Monitoring of Three-dimensional Additional Stress and Strain in Shield Segments of Former Tunnels in the Construction of Closely-Spaced Twin Tunnels

In recent years, with the development of urbanization, the construction of closely-spaced twin tunnels is becoming more and more common. How to ensure the safety of the former tunnel during the construction of the later tunnel has become the focus of the construction of closely-spaced twin tunnels. To study the safety of the former tunnel segment structure, this paper analyzed the field monitoring data of practical engineering (the section with the minimum separation (4.5 m) between the twin tunnels from Anyuanxi station to Chunshenhu station on the Suzhou Metro Line 4 in Jiangsu, China) and obtained the dynamic change law of additional stress and strain of the former tunnel segment under the influence of the construction of later tunnel. Based on this research, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The maximum circumferential tensile stress on the segmental structures was shown to be 2.62 MPa at the horizontal position on Section S2 in the side adjacent to the later tunnel, which should be main monitored. (2) The maximum values of the vertical deformation and peripheral convergence of the segments were 16.21 and 17.39 mm, separately, both of which were less than two-thirds of the allowable deformation. Therefore, the shield tunnel deformations were within allowable limits. This research results can provide guidance for similar engineering.     

Uncertainty Analysis for Assessing Leakage Through Water Tunnels: A Case from Nepal Himalaya

Water leakage problems in unlined or shotcrete lined water tunnels are not new issues. In many occasions severe water leakage problems have been faced that not only have reduced the stability of the rock mass, but also have caused valuable water to be lost from it, causing safety risk as well as huge economic loss to the projects. Hence, making tunnels water tight plays an important role in improving stability and safety of underground excavations. The real challenge is however accurate prediction and quantification of possible water leakage, so that cost consequences can be incorporated during planning of a water conveying tunnel project. The main purposes of this paper are to analyze extensive data on leakage test carried out through exploratory drillhole used to define the need for pre-injection grouting of Khimti headrace tunnel and to carry out probabilistic approach of uncertainty analysis based on relationship established between leakage, hydrostatic head and selected Q-value parameters. The authors believe that the new approach regarding uncertainty analysis of leakage presented in this paper will improve the understanding of leakage characteristics of the rock mass, and hope this will lead to a better understanding concerning quantification of possible water leakage from unlined and shotcrete lined water tunnels.     

不同岩相泥页岩数字岩心构建方法研究——以东营凹陷为例

针对泥页岩储层低孔特低渗、结构致密、非均质性强的特点,多采用三维数字岩心来直观显示各组分空间分布和表征微观结构。物理数字岩心虽更真实准确,但往往局限于特定岩石样品物性特征,因此需构建具有一定普适性、受多参数约束的、代表某一类岩性或岩相的简约数字岩心。同时,目前的图像分割方法难以对综合多样品特征、代表某类岩相样品进行组分划分。提出一种基于图像像素点累计分布函数,结合各组分百分含量及灰度序列进行阈值分割的方法,并基于X射线CT扫描成像,综合运用扫描电镜成像及能谱分析等手段,结合东营凹陷不同岩相泥页岩矿物组分及孔隙度特征,构建不同岩相(包括富长英质、长英质、富钙质、钙质和富泥质)泥页岩数字岩心。结果显示,东营凹陷泥页岩储层组分按灰度值由小到大依次为孔裂隙、有机质、黏土矿物、长英质矿物、钙质矿物、铁质矿物;基于不同岩相各组分体积百分含量及灰度分布序列,以CT灰度图像像素点累计分布函数表征不同岩相各组分体积百分含量分布函数,可依次划分各组分阈值,该方法可以实现其他分割方法难以完成的针对某一岩相进行阈值划分;采用先构建单组分数字岩心再嵌套组合的方法可构建具有一定普适性、受矿物组分和孔隙度等参数约束的泥页岩数字岩心。     

Construction Problems on the Karstified Limestone Tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal: A Case Study

During the excavations for the foundations of a three storey building on the limestone tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal, a large dissolution fissure and smaller dissolution voids were found. Since the area has never been the subject of engineering geology investigation, it was decided to evaluate the risk associated with the construction of the building. These limestone tuffs were formed in a continental environment by the precipitation of calcite carried by the water coming from the large limestone body in the east. The precipitated calcite mixed with the terrigenous materials and around trunks and leaves of plants, originating a very heterogeneous and porous ground, which is characteristic of limestone tuffs. The study started with a detailed geological survey followed by a large number of destructive drillings, located essentially under the pad foundations. The results revealed several karstic cavities with serious problems for the building foundations and the structure, and many smaller dissolution cavities, often filled with clayey soils. The ground treatment solutions used included, dental cleaning, filling with concrete or granular material the dissolution structures accessible at the level of the foundation, reinforcement of the footing and the structure of the building and adding a continuous foundation beam to hold the foundations together. The cost of the engineering geology study, site investigation, ground treatment, and the reinforcement of the foundation and building, increased the total construction cost from 2%, at the design stage, to 4.8%.     

基于组合赋权和未确知测度的深埋隧道岩爆危险性评价——以川藏交通廊道桑珠岭隧道为例

针对复杂山区深埋隧道岩爆危险性评价中的诸多不确定性因素问题,通过归纳分析典型高地应力条件下深埋隧道岩爆破坏特征及关键影响因子,从客观反映高地应力环境、岩石力学性能和围岩性质3个层面确定5项岩爆评价指标,利用未确知测度理论建立隧道岩爆危险性评价模型.为了充分考虑岩爆危险性评价的主观因素和客观因素,通过引入距离函数,采用熵权法和层次分析法相结合构建组合赋权法,综合确定各指标的权重系数.基于未确知测度理论及计算规则,结合岩爆危险性分级标准,构建直线型单指标测度函数,计算单指标测度评价矩阵和多指标测度向量,依照置信度准则进行岩爆危险性评价.将构建的岩爆危险性评价未确知测度模型应用于川藏交通廊道桑珠岭隧道,并与强度应力比法、Russenes判据、岩石脆性系数、岩体完整性系数、岩石弹性能指数等单指标判据评价结果及实际岩爆结果进行对比.研究结果表明:该模型评价结果的准确率达到94.4%,比单指标岩爆判据的准确率高16.7%~66.7%.      

Mine Overburden Dump Failure: A Case Study

In any open cast mine, the management of stripped spoil during mining is crucial to the mine’s successful operation. The improper management of the overburden (OB) dump can result in stability issues which may affect safety and production of the mine. Various literatures have reported the failure of open pit dumps and the consequences in loss of life, production and impact on neighbouring amenities. Recently, the failure of an out-of-pit OB dump at an Indian Colliery was reported. The failed OB dump displaced spoil approximately 70 m from the original location of the dump toe and impacted on neighbouring amenities. This paper back analyse material properties and investigates the probable mechanism of this OB failure. Well established tools including limiting equilibrium and continuum numerical methods have been used to understand and identify the failure kinematics of this dump. It has been found that the residual friction angle of the material comprising the dump structural unit dominates stability. Mobilisation of residual strength can occur by operational induced strains and/or the presence of water. The shear strength of the foundation was fully mobilised and provided a slip surface for the overlying dump material. The resultant failure is manifest as a bilinear wedge movement of two ridged blocks defined by linear rupture planes.     

西北干旱内陆河区水资源利用与绿洲演变规律研究──以石羊河流域下游民勤盆地为例

水资源的开发利用对我国西北干旱内陆河区的生态环境具有重要的影响,天然植物的生 长与种群随地下水位和阵水的变化而演变。由于良好的绿洲生态系统是实现于旱内陆河区社会。 经济和环境可持续发展的基本前提,在西部大开发中,必须综合考虑水资源开发利用与绿洲生 态环境保护问题,本文以民勤盆地为例,研究典型干旱内陆河区水资源利用、农业灌溉与绿洲 演变的转化关系和基本规律。     

开发区建设过程中的生态环境影响研究——以长春高新开发区为例

以长春高新开发区为例,从植被变化、生物物种变化、地表覆盖层变化、能流变化等几方面进行了开发区建设前后生态系统的变化分析。采用景观优势度方法,分别计算了缀块密度、频率、景观比例和景观优势度值。优势度排序绿地最高为23.78%,其次为工业用地20.42%,表明开发区规划合理,在建设过程中高度重视环境保护工作。在建立由社会环境、自然环境和污染环境3个方面共7项指标组成的生态满意度评价指标体系中,明确各指标关系的基础上,对区域生态环境和功能给人们生活、工作带来的满意程度进行了评估。评估结果表明,全区除集中供热率为基本满意外,其他指标均达到完全满意的程度。     

燃料乙醇企业循环经济的实例研究

以北方某燃料乙醇生产系统为例,从物质、能量和水的流动等方面定量地分析其实践循环经济的情况,并结合清洁生产指标体系做了对比分析。着重分析了此生产系统的废物链的组成及其作用,并探讨了进一步发展循环经济的措施。结果表明:燃料乙醇生产系统的原料为可再生资源,主要产品燃料乙醇具有环境友好性;废物链的存在提高了物质利用率、能量利用率和能量保有率,减少了废物的排放,提高了经济效益;通过对废物链的补充还可进一步体现循环经济特性。     

Application of Dynamic Compaction in Highway: A Case Study

The application case of dynamic compaction (DC) is realized in highway. In this paper, the in situ tests for evaluating effectiveness of DC are performed on a liquefiable soil and soft soil interbedding foundation encountered in highway engineering practice. Excess pore pressure, total surface settlement and lateral deformation under DC impact are measured and analysed. The cone penetration test (CPT) and spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) are used for investigating the compaction effectiveness. The formulation of the predicting improvement depth of the DC is presented according to the pseudo-static mechanics method and is of obvious meaning of soil mechanics compared with Mendard’s formulation. The calculating results of the formulation of improvement depth of the DC are agreement with the measuring results. The investigation results indicate that the DC technique is an effective way for improving liquefiable soil and soft soil interbedding foundation in highway engineering practice.     

Geotechnical Characteristics of Copper Mine Tailings: A Case Study

Waste management issue in mining industry has become increasingly important. In this regard, construction of tailings dams plays a major role. Most of the tailings dams require some kinds of remedial actions during their operational lifetime, among which heightening is the most common. In the first stage of the remedial provisions for Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex tailings dam in Iran, it has been decided to use hydrocyclone method to provide suitable construction material due to the high cost associated with using borrow materials for heightening of the dam. To undertake this project a series of laboratory experiments was performed to determine the copper ‘original tailings’ and ‘cycloned materials’ geotechnical characteristics to evaluate the applicability of the cycloned materials for construction purposes. Different laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the grain-size distribution, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, maximum density, shear strength parameters, consolidation coefficient, and hydraulic conductivity. The results were compared with those of similar mines to check whether they follow the trends observed in other copper tailing materials elsewhere. Variation of the cohesion and internal friction angle versus different compaction ratios were studied in order to determine realistic shear strength parameters for tailing dam stability analysis. In this study, using oedometer test, a mild linear relation between void ratio and the consolidation coefficient has been found for tailings materials. By considering the effects of void ratio and weight of passing sieve #200 materials, a new relationship is proposed that can be used for estimating the copper slimes hydraulic conductivity in seepage analysis of tailings dams.     

半干旱区域高速公路绿化带建设对地下水循环的影响: 以京藏高速公路呼包段为例

高速公路绿化带能美化环境,吸尘减噪,保持水土,但在降水量少的干旱地区,高速公路绿化带主要依赖地下水补给,会对区域地下水资源分布产生一定影响。以土默川平原北部呼包高速绿化带为研究对象,利用3S技术将研究区的绿化带进行分类,同时,结合ET_0等相关公式计算绿化带的蒸腾耗水量。在收集区域水文地质资料的基础上,掌握研究区的地下水补径排特征,计算研究区侧向补给量,进而得出绿化带蒸腾耗水量与地下水补给量之间的关系,定量分析高速公路绿化带建设对区域地下水循环的影响。结果表明:研究区地下水补给主要来源于大青山山前侧向补给,主要排泄为地下水径流排泄及绿化带的蒸腾耗水; 2016-07—2017-06期间,研究区非植被区、植被覆盖区分别占总面积的17%和83%,绿化带年蒸散发量为1006.10 mm,蒸腾耗水量为2434.86×10~4m^3/a;山前侧向补给量为24372.16×10~4m^3/a;绿化带蒸腾耗水量约占山前侧向补给量的10%。由此可见,高速公路绿化带的建设对地下水资源分布有着重要的影响。     

Earthquake Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes: a Case Study

Stability analysis of Surabhi landslide in the Dehradun and Tehri districts of Uttaranchal located in Mussoorie, India, has been simulated numerically using the distinct element method focusing on the weak zones (fracture). This is an active landslide on the main road toward the town centre, which was triggered after rainfall in July–August 1998. Understanding the behaviour of this landslide will be helpful for planning and implementing mitigation measures. The first stage of the study includes the total area of the landslide. The area identified as the zone of detachment is considered the most vulnerable part of the landslide. Ingress of water and increased pore pressures result in reduced mobilized effective frictional resistance, causing the top layer of the zone of detachment to start moving. The corresponding total volume of rock mass that is potentially unstable is estimated to 11.58 million m³. The second stage of this study includes a 2D model focussing only on the zone of detachment. The result of the analyses including both static and dynamic loading indicates that most of the total displacement observed in the slide model is due to the zone of detachment. The discontinuum modelling in the present study gives reasonable agreement with actual observations and has improved understanding of the stability of the slide slope.     

Assessment of Liquefaction Potential of Guwahati City: A Case Study

The liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless deposits in Guwahati city, Assam, was evaluated. The critical cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction and the cyclic stress ratio induced by an earthquake were obtained using the simplified empirical method developed by Seed and Idriss (J soil Mech Found Eng ASCE 97(SM9):1249–1273, 1971, Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, CA, 1982) and Seed et al. (J Geotech Eng ASCE 109(3):458–483, 1983, J Geotech Eng ASCE 111(12):1425–1445, 1985) and the Idriss and Boulanger (2004) method. Critical cyclic stress ratio was based on the empirical relationship between standard penetration resistance and cyclic stress ratio. The liquefaction potential was evaluated by determining factor of safety against liquefaction with depth for areas in the city. A soil database from 200 boreholes covering an area of 262 km² was used for the purpose. A design peak ground acceleration of 0.36 g was used since Guwahati falls in zone V according to the seismic zoning map of India. The results show that 48 sites in Guwahati are vulnerable to liquefaction according to the Seed and Idriss method and 49 sites are vulnerable to liquefaction according to the Idriss and Boulanger method. Results are presented as maps showing zones of levels of risk of liquefaction.     

几株真菌对铊吸附作用的初步研究

铊是13种优先控制的有毒有害重金属元素之一,研究微生物与铊之间的相互作用有重要的理论意义和应用价值。在黔西南滥木厂铊矿区采集土壤和沉积物,借助平板筛选法在铊浓度为1000 mg/L水平筛选得到九株高耐受性菌株,用于真菌对铊的胞外吸附作用实验,并采用液体发酵法考察真菌对铊的胞外吸附作用,实验设计了1000 mg/L、1200 mg/L和1500mg/L三种铊处理水平,借助ICP-MS检测分析样品的铊含量,以此计算吸附效率。结果表明,三种处理水平中,真菌菌株对铊的吸附效率为4.63%~16.89%,且随着环境中铊浓度的上升,菌丝体(或菌丝球)生物量明显减少,导致吸附效率的下降;真菌对常量元素如钙、钠、钾的吸附与对铊的吸附呈显著正相关。这表明真菌细胞对钙、钾的吸附方式可能与对铊的吸附方式类似。     

Assessing Vulnerability to Agricultural Drought: A Nebraska Case Study

Recent drought events in the United States and the magnitude of drought losses indicate the continuing vulnerability of the country to drought. Until recently, drought management in many states, including Nebraska, has been largely response oriented with little or no attention to mitigation and preparedness. In 1998, Nebraska began to revise its drought plan in order to place more emphasis on mitigation. One of the main aspects of drought mitigation and planning is the assessment of who and what is vulnerable and why. This paper presents a method for spatial, Geographic Information Systems-based assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability in Nebraska. It was hypothesized that the key biophysical and social factors that define agricultural drought vulnerability were climate, soils, land use, and access to irrigation. The framework for derivation of an agricultural drought vulnerability map was created through development of a numerical weighting scheme to evaluate the drought potential of the classes within each factor. The results indicate that the most vulnerable areas to agricultural drought were non-irrigatedcropland and rangeland on sandy soils, located in areas with a very high probability of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. The identification of drought vulnerability is an essential step in addressing the issue of drought vulnerability in the state and can lead to mitigation-oriented drought management.     

“孪生元素”铌-钽的地球化学特性和研究进展

因为具有相同的离子电价（+5）及相似的离子半径（~0.064 nm）,铌和钽是地球化学性质非常相似的一对"孪生"元素.作为高场强元素,Nb-Ta通常赋存在金红石、角闪石、铌-钽矿、榍石和云母等矿物中.近20年来特别是21世纪初,Nb、Ta一直是地球化学领域的一个热点,大量的研究关注不同铌-钽矿物的赋存状态、矿物和岩石中铌-钽含量和铌/钽比值、铌-钽矿物与熔/流体之间的元素分配的实验岩石学研究和铌-钽分异的机制及具体地质过程.研究Nb、Ta具有重要的科学意义,涉及到整个地球的元素平衡、大陆地壳的生长机制、含金红石岩石的形成源区等.本文综合了近20年来铌、钽的研究内容,系统地总结了铌、钽在地球化学研究中各方面已经取得的成果,同时展望了未来铌-钽这对高场强元素对在地球科学研究中的潜在应用.      

海外铜矿投资项目的一种综合评价方法探讨——以非洲为例

中资企业海外矿业投资面临公开资料少、距离远、工作程度低等问题,很难客观评估项目好坏,给海外投资带来巨大风险.本文以非洲铜矿项目为例,提出了一种定性与定量相结合的多因素综合评价方法,针对不同矿床类型,通过开展典型项目研究,构建综合评价指标体系,建立评价模型,从资源禀赋、资源潜力、开发条件以及可获得性四个方面开展项目综合评价.在此基础上,以非洲详查-勘探阶段和普查阶段铜矿项目为研究对象,开展了项目快速评价示范.该方法能在数据资料有限的情况下,实现铜矿项目战略投资快速评价与初选,有利于提高海外矿业投资项目判别效率与投资成功率.