岩土损伤力学宏细观试验研究

该书由葛修润、任建喜、蒲毅彬、马巍、孙红编著,科技出版社发行。主要介绍了作者利用自行设计、研制成功的 RMT系列岩石力学多功能试验机和与 CT 配套的专用实时加载试验设备在岩土损伤力学特性研究方面取得的成果,以及作者在冻土蠕变 CT 细观分析、黄土湿陷性 CT 探测、上海黏土 CT 检测试验方面的研究成果,涉及岩石连续加载损伤破坏机理、周期性荷载作用下岩石疲劳损伤破坏机理和不可逆变形机理、岩石卸载损伤破坏机理、岩石细观蠕变损伤演化特性、岩石损伤本构关系、冻土蠕变细观机理及黏土损伤力学特性等内容。 本书可作为土木…     

GYJ-30-1型刚性压力机介绍

岩石力学工作者常用岩石的σ-ε关系曲线米描述其力学性态.几年来由于大规模的地下工程兴建和国防工程的施工,对岩石力学工作者提出了新的要求,即把σ～ε关系曲线扩展到破坏后区的力学特性的研究.而在普通的材料试验机上,只能得到岩石破坏前区的σ～ε关系(对于脆性材料尤其如此),这是因为普通试验机的刚度比试件材料(岩石及其它脆性材料)的刚度要小.在其试验中,除岩石产生一应变外,试验机本身也产生一个附加应变.     

岩体力学试验的理论分析

本文通过对岩石力学试验中岩石试件破坏方式的分析, 在理论上解释了岩体力学试验中经常遇到的一些力学现象并且作出了定量的回答, 同时还建立了岩石的各种破坏模式的判据。     

循环冻融对冻土路基护坡块石物理力学特性的影响

选用铺设于青藏铁路护坡、护道的碎屑岩、泥岩和砂岩3种岩石进行循环冻融试验。研究了在循环冻融条件下的破坏方式,并通过RSM-SY5数字声波仪对岩石进行超声波无损检测;根据不同冻融周期超声波波速变化,计算分析了循环冻融对岩石物理力学特性的影响;通过单轴压缩试验,得到岩石抗压强度随循环冻融次数变化的规律。研究结果表明：3种岩石在循环冻融条件下具有不同的表观破坏方式,碎屑岩破坏最严重,表面不同程度地出现了轴向和环向裂纹;其次是泥岩,一条近似“几”字型的裂纹出现在泥岩表面,且裂纹发展较快;砂岩表观破坏最轻微,仅有1条细而短的裂隙发育在表面;在30个循环冻融周期内,泥岩和砂岩几乎无质量变化,而碎屑岩由于岩屑掉落而质量减轻不到1%;3种岩石的弹性模量、刚性模量、体积模量、泊松比等力学特性随着循环冻融次数增加而下降,且泊松比出现负值,揭示了循环冻融对岩石材料特性的深层次破坏;岩石抗压强度也随着循环冻融周期呈现下降趋势     

《岩石力学的理论与实践》

本书是我国十七个单位三十位岩石力学及其相邻学科工作者的一部集体创作,比较系统地总结了我国在岩石力学领域中的理论研究和实践经验,并以此作为对中华人民共和国三十周年的献礼.由陶振宇同志任主编.该书已交水利出版社,现正在编辑出版过程中. 全书共分四部分.第一部份是总论,主要论述了我国岩石力学研究的若干进展(武汉水利电力学院陶振宇).第二部份是岩石的基本特性及其测试技术,共分十章,分别论述了岩石力     

采动岩体力学基础研究与展望

从岩石材料的本构特性与理论，采动岩体中的灰色结构，采动岩体的变形－破裂－结构－运动全过程描述，采动应力场及采场岩体力学对传统固体力学理论的冲击等方面，展望采动岩体力学作为２１世纪固体力学新生长点的前景。     

岩石力学试验及工程应用

岩石力学试验研究应做到理论与实际的统一,并应用于工程的效果。本文在国内外成果研究的基础上,根据我所历年来的试验资料和笔者近年来工作经验,对岩石力学试验与地质体特点进行探讨。文中阐述岩石抗压强度(Cc)破坏机理与基础允许承载力[R]的经验力学模式,岩体抗剪断(f)与(c)值的比配关系图式,以及不同类别岩体弹性模量(E)与弱结构面内夹的物质厚度(h)的关系曲线。     

考虑空间相关尺度特征的细观力学模型及其应用

天然岩石材料内部存在各种缺陷,在微、细观尺度表现出高度的非均质特性。基于连续介质力学框架,采用非线性标量损伤本构关系描述岩石材料的变形与破坏行为,建立了岩石细观损伤本构模型,并在常规Weibull随机分布模型基础上,引入空间相关尺度因子以模拟实际岩石材料各项物理力学指标具有的空间相关特征。选取典型岩石单轴拉伸试验算例,分析随机场内空间相关尺度因子的变化对试样荷载-加口张开度关系曲线以及破坏行为的影响。结果表明,考虑岩石材料各项物理力学指标的空间相关尺度特征对评价其力学指标的离散性以及破坏形态特征有着较显著的影响。     

试论我国岩石力学的研究状况及其进展

从岩石(岩体)基本性质的试验研究;岩石塑性力学研究及岩石塑性应变梯度理论;岩石流变力学研究;岩石损伤、断裂力学研究;岩石块体力学研究;分形-岩石力学研究;岩石渗流(耦合)力学及环境岩土工程;岩石力学计算方法及位移反分析;智能科学方法在岩石力学问题中的应用;非线性科学方法(混沌)在岩土工程中的应用10个方面介绍了我国岩石力学的研究状况及其进展,并回顾了岩石力学专家们一些年来所取得的主要成果。     

某水电站坝基挠曲破碎带工程力学特性试验研究

膝状挠曲破碎带是某水电站坝基的主要工程地质问题。破碎带岩性为完整性较差的碎裂、碎屑软弱砂岩,并呈现孔隙式胶结接触,其工程力学特性对坝基变形和稳定存在巨大影响。基于破碎带砂岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差等特点,首先开展了基本物理特性试验分析,认为岩石微细观结构复杂、渗透特性较好,属小孔隙率砂岩。其次,开展了室内常规和现场力学特性试验研究;最后,在宏观力学参数确定的基础上,探讨了破碎带对工程作用的响应及影响。结果表明,破碎带岩石内部结构破坏严重,矿物成分主要为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,但化学侵蚀并不显著。常规剪切曲线呈现出明显的4阶段特征,三轴压缩试验破坏机制为塑性剪切破坏,表现出强度低、延性扩容明显、出现屈服平台等特征,且碎裂岩强度略高于碎屑岩;现场试验表明岩体变形均匀,变形模量较低,处于60～630 MPa;地基承载力处于0.8～2.3 MPa。研究成果对该水电站坝基工程有重要的参考价值。     

傅里叶变换拉曼探针测定九种气体的定量因子

采用傅里叶变换拉曼探针测定出９种与地球化学有关的气体拉曼定量因子;Ｈ２２．２５,ＳＯ２１．０６,ＣＯ２１．１３,Ｏ２０．９１,ＣＯ０．８７,Ｎ２１．００,Ｈ２Ｓ３．１１,ＣＨ４８．４２,Ｃ２Ｈ６３．３０。     

Prediction of salt influence on unfrozen water content in frozen soils

The influence of salts in the pore water in freezing soils is examined from the experimental viewpoint, using the differential scanning calorimetry technique for generation of multiple endotherms of the frozen test samples. The experimental values obtained for montmorillonite, kaolinite and grundite, are evaluated in terms of unfrozen water contents for the respective soils at various subfreezing temperatures for various concentrations of NaCl. Comparison of experimental values with theoretical predictions using a combined salt exclusion and diffuse double-layer model shows excellent quantitative agreement for the montmorillonite soil samples, but only qualitative agreement for the kaolinite and grundite soils. The reasons for this lie in the theoretical model requirement for interlamellar migration of water in soil freezing for suitable application of the diffuse double-layer part of the model.     

应用多光谱ASTER数据对ETM遥感异常的定性判别研究——以东昆仑五龙沟为例

文中讨论了新的找矿参数——蚀变遥感异常的地质基础和光谱前提,在矿床地质学和蚀变矿物光谱参数特征的基础上,编制了一张用于遥感异常提取及对其地质解释的表格。ETM遥感异常提取技术已在全国推广,ASTER数据可以在三个方面对已推广的ETM起到重要的补充作用：1.利用短波红外增设的波段,对某些矿致异常区分其矿化（矿床）类型;2.利用增设的热红外波段区分某些岩性;3.可有助于解决ETM因第7波段太宽而产生的许多疑难问题。本文以东昆仑五龙沟为例讨论了ASTER对于解决ETM遥感异常性质判别困难方面的作用。     

对强化异常查证途径的思考

异常查证是加速矿产普查的进程,是发现新矿产地的一条捷径。新一轮国土资源大调查对异常查证提出了新的更高的要求。本文总结了物探、化探异常查证找矿效果,分析了目前异常查证中存在的主要问题,强调了异常查证的重要性和必要性,提出了强化异常查证思考要点及主要途径。     

Determination of the hydrogen isotopic composition of bone collagen and correction for hydrogen exchange

The hydrogen isotopic measurement (δD) of the non-exchangeable hydrogens in herbivore bone collagen has potential for paleoclimate research. We have developed the methodology for extracting the hydrogen from collagen for isotopic analysis and for correcting the δD results for hydrogen exchange. Preparations of whole bone powders, demineralized bone, or gelatin extracts from fresh bone samples all give reliable δD results and have isotopic results, yields, and proportions of exchangeable hydrogens consistent with that expected for collagen. Gelatin extraction for removal of contaminants remains a valuable option for the study of fossil bone samples.Vacuum preheating under good vacuum at 150°C for two days for whole bone powders and at 100°C for one day for gelatins is an important step to remove all adsorbed water before samples are oxidized for isotopic analysis. Of the remaining hydrogens released following oxidation, 20.5% in whole bone powders and 23.1% in gelatin extracts exchange with laboratory atmospheric water vapor within 48 hours. The δD results can be corrected for this exchange and for minor effects of sample preparation by using a calibration bone standard to determine the δD value of laboratory water vapor.     

PROSPECTS AND MEANS FOR RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION FOR ORE DEPOSITS

A review of the various geophysical methods used in prospecting for various mineral deposits, and recommendations for the improvement of known methods and the need for more precision. Methods of prospecting for various metals are discussed as well as means for raising their effective ness in exploration for ore deposits. The need for close cooperation between qualified members of geophysical departments and members of exploration organizations and the geophysical engineer is stressed.- -C. E. Sears, Jr.     

Abundances of C, N, O, and other elements in the atmospheres of the δ Scuti variables 14 Aur, δ Sct, and HD 127986

Using high-resolution spectra, we have determined the abundances of carbon (logε(C)), nitrogen (logε(N)), oxygen (logε(O)), silicon (logε(Si)), sulphur (logε(S)), and some other elements for three δ Scuti stars. Logε(C) for all three stars and logε(N) for δ Sct and HD 127986 are close to the solar values, while there appears to be a slight (0.15 dex) nitrogen deficiency for 14 Aur. The logε(O) values correspond to a 0.30-dex deficiency for 14 Aur and δ Sct and a 0.20-dex deficiency for HD 127986. The values of logε(Si) for the three stars are close to solar, and the logε(S) values indicate a slight deficiency (0.10 dex) for 14 Aur and HD 127986 and a 0.20-dex excess for δ Sct. Comparison of the elemental abundances for seven δ Scuti stars with those for Am stars shows that the mean deficiencies of C, N, and O are smaller for pulsating δ Scuti stars than for Am stars with similar effective temperatures. The sulphur abundances are virtually the same for both types of stars.     

川东北地区通南巴构造带海相碳酸盐岩嘉二段、飞三段储层测井评价

针对川东北地区通南巴构造带海相碳酸盐岩储层的双孔特征,基于嘉二段、飞三段取芯及测试资料,利用岩心刻度测井的方法,确定储层下限参数,建立适合川东北地区通南巴构造带及邻近地区海相碳酸盐岩储层参数计算模型与评价标准.结果表明:川东北地区通南巴构造带碳酸盐岩储层下限值标准为孔隙度1.6%,裂缝孔隙度0.05%,含气饱和度50%.该成果为川东北地区通南巴构造带海相碳酸盐岩气藏内部参数分布描述与最终形成气藏三维数据体提供了可靠的资料,在实际生产中取得了良好的应用效果,为油田进一步勘探、开发和增产措施提供可靠的依据.     

AE法岩石应力测量中试机晃动量问题

声发射法岩石记忆应力测量中,定区测试的对称干扰信号来自试样端面的摩擦。通过测量试样加压过程中试台晃量及其变化,可了解试样端面摩擦引起AE干扰信号的相应大小及其变化。实测结果显示试样加压的初始阶段,试台晃量及相应干扰信号皆最为显著。结合当前测试水平,笔者给出了克服对称干扰信号的方法和见解。      

Comparison of Bio-P module and the Modified Bio-P module in the step-feed biological nutrient removal process

The Modified Bio-P module was evaluated in terms of the kinetic rate expression and engineering parameters, comparing the measured data of full-scale plant with simulated data. To simulate step-feed BNR (Biological Nutrient Removal), the ASM3 (Activated Sludge Model 3) with the EAWAG Bio-P Module (The Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology) and the ASM3+Modified Bio-P module were used. The RMSEs (root mean square error) of the T-N (total nitrogen) concentration of the effluent levels of measured and simulated examples were 2.29 for ASM3+Bio-P and 1.28 for ASM3+Modified Bio-P. In the case of T-P (total phosphorus), the RMSEs were 0.28 for ASM3+Bio-P and 0.25 for ASM3+Modified Bio-P. The annual removal rates for T-N were 0.77 for the measured, 0.69 for the Bio-P, and 0.74 for the Modified Bio-P samples, while the annual removal rates for T-P were 0.64 for the measured, 0.72 for the Bio-P, and 0.60 for the Modified Bio-P cases. With simulated data, the Modified Bio-P model was a better fit for the field data compared to Bio-P. The Modified Bio-P module reproduced the step-feed process more effectively than the Bio-P module.