夏季东海西部表层海水中的pCO_2及海-气界面通量

根据 2 0 0 1年夏季长江口及东海西部海域表层海水pCO2 的实测数据 ,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料 ,对该海域pCO2 分布和变化的重要影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明 ,长江冲淡水是造成东海西部海域表层海水pCO2 分布不均匀的主要原因。利用Wan ninkhof( 1 992 )提出的通量模式计算 ,长江口口门附近海域和浙江近岸海域为CO2 的源区 ,1 2 3°E以东的调查海域表现为大气CO2 的汇 ,尤其是以 1 2 3°E ,32°N为中心 ,存在着一个极强的大气CO2 汇区。就整个东海西部海域而言 ,夏季可从大气净吸收 1 5 3× 1 0 4 tC。     

东海和南黄海表层海水中几种挥发性卤代烃的分布和通量研究

以中国近海有代表性的陆架区——东海及南黄海为目标,对东海和南黄海中常见的5种挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)的分布及其海-气通量进行了研究.研究表明,在黄海03断面表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3、C2Cl4、CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的浓度分别为41(31-54)、53 (23-80)、17 (6.3-23)、23 (7.4-34)和51 (3.1-92) pmol/L,东海表层海水中的浓度分别为25(11-83)、54 (12-95)、39 (9.2-94)、25(5.4-74)和6.4 (1.3-41) pmol/L.由于受人为活动、河流输入和黑潮水入侵的影响,VHCs在水平分布上呈现近岸高、远海低的规律;5种VHCs在表层海水中的浓度与叶绿素a(Chla)存在相关性;这5种化合物在表层海水中没有完全一致的周日变化规律, CHBrCl2和CHBr2Cl的最大值分别在上午10时和下午16时出现,CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4均在下午13时出现最大值.根据表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度和文献报道的大气浓度,运用Liss和Salter双层模型,估算得到这3种物质在南黄海的海-气通量分别为76 (1.97-149)、160 (1.07-330)和53 (0.70-119) nmol/(m2·d),在东海的海-气通量为46 (1.65-223)、171 (6.27-495)和135 (3.41-484) nmol/(m2·d),东海和南黄海在冬季是大气CHCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源.     

夏季东海西部表层海水中的pCO2及海-气界面通量

根据2001年夏季长江口及东海西部海域表层海水pCO     

南黄海夏季海水pCO2研究Ⅱ--下层海水涌升和长江冲淡水对海-气界面CO2通量的贡献

根据2001年7月对南黄海的大面积调查,研究了南黄海夏季pCO2的分布机制,着重讨论下层海水涌升和长江冲淡水对海-气界面CO2通量的贡献,并给出了南黄海海-气界面CO2通量。研究结果表明:夏季南黄海总体上是CO2的1个弱源,大约向大气中释放45.05×104t C。夏季南黄海表层海水pCO2分布表现出了极大的不均性,其汇区主要由长江冲淡水造成,影响区域占汇区吸收CO2的99.9%;而在源区,下层海水涌升虽然面积较小却占源区释放CO2的35.2%。可见陆架边缘海区源/汇格局的地域差异非常之特别。     

南黄海和中国东海中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海气通量

Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of five kinds of volatile halocarbons(VHCs) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) and the East China Sea(ECS) in November 2007. The results showed that the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H3Cl3), 1,1-dichloroethene(C2H2Cl2), 1,1,2-trichloroethene(C2HCl3), trichloromethane(CHCl3) and tetrachloromethane(CCl4) in the surface water were 0.31–4.81, 2.75–21.3, 1.21–17.1, 5.02–233 and 0.045–4.47 pmol/L, respectively, with the average values of 1.89, 12.20, 6.93, 60.90 and 0.33 pmol/L. On the whole, the horizontal distributions of C2H3Cl3, C2H2Cl2 and CCl4 were affected mainly by anthropogenic activities, while C2HCl3 and CHCl3 were influenced by biological factors as well as anthropogenic activities. In the study area, the concentrations of VHCs(except C2HCl3) exhibited a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore sites, with the higher values occurring in the coastal waters. The sea-to-air fluxes of C2H3Cl3, C2HCl3, CHCl3 and CCl4 were calculated to be-56.00–(-5.68),-7.31–123.42, 148.00–1 309.31 and-83.32–(-1.53) nmol/(m2·d), respectively, with the average values of-6.77, 17.14, 183.38 and-21.27 nmol/(m2·d). Our data showed that the SYS and ECS in autumn was a sink for C2H3Cl3 and CCl4, while it was a source for C2HCl3 and CHCl3 in the atmosphere.     

南黄海夏季表层海水中pCO2分布的初步探讨

作者在 1 999年夏季的航次中 ,获得了南黄海表层海水 p CO2 的实测数据。本文结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料 ,对影响 p CO2 分布和变化的某些重要现象进行了初步探讨。研究表明南黄海表层海水 p CO2 的分布存在较大的不均匀性 ,这是边缘海区海水中生物、物理和化学因素复合作用的结果。除长江口门外的 p CO2 高值区外 ,南黄海表层海水的 p CO2 值与叶绿素、水温大体呈负相关 ,而与海水的盐度基本上呈正相关。     

南黄海海气热通量观测及其与OAflux数据集比较研究

2007年在南黄海进行了3个航次的热通量观测,包括长、短波辐射,近海表空气温度、湿度,风速,海表皮温等观测数据。依据计算的冬季、春季、秋季三个航次的海气热通量分析了热通量不同季节特征,南黄海海域冬季、春季和秋季平均潜热通量分别为80.7W/m2,5.6W/m2和142.1W/m2,感热通量分别为32.0W/m2,-12.5W/m2和18.9W/m2(海洋向大气传递为正)。将国际较为通用的OAflux数据集与3个季节观测数据做了逐点的比对,作为对OAflux数据集在南黄海海域的评估,结果显示:OAflux数据集热通量结果与观测数据在2006—2007年冬季最为接近,感热和潜热通量均方差是15.3W/m2和21.4W/m2。春季的潜热通量存在明显偏差,均方差为28.4W/m2。秋季的感热和潜热通量均存在显著偏差,均方差分别为20.5W/m2和57.5W/m2。导致春季偏差的主要原因是OAflux数据集和现场观测的近海表空气湿度差异,而秋季偏差则应主要归因于海表温度的偏差。     

南黄海、东海北部陆架区表层沉积物 有机质分布特征

对南黄海和东海北部462个表层沉积物样品进行了有机碳、总氮及粒度测试,以趋探讨表层沉积物有机质的分布规 律及来源。结果表明：南黄海及东海北部陆架区沉积有机碳质量分数分布范围为0.11 豫耀0.82 豫,均值为0.44 豫;总氮质量 分数分布范围为0.01 豫耀0.11 豫,均值为0.06 豫。有机碳及总氮质量分数平面分布特征相似,泥质沉积区质量分数较高,砂 质沉积区较低,最高值位于杭州湾外部。其分布特征明显遵从粒度效应,随着粒度变粗,有机碳、总氮质量分数减小,其中 在粒度>4准的细粒沉积物中,粒度处于6原11准的细粒沉积物更为富集有机碳。沉积物C/N比值显示,南黄海及东海北部大部 分区域沉积有机质为陆地和海洋混合来源,仅在123.5毅E以东、31毅N以南东海中陆架小部分区域为海洋自生来源。     

秋季南黄海表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布

2007年秋季(10月)在黄海22个站位采集表层沉积物样品进行甲藻孢囊的种类鉴定与计数,本航次中共鉴定出33种(不包括2个未确定种),优势种是锥状斯克里普藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alex-andrium tamarense)和膝沟藻属(Gonyaulaxsp.)的种类。与东海和南海甲藻孢囊的同期丰度相比,黄海的相对较低,丰度范围为10~519个/cm3,平均108个/cm3。孢囊丰度总体分布趋势从北向南递增,最高丰度区出现在长江口以北(32°19′59.88″N,122°37′5.16″E),另外,在南黄海调查海域中,中部黄海冷水团区域孢囊丰度较高,膝沟藻成为该区域的优势种,密集中心达101个/cm3。有毒甲藻孢囊在沉积物表层聚集且分布广泛,有爆发赤潮的可能。     

中国东部边缘海冬季硅酸盐的分布特征及主要来源

利用2007年1～2月的调查资料,分析讨论了中国东部陆架边缘海(南黄海、东海)冬季硅酸盐的分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:近岸海域硅酸盐的高值区位于受长江冲淡水影响的区域;东海的硅酸盐浓度高于南黄海。长江冲淡水和黑潮水是影响东海和南黄海硅酸盐分布的主要因素。黑潮中层水是东海陆架区硅酸盐的主要来源。     

Autumn living coccolithophores in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

An investigation was carried out on living coccolithophores(LCs) distribution in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from October 17 to November 24, 2011. A total of 223 samples from different depths were collected at 48 stations. Totally 18 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification. The maximum species abundance was found at the outside of Transect P. The dominated species were Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, and Algirosphaera robusta. The abundance of coccoliths and cells ranged 0–2 965.73 coccoliths/mL, and 0–119.16 cells/mL, with the average values of 471.00 coccoliths/mL and 23.42 cells/mL, respectively. The LCs in surface layer were mainly observed on the coastal belt and middle part of the survey area. The comparison among Transects A, F, P and E indicated lower species diversity and less abundance in the Yellow Sea than those of the East China Sea. The highest abundance of LCs was found in transect F and P. The coccolith abundance increased slightly from surface to bottom in the water column, but the highest value of the cell abundance was observed in the depth of 10–30 m. Temperature, depth and nutrient concentration were suggested as the major environmental factors controlling the distribution and species composition of LCs in the studying area based on canonical correspondence analysis(CCA).     

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate,we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season.The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer.Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition,while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition.Moreover,compared with the riverine inputs,the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.     

Sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Eight survey cruises in different seasons have been conducted in the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) during the period from 2000 to 2008. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and hydrological data were collected during each cruise. Data analysis showed that total suspended sediment mass was approximately 0.18 × 10⁹ tons in the surveyed area during spring and autumn seasons. Highly turbid waters were found in the shallow waters between the Subei coast, the Changjiang estuary and the Zhejiang coast with seasonal variations.     

Distributions of nutrients in the East China Sea and the South China Sea connection

Surface maps of nitrate, phosphate and silicate of the East China Sea (ECS) have been constructed and are described. Reports on exchanges of material between the ECS and the South China Sea (SCS) through the Taiwan Strait are reviewed. Recent advances seem to have reversed the earlier view that the SCS exports nutrients to the ECS through the Taiwan Strait. This is because the northward flow of seawater in the summer carries little nutrient. On the other hand, the waters flowing southward along the coast of China in winter carry orders of magnitude higher nutrient concentrations. The outflow of subsurface waters from the SCS, however, is the major source of new nutrients to the ECS continental shelves because these subsurface waters flow out of the Luzon Strait, join the northwardly flowing Kuroshio and enter the Okinawa trough. Around 10% of the nutrients exported from the SCS through the Luzon Strait upwell onto the ECS shelf. These inputs are larger than the aggregate of all the rivers that empty into the ECS, contributing 49% of the externally sourced nitrogen, 71% of the phosphorous, and 54% of the silica for the ECS.     

中国南海、东海及黄海海域海气二氧化碳通量与生产力的物理生物地球化学模拟研究

Marginal seas play important roles in regulating the global carbon budget, but there are great uncertainties in estimating carbon sources and sinks in the continental margins. A Pacific basin-wide physical-biogeochemical model is used to estimate primary productivity and air-sea CO_2 flux in the South China Sea(SCS), the East China Sea(ECS), and the Yellow Sea(YS). The model is forced with daily air-sea fluxes which are derived from the NCEP2 reanalysis from 1982 to 2005. During the period of time, the modeled monthly-mean air-sea CO_2 fluxes in these three marginal seas altered from an atmospheric carbon sink in winter to a source in summer. On annualmean basis, the SCS acts as a source of carbon to the atmosphere(16 Tg/a, calculated by carbon, released to the atmosphere), and the ECS and the YS are sinks for atmospheric carbon(–6.73 Tg/a and –5.23 Tg/a, respectively,absorbed by the ocean). The model results suggest that the sea surface temperature(SST) controls the spatial and temporal variations of the oceanic pCO_2 in the SCS and ECS, and biological removal of carbon plays a compensating role in modulating the variability of the oceanic pCO_2 and determining its strength in each sea,especially in the ECS and the SCS. However, the biological activity is the dominating factor for controlling the oceanic pCO_2 in the YS. The modeled depth-integrated primary production(IPP) over the euphotic zone shows seasonal variation features with annual-mean values of 293, 297, and 315 mg/(m~2·d) in the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. The model-integrated annual-mean new production(uptake of nitrate) values, as in carbon units, are 103, 109, and 139 mg/(m~2·d), which yield the f-ratios of 0.35, 0.37, and 0.45 for the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. Compared to the productivity in the ECS and the YS, the seasonal variation of biological productivity in the SCS is rather weak. The atmospheric pCO_2 increases from 1982 to 2005, which is consistent with the anthropogenic CO_2 input to the atmosphere. The oceanic pCO_2 increases in responses to the atmospheric pCO_2 that drives air-sea CO_2 flux in the model. The modeled increase rate of oceanic pCO_2 is0.91 μatm/a in the YS, 1.04 μatm/a in the ECS, and 1.66 μatm/a in the SCS, respectively.     

东、黄海沉积物-水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

2000年10月和2001年5月随“东方红2号”考察船在东、黄海进行考察,在A2、E2、E4、E5、E65个站位作了培养实验,研究沉积物-水界面在氧化和还原条件下的交换通量。在东海海域,NO3-、PO43-、总磷(TDP)由水向沉积物中扩散,NH4 、SiO32-由沉积物向水中扩散,NO3-、TDP、NH4 在还原条件下的交换通量大于氧化条件下的交换通量,PO43-、SiO32-在氧化还原条件下的交换通量基本一致。在黄海海域,两站位各溶解态营养盐的迁移方向有较大差异。在距离陆地较近的海域,各溶解态营养盐多由水中向沉积物中扩散,且距离陆地越近,交换通量越大。在东、黄海海域,沉积物释放的SiO32-对初级生产力的贡献分别为13%、10%~18%,与河流输送和大气沉降相比,沉积物对黄海、东海SiO32-的贡献分别占90%、86%,说明沉积物是SiO32-的源。而在整个东、黄海海域,对于溶解无机氮(DIN)和PO43-来说,它们的交换通量为负值,即沉积物从水体中吸附溶解无机氮和磷,说明沉积物是DIN和PO43-的汇。     

黄、东海柱状沉积物中生物硅含量的分析

对东、黄海2 0 0 0年10月和2 0 0 1年5月2个航次所获得的表层及柱状沉积物样品进行分析,在单点提取测定方法的基础上采用连续提取方法,利用斜率校正法扣除非生物硅的干扰,测定了东、黄海柱状沉积物中生物硅的含量。从整个东、黄海海域来看,沉积物中生物硅的含量<1% ,属于低含量海域;讨论了沉积物样品处理方法对分析结果的影响,在此基础上分析了不同海区柱状沉积物中生物硅的分布特征以及沉积物中叶绿素、水体中硅酸盐、叶绿素、N/P比值等生态要素与沉积物中生物硅分布的相关关系。     

北黄海夏季pCO2分布及海-气CO2通量

基于在2006年夏季北黄海收集的的高分辨率的表层CO2分压(pCO2)数据,结合水文和生物地球化学同步观测参数,探讨了夏季北黄海pCO2空间分布的控制因素。结果表明,夏季北黄海与大多数中低纬度陆架海类似,由于水温较高,表层pCO2较高(平均值为(463±41)μatm),整个海域相对大气CO2过饱和。表层pCO2分布具有明显的区域差异,辽南和鲁北近岸海域pCO2明显高于中部区域,辽南近岸的高pCO2主要与河流输入和水产养殖引起的生物好氧呼吸有关,而鲁北沿岸的高pCO2主要与烟台近岸的底层冷水涌升及由混合引起的高碳酸盐含量的黄河泥沙的再悬浮有关;在海区中部大部分水域,pCO2与温度之间有较好的相关性,说明温度是这一区域pCO2分布较为重要的控制因子。另外,采用Wannikhof的海-气气体交换系数估计了北黄海夏季海-气CO2通量,结果表明整个北黄海是大气CO2的源,平均释放速率为(4.00±0.57)mmol.m-2.d-1,高于南黄海夏季海-气CO2通量。