我国煤田物探技术的回顾与展望

我国的煤田物探工作经过几代人的艰苦创业，开拓进取，得到了迅速发展．煤田物探为提高煤田地质勘探质量、加快勘探速度以及促进煤田地质勘探现代化方面，做出了重要贡献．在中国地球物理学会成立50周年之际，对我国煤田物探技术作一简要回顾与展望．     

常用地球物理方法勘探深度研究

地球物理勘探在地学研究中起到十分重要的作用,其方法种类较多,在各类物探方法的具体工作中,了解相应方法所能探测到异常体的深度范围,对物探工作的开展十分重要.本文通过对当前地面重力与磁法、常用的电法、放射性方法以及常用的各类航空物探方法在找矿等方面的众多实例勘探深度的研究,总结归纳了现阶段各种常用地球物理方法的勘探深度.总结发现目前重力勘探的找矿深度一般在400 m左右,最大可达到897 m;在地质构造研究方面勘探深度在10~20 km之间,结合其他物探方法最深可达到150 km.目前磁法勘探找矿深度一般在400~500 m,最大深度可达到989 m.电法勘探分支方法较多,多数电法的勘探深度在200~300 m;瞬变电磁法的勘探深度集中在300~400 m,最大可以达到1500 m;大地电磁法的勘探深度集中在700~800 m,最大可达到1800 m以上.放射性勘探主要集中于地表至200 m以浅的放射性矿产勘探.并以典型实例说明各种物探方法可达到的最大深度,研究了影响各种地球物理方法勘探深度的因素,根据总结得到的各类地球物理方法勘探深度,对不同物探方法所适用的地质研究领域与深部找矿方向进行了展望,为实际工作的设计提供参考.     

我国城市物探的应用与发展

随着工程物探的应用与发展,我国城市物探起步于上世纪80年代中期,利用物探手段解决与城市工程建设密切相关的问题,为城市规划、建设与管理提供了大量探测技术成果资料,已经成为应用地球物理的重要组成部分,与工程物探、环境物探有着密切关系.城市物探工作具有很多特点,工作内容方方面面,涉及地面探测、工程测试、水域作业以及井中探测,...     

S变换数据重构地震映像在六威线六盘水车站煤窑采空区勘探中的应用

地震映像对现场施测条件的要求较低,非常适合小煤窑采空区的勘探,应用前景十分广泛.传统的地震映像方法通常通过观察岩溶附近绕射波的方法来识别,但常常受制于噪声的影响,探测效果不佳,制约了该项技术的发展.本文提出在选择最佳偏移距,最佳频段的基础上,将地震映像资料经S变换数据重构至频率域,以地震波频率衰减的强弱作为识别物探异常区域的标志,并将其应用至六威线六盘水车站煤窑采空区铁路工程物探中,经过与同测线超高密度电法资料对比,物探异常分布基本一致,且与钻孔验证吻合.通过对地震映像法资料进行S变换等特殊处理,为小煤窑采空区物探技术发展提供了一种新思路.     

综合物探方法在堤防质量检测中的应用

在堤防质量检测中,地球物理方法能够实现快速、无损的探测,但采用单一物探方法对堤防隐患的判别易形成多解,也很难对堤防质量做出准确分类.本文中应用探地雷达、高密度电法、地震勘探等综合物探方法对大源渡堤防质量进行检测,并以龙荫港以例,通过综合三种物探方法互相参照、相互验证,互为补充,查明了堤防隐患的分布位置与埋深,为堤防质量检测提供一种新的工作方法.     

我国金属与非金属矿物探的回顾与展望

概要回顾了我国金属与非金属矿物探的历史及47年来所经历的四个发展阶段．物探方法由4种增加至40余种，一些已达国际先进水平．47年来，航空物探和区域重力调查基本覆盖了我国陆地面积，提出一大批基础地质和深部地质问题的新认识．物探发现了数以千计的金属与非金属矿的矿床．在技术方面，建立起了第二代航空物探系列、地面高精度重力和磁勘查系列、综合电法系列、综合核物探系列以及地下物探和测井系列．针对固体矿产的勘查任务，提出了物探的发展方向和一些建议．     

日龙沟锡—多金属成矿区综合物探找矿方法应用研究

通过对日龙沟锡—多金属矿区物探工作的研究分析,结合地质物探工作,提出了在日龙沟寻找磁黄铁矿化热液改造型锡—多金属矿床的找矿标志和工作方法.利用该方法对矿区外围进行验证,认为矿区外围成矿条件优越,已有多个钻孔见矿.因此,可以总结出该区域寻找此类型矿体的地球物理预测模型,为该区今后的找矿工作提供经验.     

重视和加强岩矿物性的测量研究

本文从物探科学技术的进步,勘查任务的发展变化、物探方法应用范畴的扩大和物性勘探等几个方面,论述了岩石和矿物物理性质测量、研究的重要性,指出：物性工作不可能毕其功于一役,并提出了五点建议：１．深入研究各类矿藏及其围岩（直至地面）物性的空间变化规律,为选择、研究合适的物探方法,提高物探效果,进一步探讨“直接”找矿问题,提供依据;２．这项工作可专门进行,但最好尽可能利用为其他目的而设计的钻井进行;３．物     

综合物探方法在石膏矿采空区探测中的应用研究

为探讨综合物探方法在石膏矿采空区探测应用的适宜性和局限性,本文以荆门市石膏矿采空区为研究对象,选用高密度电法、激电中梯法以及地震映射法等综合物探方法开展石膏矿采空区探测工作,辅以钻探工作加以验证,对以上三种物探方法在石膏矿采空区探测的适用性和优缺点进行了对比分析.分析结果表明:高密度电法高效便捷,但其精度有限,可以用于圈定采空区的大致分布和范围;激电中梯法能简单直观地查明采空区充水现状,其勘查结果对石膏矿采空区稳定性分析及发展趋势预测十分重要;地震映射法精度高,探测效果好,可用于石膏矿采空区治理靶区的详细勘查,但其工作效率低,且无法查清采空区的充水特征.综上可知,在石膏矿采空区勘查实际应用中,应根据不同的地质条件以及勘查目的,合理选用物探方法组合及试验参数,对各方法的成果要相互验证,取长补短,才能有效提高勘查成果准确性和可靠性.     

音频大地电磁与浅层地震在隧道地质勘查中的应用

针对山区长埋深隧洞勘测技术的研究,是近年来我国隧洞地质勘查中的研究热点,然而传统的钻探等手段在多山区域有很大的局限性,因此,近些年来地球物理勘探方法逐渐面向工程勘探,而单一的物探方法往往在异常判断方面存在局限性,鉴于此在工程勘探中往往运用多种地球物探方法相结合,可以在一定程度上减小了单一物探方法的多解性,提高物探解释的质量以及精度.本文以南水北调某工程为例,在某受水段分别布置了大地电磁法、地震浅层反射物探方法,其中大地电磁法主要用于辅助查明隧洞覆盖层厚度、地层岩性、隐伏构造、地下水位等工程地质条件,地震浅层反射用于查明小规模的地质构造(小断层、溶洞等)的勘查,经过这两种方法的结合,有效的查明了工程受水区的基本地质情况.     

The study and analysis of floating datum selection for rugged terrain

We analyze the characteristics of different floating datums for static corrections and discuss the methods for determining them. The effect of different floating datum corrections was studied using theoretical model experiments, resulting in the conclusion that the velocity obtained after the floating datum correction with the minimum static correction errors depends on the velocity of the layer below the low velocity layer （LVL） lower boundary and is not related to topographic relief and LVL structure. For the real data processing case, wave equation numerical model experiments were conducted which resulted in a new method for calculating objective functions based on the waveform and modifications to the calculation equation for minimum static correction errors to make the method suitable for real data static correction processing using inhomogeneous velocity models with lower velocity boundary relief. Real data processing results demonstrate the method＇s superiority.     

回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理

回顾了20世纪固体地球物理学的发展历程和对地球科学发展的贡献，阐述了地球物理学在社会发展中的先导作用和地位，并以中国反射地震方法取得巨大成功的实例，说明国民经济建设的巨大需求，是地球物理学发的重要动力。最后，给出了21世纪地球物理学的发展方向和研究重点，强调地球物理学科要与时俱进，改革创新。     

Evaluation of volcanic reservoirs with the “QAPM mineral model” using a genetic algorithm

Gas-bearing volcanic reservoirs have been found in the deep Songliao Basin, China. Choosing proper interpretation parameters for log evaluation is difficult due to complicated mineral compositions and variable mineral contents. Based on the QAPF classification scheme given by IUGS, we propose a method to determine the mineral contents of volcanic rocks using log data and a genetic algorithm. According to the QAPF scheme, minerals in volcanic rocks are divided into five groups： Q（quartz）, A （Alkaline feldspar）, P （plagioclase）, M （mafic） and F （feldspathoid）. We propose a model called QAPM including porosity for the volumetric analysis of reservoirs. The log response equations for density, apparent neutron porosity, transit time, gamma ray and volume photoelectrical cross section index were first established with the mineral parameters obtained from the Schlumberger handbook of log mineral parameters. Then the volumes of the four minerals in the matrix were calculated using the genetic algorithm （GA）. The calculated porosity, based on the interpretation parameters, can be compared with core porosity, and the rock names given in the paper based on QAPF classification according to the four mineral contents are compatible with those from the chemical analysis of the core samples.     

Seismic Characterization of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs with Monoclinic Symmetry Induced by Horizontal and Tilted Fractures from Amplitude Variation with Offset and Azimuth

Surveys in Geophysics - Geological and geophysical data acquired from naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs usually exhibit the presence of multiple sets of fractures. Two different...     

Sixty years since the foundation of the (state) institute of geophysics at the charles university in Prague

Conclusion It was the intention of the author to present, on the occassion of the sixtieth anniversary of the foundation of the Institute of Geophysics on Dec. 20th, 1920, a sequence of events and episodes connected with the history of geophysics in Czechoslovakia, in which the most significant role was played by the State Institute of Geophysics and its founder Professor Václav LÁSKA. In many cases LÁSKA's ideas have preserved their vitality up to the present and, perhaps, they will prove to be a new inspiration even to younger generations of Czechoslovak geophysicists.     

回首邢台地震现场的日日夜夜

记述了1966年3月8日河北邢台地震前中国科学院地球物理研究所地震预报研究工作的进展情况,以及地震发生后地震科技人员在地震现场工作的实践活动,总结了现场工作中提出的一些行之有效的方法,指出了邢台地震现场工作的历史意义。     

国家地球物理基础设施：意义和任务

本文简要阐述了国家层面的基础设施对地球物理学科发展的重要性，讨论了国家地球物理基础设施的建设和运行在当前时间的紧迫性.指出中国地球物理发展的三个主要任务：基础地球物理探测、基础地球物理检测、基础地球物理数据共享服务.国家层面的地球物理基础设施的建设能够为相关科研机构提供高科技含量的服务.     

Long- and middle-term behaviour of the tilt and strain variations in the decade following the 1976 friuli earthquake in NE Italy

Tilt and strainmeter data collected in the Friuli seismic area between 1977 and 1985 have been analyzed to study the stress-strain field and/or the elastic parameter variations in the area after the strong 1976 seismic event.We concentrated on three different frequency bands, respectively linked with the tidal waves, the seasonal effect and the secular one. The results from the first two bands point at an increase of the local rigidity modulus.Relevant stresses induced by the seasonal groundwater level variations have been found, thus supporting the hypothesis that they can act as triggering effects. The secular trend reveals significant tectonic stress modifications. It appears that the post-seismic tectonic stresses faded during 1981–1983, and were followed by a new loading phase.On leave from the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ph. D. student at the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Trieste University.     

Electrical investigation in the Chaîne des Puys (France)

Numerous geologists have studied the structure of the Chaîne des Puys, our knowledge of which has recently been enlarged by geophysical research. Some of the hypotheses concerning its structure at average depth had to be checked, and so in 1975 the National Institute for Astronomy and Geophysics (I.N.A.G.) provided the necessary support for such work.An anomaly of the electrical conductivity was clearly apparent, both from the magnetotelluric method in a wide range of frequencies as well as from more classical methods (electrical sounding) or from newer methods such as differential magnetic sounding.It has been proved that the structure, which is believed to be responsible for this anomaly of conductivity, is quite different from other inferred structures which result from the interpretation of magnetic data only. However, although the coexistence of these different structural elements is not impossible, heat-flow measurements and geochemical studies do not support the assumption of an active magma chamber (a few kilometres deep).     

缩套型高温高压三轴室热应力分析

以８００ＭＰａ高温高压三轴室为例，介绍了简体热应力计算方法和结果。分析讨论了热应力对筒体安全性的影响，指出高温差低载荷是最危险的情况，并提出预防与解决的方法。