Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

L'archivage des activités humaines par les neiges et glaces polaires : le cas du plomb

The investigation of the occurrence of lead in dated snow and ice from Greenland and Antarctica has played a major role in our understanding of the history of the pollution of the atmosphere of our planet by this metal. Such studies have however proved to be very demanding, mainly because of the extreme purity of polar snow and ice. Reliable measurements can be obtained only if ultra-clean and highly sensitive procedures are used, as pioneered by Clair Patterson. The Greenland data show evidence of large-scale pollution of the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere for lead as early as two millennia ago during Greco–Roman times, especially because of mining and smelting activities in southern Spain. It peaked at the end of the 1960s, with lead concentrations in snow about 200 times higher than natural values, before declining during recent times because of the fall in the use of leaded gasoline. Lead pollution in Antarctica was already significant at the end of the 19th century as a consequence of whaling activities, the traffic of coal-powered ships crossing the Cape Horn, and mining activities in South America, South Africa and Australia. After declining because of the opening of the Panama Canal, the great economic depression and World War II, it reached a maximum during the 1980s, with lead concentrations 20 times higher than natural values. Other studies focus on past natural variations of lead in ancient ice dated from the last climatic cycles. To cite this article: C. Boutron et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Removal of lead minerals from copper industrial flotation concentrates by xanthate flotation in the presence of dextrin

Potato starch and dextrins resulting from thermolysis of potato starch in the absence of reagents and presence of -amino acids are promising depressants for separation of lead and copper minerals present in the Polish industrial copper concentrates. The polysaccharides were used for differential xanthate flotation of the final industrial concentrates produced by flotation with sulfhydryl collectors in the absence of depressants. The polysaccharides depressed galena and provided froth concentrate rich in chalcocite and other copper minerals as well as cell product containing lead minerals. The best results of separation were obtained in the presence of plain dextrin prepared by a thermal degradation of potato starch. The industrial concentrate containing 18.5% Cu and 5.5% Pb was divided into a froth product containing 38.1% Cu with 77% recovery of copper and a cell product assaying 7.3% Pb with 83% recovery of lead. It was accomplished using 2500 g/t of dextrin, 50g/t of potassium ethyl xanthate, and 50 g/t of frother (α-terpineol). The pH of flotation was 8.0–8.2.     

具彩色斑纹颅形贝在广西桂林下石炭统黄金组中的发现:兼论颅形贝属的地质地理分布

文中描述了产自广西桂林地区下石炭统黄金组下部的颅形贝属一新种,桂林颅形贝(Cranaena guilinensis)。新种以平直的前结合缘和背壳上发育中槽为特征。在4枚标本上发现保存有放射状的彩色条带,表明该种当时生活在温暖海域的浅水环境。对该属70个种的地质地理分布和生物多样性变化的初步分析表明,该属可能起源于早泥盆世欧美大陆西北缘的老世界区,之后的地理分布和生物多样性发展以北美地区为中心,经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期和早石炭世2次比较明显的辐射演化、迁移扩散高峰和晚泥盆世晚期的1次严重衰退。第1次高峰是中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期,该属的生物多样性达到巅峰,生物地理分布范围扩大到欧美大陆之外的西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块和华南板块等;第2次高峰是早石炭世,该属的生物多样性虽不及前一次,但获得了最广泛的地理分布,不仅在北方大陆有分布,而且已进入到冈瓦纳大陆边缘。晚泥盆世晚期该属的1次严重衰退显然与F/F灭绝事件有关。早石炭世之后,该属进入衰退阶段,最终在二叠纪初灭绝。     

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风北岸斜坡结构及其对大型滑坡形成机理的指示意义

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风段北岸塬边集中发育大型黄土滑坡,体积超过1 000×10⁴ m³的滑坡达58处。在区域活动断裂调查、地球物理勘察、典型斜坡结构与构造调查基础上,研究了大型滑坡结构及其形成机理。研究表明：渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡的地貌,主断裂面倾向南,倾角平均为68°,而次级断面结构组合控制斜坡结构,影响塬边大型黄土滑坡结构;塬边主断裂面与多个大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁一致,断裂最大下挫距离7.1 m,影响大型滑坡的形态及发生过程;活动断裂呈地堑式结构,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其演化过程,如杨家村滑坡,局部滑坡剪出受断裂结构控制,剪出口角度可达72°,大部分剪出口未受到断裂面影响,角度平均为23°;三门组黏土岩黏粒体积分数超过35%,塑限平均值为23,是滑坡的层间剪切带;降雨诱发老滑坡复活是目前新滑坡发育的主要形式,大量的老滑坡形成于0.009 Ma BP二级阶地侵蚀期,而古滑坡形成于0.13 Ma BP三级阶地侵蚀期。     

Grands gisements d'albite dans le massif métamorphique de Menderes (Turquie occidentale)

Albite deposits of western Turkey occur within gneiss in the basal part of the Menderes Metamorphic Massif. The most important deposits are located along the Karadere mineralization zone, within an anticlinorium of 15-km length with a direction of N10–30E. Detailed study of the four deposits forming the northern part of this zone has allowed us to discover large reserves of 100.65 million tons, of which 78% is composed of high-grade ore with a content of 10.27% Na₂O. The remainder is formed by low-grade ore with 8.37% Na₂O and 1.11% K₂O and mixed ore with 4.61% Na₂O and 4.05% K₂O, with reserves of 14.4 and 8.2 million tons, respectively. To cite this article: U. Çak?r, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye

The localization and chemical composition of the galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit have been studied in the Second Contact ore body and Bol’nichnaya ore lode. The Partizansky deposit was formed during two stages: base metal-skarn and silver-sulfosalt. Much of the galena was deposited with the productive galena-sphalerite assemblage at the first stage. The galena of the productive stage of the Second Contact body shows wide variations in trace element composition. The galena from the root zone of the ore-bodies (the level of ?135 m) is characterized by steady high contents of economically important isomorphic and mechanical admixtures of bismuth and silver. The galena from the middle levels is almost devoid of isomorphic admixtures and occasionally contains fine inclusions of Ag-tetrahedrite. The high silver (and stibium) contents in the galena from the uppermost horizon (the level of +285 m) are mainly related to mineral inclusions of diverse silver minerals of the late silver-bearing assemblage. The galena from the Bol’nichnaya lode over a large depth interval has elevated contents of isomorphic silver and bismuth, with abundant inclusions of native bismuth.     

菱镁矿开采引起的Dubravsk"非汉字符号" Massif水文地质结构中的地下水化学成分变化

Dubravsky Massif菱镁矿体的开采产生了部分局限在石炭纪低裂缝渗透变质岩中的喀斯特型裂缝含水层。大量的开矿过程对含水层中的地下水循环和化学成分都造成了可观的变化。本文研究了在这种复杂条件下地下水化学成分变化成因模型。根据化学配位模型,计算出所选矿物的饱和指数,从而指示所有喀斯特裂缝含水层饱和带中的地下水对菱镁矿、白云石、方解石的过饱和度和石膏的不饱和度。假设地下水未受人类活动的污染,而白云石中黄铁矿的氧化对成矿影响甚微,则水化学数据的统计描述代表了含水层中的水文地球化学背景。矿山中矿石焙烧释放的富氮气体凝聚产生的醋酸,能促进菱镁矿和白云石的溶解。这样产生的地下水相对背景值来说则富集NO3,Mg,和TIC。因此,由于地下开矿,岩溶作用估计将是原来的1.5倍。尽管有污染,这些所测参数并没有超过斯洛伐克卫生保健部颁发的No.29／2002 Z.z.饮用水标准临界值。因此采矿后含水层的开采也是可行的。     

Aussiedler migration and its impact on Braşov's ethnic German population and built environment

The expression of different ethnic identities in the landscape is a product of the creation, destruction and preservation of the built environment. This may illustrate the changing processes over the evolution of a landscape. In the case of Braşov, Romania, it is possible to see in the urban landscape a reflection of the changing nature of the relationship between the ethnic German and Romanian populations, and the German and Romanian governments. This paper will demonstrate the persistence of ethnic German culture in the built environment and social organisation of Braşov in spite of the exodus of the ethnic German population. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Monumental space and the uncanny

This paper takes up the attempt to theorize the relation between the subjectivity of the political actor and the ideological aura of the monumental site. It does this with reference to the spatial history of Strijdom Square in Pretoria, South Africa, a cultural precinct and monumental space which was the site of a series of brutal racist killings committed by the Square’s unrelated namesake, militant right-winger Barend Strydom. This troubling intersection of subjectivity, space and ideology represents something of an explanatory limit for spatio-discursive approaches, certainly in as much as they are ill-equipped to conceptualize the powerfully affective, bodily and fantasmatic qualities of monumental spaces. In contrast to such approaches I offer a psychoanalytically informed account which grapples with the individualized and imaginative identities of space, with space as itself a form of subjectivity. I do this so as understand the ideological aura of monuments as importantly linked to the ‘intersubjectivity’ of subject and personified space. I then turn to Freud’s notion of the uncanny as a theory able to explain a series of disturbing affects of monuments, such as those of ‘embodied absence’ and ‘disembodied presence’. These and similar affects of ‘ontological dissonance’ (such as unexplained instances of doubling or repetition) may function in an ideological manner, both so as to impose a ‘supernaturalism of power’, and to effect an uncanny form of interpellation.     

针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为与热力学研究

采用批量振荡吸附平衡法设计针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸试验,对比研究了针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为,并考察了不同K＋浓度的溶液对蒙脱石吸附菲的影响,比较分析了线性吸附模型和Freundlich吸附模型描述矿物吸附等温线的准确性,并从吸附热力学角度探讨了矿物的吸附机理。结果表明：针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸均表现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后现象;相对于线性吸附模型来说,针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸更符合Freundiich吸附模型;与蒙脱石相比,针铁矿对菲的吸附更为显著,且具有更好的稳定性;溶液中软阳离子K＋的存在使蒙脱石对菲的吸附能力得到显著提高;菲在蒙脱石和针铁矿上的吸附过程是一个自发放热,同时伴随着熵值减小的过程;随着温度的升高,蒙脱石和针铁矿对菲的吸附能力均减弱。     

江苏镇江—扬州长江公路大桥桥基断裂断层泥定量研究

本文通过断裂层泥的矿物组分特征、粒度成分结构和分形、成熟度和目前活动度、石英碎屑形貌ＳＥＭ观测来分析与评价镇江至扬州长江公路大桥桥基断裂的抗震和抗断问题,得到主要影响桥基稳定性的ＮＷ－ＮＮＷ向世业洲场区优势断裂,主要活动时间为Ｑ３－Ｑ２。该研究对断裂带上建设特大型桥梁工程的区域稳定性综合研究和论证,以及对大桥工程的合理选址、设计和确保安全具有重大实际意义。     

地下水系统中镍污染和天然胶体共迁移特征

为了对地下水系统中天然胶体与Ni²⁺的共迁移特征进行研究,通过静态吸附实验和石英砂模拟含水层介质柱实验研究了土壤胶体对Ni²⁺在地下水中运移的影响,以及pH、离子强度（IS）、有机质等对土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的影响。结果表明：随着pH值升高,土壤胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附量增加;离子强度的增加会显著地降低土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的能力;腐殖酸（HA）的存在会增强胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附能力;在有胶体的情况下,Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间会缩短,吸附能力增强,吸附量增加,但当离子强度增加时,虽然Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间也被缩短,但是吸附量却降低。     

铁锰氧化物对苯酚氧化降解的实验研究

为了考察铁锰氧化物对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力,采用天然以及合成的铁锰氧化物对苯酚的氧化降解进行对比实验研究。土壤中铁锰氧化物样品分别为天然针铁矿及氧化锰,合成铁锰氧化物样品分别为合成针铁矿及软锰矿。结果表明：苯酚与铁锰氧化物发生氧化还原作用时,还可能与土壤中杂质发生吸附等作用;铁锰氧化物还原反应强度随着反应介质pH值的升高而迅速下降;可用零级反应动力学方程拟合铁氧化物还原溶解反应,针铁矿溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈负相关关系;天然针铁矿对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力明显高于合成针铁矿,pH值对天然针铁矿溶解反应影响较大;可用一级指数衰减方程拟合锰氧化物还原溶解反应,锰氧化物溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈指数衰减关系;pH值对软锰矿还原溶解反应的影响大于对土壤中氧化锰的影响,pH值越小,影响越显著;对比pH值对铁和锰还原作用的影响发现,在pH=6.5时,锰氧化物仍有较强的氧化性能。     

Recurrent events on a Quaternary fault recorded in the mineralogy and micromorphology of a weathering profile, Yangsan Fault System, Korea

Recurrence characteristics of a Quaternary fault are generally investigated on the basis of field properties that are rapidly degraded by chemical weathering and erosion in warm humid climates. Here we show that in intense weathering environments, mineralogical and micromorphological investigations are valuable in paleoseismological reconstruction. A weathering profile developed in Late Quaternary marine terrace deposits along the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula was disturbed by tectonic movement that appears to be a simple one-time reverse faulting event based on field observations. A comparative analysis of the mineralogy, micromorphology, and chemistry of the weathering profile and fault gouge, however, reveals that both the microfissures in the deformed weathering profile and larger void spaces along the fault plane were filled with multi-stage accumulations of illuvial clay and silt minerals of detrital origin, suggesting a repetition of fissuring and subsequent sealing in the weathering profile as it underwent continuous mineralogical transformation and particle translocation. We reconstruct a sequence of multiple faulting events unrecognized in previous field surveys, which requires revision of the view that the Korean Peninsula was tectonically stable, during the Late Quaternary.     

Basaltoids and carbonatite tuffs of Ambinsky volcano (Southwestern Primorye): Geology and genesis

Geological-petrological data were first obtained on the Early Miocene basaltoids and spinel-fassaite carbonatite tuffs of the Ambinsky volcanic structure in southwestern Primorye. The geological study of Ambinsky volcano allowed the reconstruction of stratigraphic sections across lava and pyroclastic basaltic rocks and stratified carbonatite tuffs. The chemical compositions of rocks and mineral phenocrysts from basalts and carbonatite tuffs are reported. The basaltoids are classed with undifferentiated moderately alkaline within-plate basalts. Evidence of carbonate-silicate immiscibility was found in the basaltoids and carbonatite tuffs. It was suggested that the formation of the carbonatite melt associated with simultaneous basification and abundant crystallization of spinel, fassaite, as well as oversaturation of the silicate system in Ca was caused by limestone assimilation, subsequent transformation of the melt, and liquid immiscibility. Thermal decomposition of carbonates with dissolution of released CaO in magma and accumulation of CO₂ in a closed magmatic chamber gave rise to the autoclave gas effect and, correspondingly, heavy explosive eruptions atypical of such volcanic rocks. The genesis of carbonatite tuffs of Ambinsky volcano can serve as a model example of exsolution of carbonate melt in the moderately alkaline nonagpaitic basaltic system.     

Viscous effects on penetrating shafts in clays

The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field.     

论中国前寒武纪地质时代及年代地层的划分

本文讨论了前寒武纪地质时代和年代地层划分的原则和命名,提出建立隐生宙、原生宙和显生宙。隐生宙包括冥古代和太古代;原生宙分始元代、中元代和新元代。划分中的重要改变是根据新的年龄值数据将五台群归入太古代,将长城系底界改为1700Ma;并根据蠕虫-须腕动物群的出现,将震旦纪归入古生代。文中还阐述了作者对前寒武纪时代划分的新观点。     

La plate-forme carbonatée oxfordienne de Lorraine : arguments pour une ouverture vers la mer Germanique

The study of sedimentary facies in the quarry of Dompcevrin (Middle Oxfordian) located northwestward of St-Mihiel (Meuse department) provides evidences of high-energy depositional conditions. The occurrence of beaches associated with hurricane coral breccias containing megaclasts is characteristic of platform edge environments. The open sea was located northeastward, in the direction of Germany, as it is indicated by the direction of progradation of beaches. It is concluded that the Oxfordian carbonate platform of Lorraine was opened to the northeast toward the Germanic Sea during the Middle Oxfordian. To cite this article: C. Carpentier et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).