对弥散试验的几点新认识

弥散试验是揭示溶质在地下水中运移机理和获得弥散度等重要水质参数的可靠方法之一．本文在对弥散试验的研究现状、弥散理论的新发展进行了系统分析之后发现，目前弥散试验在条件选择方面存在着某些不足之处，进而对改进弥散试验提出了几点新认识。     

本钢郑家屯潜水含水层弥散试验研究

在本钢郑家屯潜水含水层中进行了弥散试验，以Ｃｌ－为示踪剂，瞬时投放，根据流场条件，建立了二维水质运移模型。利用标准曲线法进行处理，得到了各监测井处的弥散度。对该试验结果进行分析，得到了在试验范围内，多孔介质中水动力弥散度的变化。     

铬在包气带的垂直污染机理研究

通过铬在包气带的垂直渗滤试验探讨了铬对地下水污染的机制，认识到地下水铬污染的主要途径是通过包气带渗入，铬在包气带中的垂直迁移性好，铬进入含水层后，在水动力条件及浓度的影响下，可发生运移—弥散作用，造成大面积地下水污染，严重影响生态环境。     

弥散磁共振成像研究进展

对弥散磁共振成像的核心内容——使用不同强度和方向的弥散信息对完整弥散过程进行三维建模进行介绍.首先根据模型可描述纤维数量将其分为低角度分辨率和高角度分辨率弥散磁共振成像2类,然后根据建模所用弥散采样选择方式将高角度分辨率弥散磁共振成像分为多弥散角度方向模型、多弥散强度模型和综合弥散角度方向和强度模型3类并进行介绍,并对每个具体模型分别从模型设计、模型计算和模型优缺点3个角度进行分析.     

地下水含水介质的弥散度测定

以水动力弥散理论为基础,根据改进的水动力弥散装置,以氯化钠作为示踪剂,用电导仪间接地测定溶质的突破曲线,最后用解析法确定地下水多孔介质中溶质迁移的弥散度。     

LNAPL在二维含水介质中运移规律的研究

为研究LNAPL （轻质非水相液体）污染物在均匀含水介质中的运移规律,本文建立微元模型推导出LNAPL在均匀含水介质中的对流--弥散方程。针对不同的介质模型,对二维对流--弥散方程运用差分法进行数值模拟,求其数值解。分析LNAPL污染物的运移特征,得出在均匀介质和非均匀层状介质中运移规律： LNAPL污染物在含水介质中的运移规律遵循对流--弥散方程,介质的弥散系数是影响LNAPL污染物运移的主要因素。     

砂箱弥散试验尺寸效应及弥散度尺度效应

砂箱弥散试验结果的应用受弥散度尺度效应及砂箱尺寸效应限制。为导向性分析砂箱尺寸效应和尺度效应对弥散度影响及二者关系,以中、细砂构建孔隙含水层,采用尺寸为1.0 m(长)×0.4 m(宽)×0.6 m(高)、0.5 m(长)×0.2 m(宽)×0.3 m(高)的大、小尺寸比为2倍的砂箱各两个,开展NaCl示踪砂箱弥散试验,观测分析10、20、30和40 cm等4个尺度的弥散度。结果表明:①小砂箱弥散度大于大砂箱,具体为(4.26±0.94)cm(1.21±0.30)cm、(5.66±1.42)cm(1.66±0.42)cm、(4.33±1.32)cm(1.45±0.50)cm和(3.08±0.11)cm(2.81±0.03)cm;②以大砂箱为表征,弥散度尺度效应为0.045 7;③与大砂箱相比,尺寸效应使小砂箱的弥散度分别增大(2.51±0.39)倍、(2.41±0.50)倍、(1.99±0.57)倍和(0.10±0.05)倍;④尺寸效应(E_(size))和尺度(x)关系为E_(size)=0.153 2x-7.731 8。综上所述,砂箱尺寸越大,尺寸效应越小;尺度越大,尺寸效应越不明显。该研究为消除尺寸效应对砂箱试验测定土体弥散度影响,及实现砂箱尺度测得弥散度的野外尺度外推提供参考。     

解流体动力弥散问题的等参数溶质质量均衡近似有限元法

本文根据流体动力弥散理论,按地下水中溶质局部质量守恒原理,采用非线性基函数,对单元内的渗透速度和弥散系数作了平均化近似处理,导出了求解流体动力弥散问题的另一种新的数值法——等参数溶质质量均衡近似有限元法。与作者在文献〔1〕中给出的较精确的算法相比,虽不甚精细,但计算工作量大为减小,并保持了文献〔1〕中方法的主要优点,比较简便易行。     

在潜水中进行野外试验求取水平弥散系数探讨

本文将弥散理论运用于实践中，在野外进行现场试验求取弥散系数，并分别用解析法，数值法进行求参，计算效果较好，可应用于潜水地区防治地下水污染及环境影响评价。     

汶东凹陷古近纪地层特征及沉积环境分析

汶东凹陷古近系分为古新世固城组和始新世大汶口组。大汶口组又分上、中、下3段，相应有3个化石组合带。从地震反射看，该凹陷内自下而上呈5组反射波特征。以古近纪地层特征为基础，结合构造演化分析认为：固城组为干旱气候条件下的山麓洪积相沉积，大汶口组下段为干旱条件下浅湖相沉积，大汶口组中段为逐渐湿润条件下的氧化一还原湖相沉积，大汶口组上段为潮湿气候条件下的还原湖相沉积。     

柱坐标三维等参元法向载荷等效

本文推导了柱坐标中三维等参元载荷等效公式。     

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Optimal Filtering Algorithm for Stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with Multiplicative Noise

A stochastic two-dimensional Fornasini-Marchesini's Model Ⅱ (2-D FMM Ⅱ) with multiplicative noise is given,and a filtering algorithm for this model, which is optimal in the sense of linear minimum-variance, is developed. The stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with multiplicative noise can be reduced to a 1-D model, and the proposed optimal filtering algorithm for the stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with multiplicative noise is obtained by using the state estimation theory of 1-D systems. An example is given to illustrate the validity of this algorithm.     

Optimal Filtering Algorithm for Stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with Multiplicative Noise

1　Introduction　Inrecentyearstherehasbeengrowingresearchin terestinthetwo dimensional (2 D )systemtheory .The 2 Dsystemsmayfindapplicationsinareassuchasmarineseismicdataprocessingandimageprocessing .Althoughmoreandmorevaluableresultshavebeengained ,mos…     

OpenGL 3维管线衔接处绘制的研究

3维管线建模与可视化是构建数字城市及实现管线管理信息系统中不可缺少的重要组成部分.本文介绍了利用初始点集构造管线衔接处3维模型的基本步骤,着重对OpenGL 3维管线复杂衔接处3维建模的关键问题进行了探讨.最后用实验对本文提出的理论进行了验证.实验表明,利用简单3维几何变换及基准面旋转的方法可以高效便捷地实现各种复杂管线衔接处的3维可视化,并在实际运用中取得了较好的效果.     

三维电阻率概率成像法研究

电阻率概率成像法是利用地表电场的测量值与电场扫描函数进行归一化的相似程度作为概率的成像方法。根据概率论的基本理论,引入幂函数并推导了电阻率异常发生概率函数。通过数值模型实验对此方法进行了验证,对多个孤立异常体和凹陷模型进行了概率成像。通过对浙江某地实测资料概率成像结果与常规最小二乘法反演结果进行比较表明,三维电阻率概率成像法能较好地分辨地下地电结构。     

Determination Method for Shear Strength Parameters of Rock-Soil Mixtures Using Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3-D Limit Equilibrium Theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.     

A 3-D morphological approach on spatial form and cultural identity of ethnic mountain settlements: Case from Guizhou,China

Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures. The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanization, and in the notion of sustainable development. However, there is a lack of multi-dimensional and cross-cultural quantitative research in settlement morphology, making it difficult to guide practice effectively. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring an automatic or semi-automatic quantification and classification method for the morphological identity of ethnic mountain settlements. We introduce and combine 3-D morphological indicators with existing 2-D indicators to build and test three different sets of indication systems for semi-automatic classification for the settlements' ethnic attribute basing on spatial morphology. Taking the Miao, Dong, and Tunpu(Han) ethnic settlements in Guizhou province, southwest China as research samples, we applied factor analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to compare the classification accuracy under the three systems using data from topographic map, field investigation map, satellite imageries, and ethnography or local chronicle. The results showed that, the 3-D indication system has succeeded in semi-automatic quantification and classification of settlement morphology and ethnic identity by greatly increasing the classification accuracy to 96.30%, which is a huge improvement compared with the basic 2-D indication system(42.59%) and the advanced 2-D indication system(61.11%). The settlement samples are further divided into two sub-types with significant morphological differences in each major ethnic category under the 3-D indication system. We then discussed the potential improvement and future large-scale application of this method with the help of machine learning and other smart techniques. We hope to provide a comprehensive quantitative perspective and a more scientific reference for the future preservation and sustainable development of the massive and diverse vernacular heritages across the world.