于西安曲江池的汉代古墓进行了非破坏性探测试验。这里,简介西安地质学院应用浅层地震方法探测古墓的试验情况。     

鲁莘1井水位突降异常现象调查及成因分析

本文对鲁莘1井水位出现的多次突降异常进行了调查与分析,认为该异常是真实存在的,并对异常的特征和成因进行了分析。认为异常的成因可能是断层蠕动引起的。