b) RAPPORT DU SECRETAIRE SUR LA VIE DE L'ASSOCIATION AU COURS DE LA PERIODE 1957–1960

Summary

The Hooghly is a tidal river and Calcutta one of the most important ports of India is situated on it. The tidal effect stretches to over 175 miles length up to Nabadwip where two nonperennial rivers Bhagirathi and Jalangi, both taking off at different sites from the Gangesmeet and discharge their rain water (freshets) into the Hoogly all through the summer months. Other rivers join it also downstream. Annual tide tables are published for three places on the river viz Sagar, Diamond Harbour and Garden Reach.

In this paper lunitidal intervals, durations of rise and fall, mean high water, mean low water, mean tide level and mean sea level planes and mean ranges have been shown to go through periodic seasonal changes. It has been shown that different tidal planes have changed differently in the intrior of the river indicating changes in tidal regimes and in the river bed. Whereas variations in yearly sea levels since 1882 have not been appreciable at Sagar, these at Garden Reach have changed considerable at indicating sometimes an improvement in the channel, other times worsening of the channel. Four 19 yearly cycles of mean sea-level at Garden Reach have been analysed to give phaselags different from Zero and large variations in amplitudes. To carry this study further one period of 19 years each for Sagar, Madras and Vishakhapatnam on East Coast and 4 periods each for Bombay and Aden in the Arabian Sea have also been analysed to see the possibility of nodal variations being constant in amplitude and phase over large areas of the ocean. 19-yearly cycles in the differences between MTL &; MSL have been examined for Bombay, Madras and Garden Reach. The effects of freshets on various planes have been analysed and the curves of annual freshets and MTLs at Garden Reach are found to run closely parallel. The variations in yearly high water and law water planes above MTLs of the corresponding years after corrections for the longitude of the moons' node have been found to be inappreciable. Theoretical extreme high water and low water planes have been found to be more extreme than actually recorded planes which are very near M.H.W.S. and M.L.W.S. planes indicating there are no predominant effects of winds and storms on the tides in the river. The mean ranges at Garden Reach have been found to be steadily increasing. Theoretical effects of increase in range and lowering of MSL on MHW and MLW plane has been found to agree with actual values. Monthly average temperatures and salinities show distinct annual cycles. High temperatures occur at the same times as low salinities and high mean sea levels. Vertical density structure may be responsible for a large part of annual variation in the sea level at Sagar which is a region of particular interest on account of opposite influences of seasonal monsoons, drainage of rivers and oceanic currents. Seasonal variations in average monthly pressure have been related to variations in mean sea levels and it is found that as the pressures decrease, the height of MSL increases. Tide in Hooghly has been found to be progressive type of wave. Rates of travel of tidal streams outside Sagar and rates of streams in the river have been given also, stating the effects of freshets on tidal streams. Bores in Hooghly have been examined. Shapes of tidal curves and profile of the bore at Garden Reach have been drawn. Rates of propagation of the bore from Doodsons' formulae have been compared with actual values and a remarkable agreement has been found. The rise of tide in 10 minutes and 30 minutes which is the time taken for the steep rise to disappear has been correlated with range of tide and a useful table has been included. Tides in Hooghly are predicted by applying harmonic shallow water corrections to open sea primary predictions at Sagar. As the freshets are unpredictable an approximate relationship has been worked out between the departures of actual freshets from num freshets of the years of analyses and departures of actual from predicted tides. From a knowledge of actual freshets the predictions can be corrected almost, daily.

A large number of tables and only the essential graphs have been included to illustrate the contents.     

MESURE DE LA PERMÉABILITÉ DES SOLS EN PLACE: UN NOUVEL APPAREIL POUR LA MÉTHODE MUNTZ UNE EXTENSION DE LA MÉTHODE PORCHET AUX SOLS HÉTÉROGÈNES

ABSTRACT

The authors make a general survey of the methods of measuring soil permeability in the field, looking at them from the point of view of the hydrologist.

In the first part they describe new equipment built by the ORSTOM Centre in Lome, Togo, to apply the Muntz method of vertical infiltration under constant head, equipment using a double cylinder and semi-automatic regulation of the discharge.

In the second part, the authors make a mathematical analysis of the Porchet method of horizontal infiltration in a borehole full of water: they show that results may be interpreted even with heterogeneous (multi-layered) soils and that the calculations are simplified using a computer programme.

In conclusion they deal with some results of measurements obtained by the two methods, and examine their accuracy and their correlation with the physical and hydrodynamics characteristics of the soils.     

HYDROGÉOLOGIE DE LA RÉGION CENTRALE DE L'ASIE MINEURE

Abstract

Almost all runoff from the semiarid rangelands of the Southwestern United States results from intense convective storms of short duration. Depth-duration values for precipitation for this region that are developed through standard procedures may be misleading when used for runoff design. Various combinations of short bursts of rain can, and do, plot on average depth-duration curves, but such curves have little practical meaning for small watersheds (100 square miles or less). For design purposes for small watersheds, depths of precipitation for relatively short periods (15-30-60 minutes) for varying return periods and areas are needed. For runoff design for larger watersheds two probability estimates may be needed—the probability of storms of certain intensities and size falling on tributary watersheds of finite sizes, and the probability of storms developing over a multi-tributary system in such patterns as to produce important volumes and peaks of runoff.     

CYCLES D'ÉVOLUTION DE LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DES EAUX SOUTERRAINES / DANS CERTAINES SITUATIONS HYDROGÉOLOGIQUES TYPIQUES DU BASSIN DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE

Abstract

Results of a comprehensive synoptic-hydrological analysis of major flood events in the Negev (1964–2007) are presented. A low threshold for major flood data was set to be the 10-year recurrence interval of peak discharge and/or flood volume magnitude. Altogether, 75 major flood events, or 133 hydrometrically monitored floods, were extracted. These events were categorized according to synoptic oriented classes by verification of the paired databases of: (a) floods in the study area, and (b) synoptic systems over the Eastern Mediterranean. For the study area, two of the most frequent flood-generating synoptic systems are the autumn Red Sea Trough (RST), 31%, and winter cyclones, 49%. The entire RST series consists of 24 major flood events (55 floods). The synoptic definition was corroborated by analysing the specific form of flood hydrographs and the ratio of flood volume to peak discharge. Regional analysis shows increased contribution of RST events southwards from 30% to 90% with a respective decrease in the number of cyclone events. By comparing two 22-year sub-periods (1964–1985 and 1986–2007), a positive trend in the frequency and magnitudes of RST flood events is discerned. There is also an increased tendency for the occurrence of cyclone floods.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Shentsis, I., Laronne J.B., and Alpert, P., 2012. Red Sea Trough flood events in the Negev, Israel (1964–2007). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (1), 42–51.     

QUELQUES EXEMPLES D'APPLICATION DES MESURES DE RAYONNEMENT À LA DÉTERMINATION DE L'ÉVAPO-TRANSPIRATION EN CLIMAT TROPICAL

ABSTRACT

From data obtained at stations set up in Chad, the Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville, stretching from the desert to the equatorial zone, it has been possible to compare measurements of evapotranspiration and of evaporation with results obtained by using the energy-balance method. Several difficulties arise in these comparisons since the scale of the measurements (small evaporating surfaces) is generally different from that of the climatic characteristics on which evaporation is dependent.

After proposing a model to resolve this problem and fitting the empirical coefficients of Penman's formula, the author has applied this formula to some results derived for stations in Congo-Brazzaville; the potential evapotranspiration calculated in this way is in good agreement with water balance data.

At these stations the evapotranspiration energy may be a constant percentage of global short-wave radiation.

Finally, the energy-balance method has been used at Brazzaville to measure the actual evapotranspiration over grass during the dry season. The result is that actual and potential evapotranspiration were found to be closely related.

These results indicate the importance of solar readiation in the field of hydrometeorology.     

RÉSULTATS DE L'ÉTUDE DE L'ÉCOULEMENT DES ALLUVIONS EN SUSPENSION DES RIVIÈRES DE LA ROUMANIE

Abstract

The study is based on the 121 answers to the international survey on ground water recharge published in I.A.S.H. bulletin n° 87.

After generalities about the aims, benefits, type of devices, recharged aquifers and size of plants, are examined:

—The infiltration devices (basins canals).

—The injection devices (wells).

—The economical aspects of realisations.

Diverse statistical correlations are found, and regression formulas proposed, concerning:

—Connections between permeability, size of devices, and the injection or infiltration rate.

—Connection between the annual input and the capital invested.

The synthesis of these datas conduct to results which may be useful to pepare new-projects of artificial recharge.     

胶东郭城地区脉岩锆石LA—ICP-MS U-Pb定年及斑晶EPMA研究：对岩石圈演化的启示

胶东郭城地区盆地边缘砾岩型金矿区高密度侵位闪长玢岩-二长斑岩．煌斑岩．为了从微区角度限定脉岩成因及形成时代,对斑晶矿物和锆石分别进行了电子探针分析（EPMA）和LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年研究．岩相学研究见角闪石斑晶包裹黑云母及出现长针状磷灰石现象,矿物化学结果显示辉石及角闪石斑晶幔部均出现了MgO（Mg^#）,Cr2O3含量急剧升高的组成特点,斜长石斑晶具有反环带,揭示脉岩为壳幔混合作用的产物．锆石阴极发光图像显示其具有典型岩浆生长振荡环带,测年结果表明二长斑岩（GS1）和闪长玢岩（GS2）分别形成于（114±2）和（116±1）Ma,出现了部分胶北地体早期岩浆事件的继承或捕获锆石．两类脉岩锆石REE组成类似,Nb／Ta比值接近,暗示一致的岩浆源区．锆石HREE富集及明显的负Eu异常,反映源区未有石榴石出现．结合前人研究成果,显示胶东矿集区不同类型金矿区内脉岩侵位及金矿化具有相同的时代和构造背景．同时也暗示了胶东地区强烈的壳幔作用及岩石圈底侵减薄发生在早白垩世,与中生代早期的拆沉作用代表了岩石圈巨厚减薄的不同阶段．     

LE TRITIUM DANS LES PRÉCIPITATIONS DE L'ASIE DU SUD-EST ET LE PHÉNOMÉNE DE LA MOUSSON EN 1966 ET EN 1967

Abstract

The problem of non-steady flow of water in a soil-plant system can be described by adding a sink term to the continuity equation for soil water flow. In this paper the sink term is defined in two different ways. Firstly it is considered to be dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, on the difference in pressure head between the soil and the root-soil interface and some root effectiveness function. Secondly the sink is taken to be a prescribed function of the soil water content. The partial differential equation applying to the first problem is solved by both a finite difference (FD 1) and a finite element (FE 1) technique, that applying to the second problem by a finite difference approach (FD 2). The purpose of this paper is to verify the numerical models against field measurements, to compare the results obtained by the three numerical methods and to show how the finite element method can be applied to complex but realistic two-dimensional flow situations. Two examples are given. The first concerns one-dimensional flow and it compares numerical results with those obtained experimentally in the field from water balance studies on red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ‘Rode Herfst’) grown on a clay soil in the presence of a water table. The second example describes two-dimensional flow in a complex field situation in the Netherlands where flow takes place under cropped field conditions through five anisotropic layers. Water is supplied to the system by infiltration from two unlined ditches and is withdrawn from the system by evapotranspiration and by leakage to an underlying pumped aquifer.     

ASSEMBLÉE D'HELSINKI: COMPTES-RENDUS DES TRAVAUX DE LA COMMISSION DES EAUX DE SURFACE. I. COLLOQUE SUR LES SÉCHERESSES ET DÉBITS DE BASES

Abstract

Reserves stand for the gravific or releasable water volume stored up in an aquiferous level. It is possible to distinguish regulative, geological and potential reserves. Their calculation is necessitating the knowledge of hydrogeological structures and the determination of specific yield or coefficient of storage. The use of recession curves allows speedy valuations.