回顾“泥石流”科学研究的开创与科学普及

顾:(顾人和, 中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所副研究员, 人文地理学家)"冰川瀑发"是怎么会事, 你是怎样把它变成"冰川泥石流"研究的?     

泥石流阵流序列的整体性

泥石流往往以阵流群的形式出现,不同阵流参数具有统一的统计分布,意味着阵流序列隐含着深层的系统信息。文中根据蒋家沟泥石流观测数据,揭示阵流序列的自相关性和时空变化特征,进而确立其整体性。Hurst指数是刻画序列相关性的指标。阵流的流量、速度和时间间歇序列的Hurst指数值均大于05,从而证明序列具有长程相关性;另一方面,将阵流作为其运动参数(如流速、流量、间歇时间)组所确定的点,则一个泥石流事件为参数空间的一个点集,且集中在一个狭小区域,直观表现了阵流在时空的聚集特征,这是序列整体性的又一特征。阵流序列的这些基本特征,意味着不同泥石流事件背后隐藏着同一个动力学机制,即泥石流作为流域行为(而不是流体运动)的系统动力学。     

吴崇筠教授--中国石油大学沉积岩石学教学及教材建设的奠基者

吴崇筠教授1954-1975年执教于中国石油大学的前身北京石油学院和华东石油学院,主要承担沉积岩石学的教学工作,先后编写了3本沉积岩石学著作。第一本是《沉积岩石学参考材料》,北京石油学院于上世纪50年代后期出版。第二本是《沉积岩石学》,中国工业出版社1961年出版,这是我国第一本公开出版的沉积岩石学教材。第三本是《沉积岩》,石油化学工业出版社1977年出版,这是我国第一本沉积岩石学专著。吴崇筠教授是中国石油大学沉积岩石学教学和教材建设的开拓者和奠基者。我们深切怀念吴崇筠教授。     

Recognition of debris flow,debris flood and flood hazard through watershed morphometrics

Debris flows, debris floods and floods in mountainous areas are responsible for loss of life and damage to infrastructure, making it important to recognize these hazards in the early stage of planning land developments. Detailed terrain information is seldom available and basic watershed morphometrics must be used for hazard identification. An existing model uses watershed area and relief (the Melton ratio) to differentiate watersheds prone to flooding from those subject to debris flows and debris floods. However, the hazards related to debris flows and debris floods are not the same, requiring further differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that a model using watershed length combined with the Melton ratio can be used to differentiate debris-flow and debris-flood prone watersheds. This model was tested on 65 alluvial and colluvial fans in west central British Columbia, Canada, that were examined in the field. The model correctly identified 92% of the debris-flow, 83% of the debris-flood, and 88% of the flood watersheds. With adaptation for different regional conditions, the use of basic watershed morphometrics could assist land managers, scientists, and engineers with the identification of hydrogeomorphic hazards on fans elsewhere.     

Downslope volume enlargement of a debris slide–debris flow in the 1999 Hiroshima, Japan, rainstorm

Following a heavy rainstorm on 29 June 1999, hundreds of slope failures occurred in granitic mountains in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Among these events, a highly mobile landslide (termed the Kameyama landslide in this paper), which occurred in Kameyama area of Hiroshima city, was the most catastrophic, and was investigated in detail. The displaced soil mass from the source area of this landslide traveled about 300 m and deposited a volume more than 10 times as great as that in the source area. The landslide originated in and traversed a valley-shaped concave slope covered by pre-existing colluvial debris deposits. In addition, a spring was visible in the source area and very shallow ground water was observed in an observation pit dug in the source area. Thus, it is inferred that the ground-water table rose quickly during the rainfall, and that this rise triggered the slope failure in the source area. Based on a field survey along the landslide cross section, a possible explanation for the mechanism of the landslide was obtained: the displaced soil mass from the source area impacted the debris deposit in the path of the landslide, thus triggering liquefaction failure of the saturated part of debris. The original landslide and the liquefied debris then moved downslope as a single mass. To examine this assumption, ring-shear tests were performed on samples taken from the source area. Undrained ring-shear tests on the saturated samples showed that the sample is highly liquefiable, and liquefaction failure could have been triggered in the debris deposits by a very small impact from the displaced soil mass of the initial failure. In addition, laboratory tests simulating the impacts on the debris deposits at natural water content, i.e., unsaturated (at the survey time, 2 days after the failure) showed that although shear failure could be caused by the assumed impact force, the displaced soils stopped after a few centimeters displacement, indicating that existence of a saturated zone in debris deposits is prerequisite for this kind of failure.     

2001 debris flow and debris flood in Nam Ko area, Phetchabun province, central Thailand

The factors of the debris flow and debris flood (debris flow-flood) occurrence on 11 August 2001 on the active Nam Ko alluvial fan in Phetchabun province, central Thailand, were studied. Evidences of past activity registered in the alluvial fan, and the debris flow-flood event were reconstructed. The disastrous debris flow-flood event was not the work of the unusual high amount of rainfalls alone, as previously theorized, but is a work of combined factors from the terrain characteristics with specific land covers to the time delay for accumulation of debris and sediments. This combination of factors could lead to a debris flow-flood after a high amount of precipitation. The process could also be worse if a landslide formed a natural dam, then the dam was destroyed under the weight of impounded water. After such a disastrous event, it would take time for more plant debris and sediments in the sub-catchment area to accumulate before the next debris flow-flood.     

低频泥石流特征及防治 --以四川汶川县茶园沟为例

低频泥石流指30a以上发生1次的泥石流。尽管发生频率很低，但由于自身的特征及人们认识上的原因，其造l戒的人员伤亡和财产损失却居各类泥石流之首。对低频泥石流的研究在预防和减轻泥石流灾害方面有着重要意义。文章以2003年8月9日发生在四川汶川县茶园沟的泥石流为蒯，采用形态调查法和称重法等方法确定了流量、流速及重度。分析了其物质来源及形成的自然和人为原因，探讨了低频泥石流的特征。针对低频泥石流的低频性、破坏性和隐蔽性特点，同时考虑到低频泥石流沟的防治受保护对象的重要程度及资金投入等因素的限制，提出了进行泥石流危险性分区、搞好小流域水土深持、普及泥石流防灾减灾知识及加强监测和预警预报等措施，这对减轻低频泥石流区的灾害有一定的借鉴意义。     

Properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared: implications for debris flow characterization

In the Alps, debris flow deposits generally contain <5% clay‐size particles, and the role of the surface‐charged <2 μm particles is often neglected, although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid. The objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the Swiss Alps, with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents. The catchments are small in area (4 km²), 2·5 km long, similar in morphology, but different in geology. The average slopes are 35–40%. The catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity. Debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled, the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density, <2 mm fraction bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and mineralogy analysed. The results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition, but differ in terms of: (i) particle size distribution; and (ii) mineralogy, reactivity and density of the <2 mm fraction. In this fraction, compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles, of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached. The results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials, particularly with respect to their physical properties.     

基于增量加载法的泥石流拦挡坝抗冲击力数值模拟

为提高泥石流重力式拦挡坝的设计安全和避免资金投入过大而造成浪费,选择合理的泥石流冲击力作为设计依据尤为重要。文章结合舟曲县三眼峪沟灾后重建防治工程相关数据,利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行计算分析,采用增量加载的数值计算方法,分别求得2种工况下重力式拦挡坝的抗冲击力。根据三眼峪沟治理工程运行至今的反馈情况,证明在泥石流治理工程设计中,冲击力选择工况1和2的平均值较合理,同时说明该方法与经验公式结合使用,其结果更加精确可靠,在泥石流工程设计和研究中具有良好的应用前景。     

北京大西沟北沟泥石流堆积物特征

文章研究了北京市密云县西白莲峪大西沟北沟泥石流的堆积物特征及其演变过程,指出该堆积物是在泥石流及山体崩塌综合作用下形成,具有泥石流堆积物的典型特征。此外,该文还提出必须加强泥石流危险区的制图及沟道治理工程的建设,才能防治泥石流的发生及现存堆积物的复活。