地球的历史:核-幔磨理论

论述了一个旨在统一板块构造学说和地幔柱学说的地球动力学理论。尽管这个理论基于两个不寻常的假设,它也许揭示了一个系统的地球演化动力学模型。该理论认为：地球的内核是—磁铁,内核的铁磁性已被观察到的地震波速度各向异性所证实。因为由地球和类木行星之间的磁相互作用所引起的扭力矩始终作用于地球的内核,内核象一个旋转发动机,每时每刻趋于改变地球的自转速度和自转轴位置,而地幔的惯性试图阻止地球自转的变化。这两者之间的相互作用导致了流体外核的形成、玄武岩浆的产生、洋壳的形成、以及内核和地幔之间的差异旋转运动。由于核-幔差异旋转运动,位于核-幔边界的岩石被逐步研磨成玄武岩岩浆。洋中脊系统被解释成巨大的岩墙系统,生根于核-幔边界层中某些主岩浆房。该理论认为：全球构造运动的驱动力来自外部空间,无论是洋壳或陆壳中的构造运动均是地球表面的扩散现象,它受地球的背景辐射和地壳中的物质分布两方面因素影响。其中地球两极方向的差异背景辐射决定了洋中脊系统在地球表面的分布样式和全球构造运动模式。目前,地球遭受着较强的向南极之上的背景辐射和相对较弱的向北极之上的背景辐射。由这种极向的差异背景辐射所引起的吹力驱动着大陆朝北漂移,并导致了地球的梨状形态、以及张性变形发育于南半球和压性变形发育于北半球。这种不对称的地球变形产生了当前颇具特征的洋中脊分布样式(因为洋中脊作为扩张中心始终是沿着垂直于最小应力方向发育),并因此决定了现在的海底扩张方式。整个地球历史可分：第一阶段(27亿年之前)以没有洋壳为特征;第二阶段(自27亿年至22．5亿年)以形成洋壳为特征;第三阶段(22．5亿年之后)以陆壳生长为特征。     

中国东部陆壳洋幔型岩石圈及其形成机制

长期以来中国东部岩石圈具有何种特殊性,其类型是否转变,其形成年代与形成机制等问题一直存在着不同意见。通过系统研究中国东部地质、地球化学与地球物理资料,笔者提出中国东部大陆地壳在侏罗纪晚期,受北美板块WSW向强烈的挤压以及特提斯洋朝东北方向张开的共同作用,使东亚大陆地壳发生逆时针转动,以致中国东部陆壳水平滑移到古老的洋壳或洋幔之上。在中国东部,原来的大陆型岩石圈的边部就出现较薄的陆壳洋幔型岩石圈(陆壳厚30~40 km,洋幔厚40~50 km)。幔源包体的资料表明中国东部岩石圈地幔与软流圈是未经扰动或轻微扰动,它们均发生在太古宙或中新元古代,还没有足够的在中、新生代发生扰动的证据。看来造成上述岩石圈结构类型的转换,不大可能是中、新生代大洋板块俯冲作用的直接结果,也不像是深部热地幔上涌或底侵作用的产物。强构造–岩浆活动源区形成于区域性断层与中地壳或莫霍面的构造滑脱的交切带,只有极少数的断层可深达岩石圈底面。中国东部岩石圈的构造滑脱面主要在中地壳或莫霍面,而不是在软流圈。中国东部中新生代强烈的构造-岩浆作用与内生金属成矿作用,正是受此种特殊岩石圈结构的控制而形成的。总之笔者认为:亚洲与中国大陆东部的岩石圈(包括其中的华北地区)在中、新生代并没有发生"克拉通的裂解",而只是岩石圈的类型发生了变化,出现了一种洋陆过渡类型的陆壳洋幔型岩石圈。     

中国大陆岩石圈结构篱笆图及其说明——10条GGT地球物理资料

利用中国陆地 10条GGT地球物理资料编制中国岩石圈篱笆图 ,并加以说明。通过对地球物理特征和地质学分析 ,认为以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带和青藏高原周边重力梯级带为界 ,可把中国陆地划分 3个岩石圈构造单元。中国陆壳既有三分结构也存在二分结构 ;对地壳中存在的低速带、高导带和天然地震带进行了划分。以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带为界 ,两侧盆地具有不同的地球物理特征 ,这些特征与构造运动、均衡调整过程有关。莫霍面几乎遍布全国 ,它具有内部结构。下部地壳底部存在的地球物理异常与莫霍面有关 ,也可能与岩石圈地幔的变化有关。     

辽西中生代的壳幔过渡带的形成、破坏与改造

利用火成岩及其携带的捕虏体的岩石学、年代学等研究成果,反演辽西中生代时期的壳幔相互作用,重塑这时期的壳幔边界组成。对应于中生代活跃的壳幔相互作用,辽西义县-北票一带理论上应该存在一个发育的壳幔过渡带。然而现今的各种地球物理研究显示辽西的莫霍面是清晰的间断面,其上、下地震波速变化从6.5～6.7km/s 截然变成8.0～8.1 km/s。壳幔过渡带到那里去了?围绕这一问题,本文依据火山岩及其捕虏晶的研究,探讨了在软流圈底辟体上涌背景下,壳幔过渡带被破坏和改造的原因。最后从演化角度将辽西与张家口和西藏高原的壳-幔边界进行了比较。     

滇西地区深部构造特征及其对成岩-成矿的控制作用

滇西地区地处扬子板块与印度板块之间特殊地带,是西南三江复合造山带的重要组成部分。地球物理资料揭示该区深构造特征复杂:地壳呈相对稳定的三层结构,其内部存在不规则低速透镜体;莫霍面自北而南呈近东西向阶梯式逐渐抬升,形态上隆坳相间;壳-幔界面存在明显的壳-幔过渡带,软流层地幔具有多层次隆起现象。深浅部构造呈现明显的立交桥式多层架结构。深部构造与区域成岩成矿关系密切:空间上,岩体与成矿的集中区分布体现出受由幔坡带所推断的深大断构造所控制,并与壳内低速体和壳-幔混合带存在垂向上的对应关系。岩浆岩岩石组合、岩石学和地球化学特征反映岩浆形成于壳-幔混合带物质的部分熔融,而地幔流体上涌是激发壳-幔混合带发生部分熔融的重要因素。研究认为,滇西地区燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期所处的特殊构造部位及经历的区域构造动力体制时空转换是形成深部特殊地质结构的动力学条件,并是激发强烈壳-幔相互作用的重要前提。在壳幔相互作用过程中,大量地幔流体携带成矿物质经由深大断裂上升至壳-幔混合带,激发其部分熔融,形成原始岩浆;随岩浆上升和分异演化,在构造有利部位成岩成矿,由此形成区域成岩成矿的一体化特点。而软流层幔的多期次脉动式上涌则是导致成矿多期性的内在因素。     

应用深部物探资料探讨赣中南地区深断裂、隐伏逆冲推覆构造与铀成矿的关系

通过对江西省１０条大地电磁测深（ＭＴ）剖面研究成果和区域重磁、莫霍面对比分析研究,讨论了赣中南地区深部地质构造格架。本区属华南块体。与扬子块体接壤地带的萍乡－广丰一线呈现为近东西向展布的幔凹－幔坡带。华南块体内部为北北东－北东向幔隆－幔坡－幔凹结构。莫霍面变异部位多为深断裂带反映。推断了近东西向展布的萍乡－广丰深断裂带、北北东向抚州－安远深断裂带和北北东向丰城－大余深断裂带;同时推断了北东向于都－宁都逆冲推覆滑覆构造系、近东西向乐安－南城逆冲推覆构造系等。根据铀矿产的分布,论证了莫霍面变异部位、逆冲推覆构造与铀成矿作用存在着十分密切的时空关系,为寻找隐伏铀矿提供了线索。     

华南地区地壳厚度变化及对成矿类型的制约:来自卫星重力数据的约束

华南地区是中国金属矿产资源的“大粮仓”,分布有多个多金属成矿带。多金属成矿带的形成常伴随着地下特殊的深部背景和过程,通过莫霍面深度的计算,对华南地区的地壳厚薄变化所反映的壳幔耦合关系进行研究,可为探索华南地区地下巨量金属资源的形成与演变过程提供参考。本文首先基于球坐标的重力解算方法对高阶卫星重力场模型EIGEN-6C4的数据进行校正,得到华南地区的卫星布格重力异常。然后采用改进的Parker-Oldenburg方法进行变密度界面反演,获得华南地区莫霍面起伏特征。最后结合区内不同成矿带的范围和前人发表的地质、地球化学等资料,探讨华南地区不同成矿带的成矿物质来源与莫霍面起伏的关系。认为长江中下游和钦杭东段处于莫霍面隆起区域的成矿带,幔源物质对其成矿作用起主导地位,形成以铜、铁为主的多金属矿床;南岭、武夷、钦杭西段及鄂西—湘西位于莫霍面隆-陷交替区域的成矿带,成矿与壳、幔源物质的相互作用密切相关,最终形成钨、锡、金、银、铅锌等多金属矿床。     

海南岛高精度航磁特征与居里等温面深度分析

海南岛高精度航磁数据分析及其居里等温面反演,对于探究海南岛及其相邻的南海大陆边缘的深部热结构具有重要研究意义。本文通过对海南岛航磁异常数据的化极和上延处理,分析了岛内不同构造单元的磁异常特征及其空间展布。并在此基础上,利用功率谱法,反演计算出岛内区域居里等温面的深度分布,结合海南岛区域地质演化、大地热流值、莫霍面与岩石圈深度以及地震测深剖面等资料,获得了如下认识：① 海南岛航磁异常带主要呈现近东西向与北东向展布,近东西向磁异常带被北东向异常错断和干扰,揭示了近东西向构造带要明显早于北东向构造带。② 海南岛居里等温面深度变化于16 ~ 34 km 之间,平均深度为24 km,其中,琼北新生代火山- 沉积盆地居里等温面深度明显偏深,大致相当于本区莫霍面深度,最深可达35 km,相对应的大地热流值偏低。③ 琼中- 万宁与东方- 昌江褶皱造山区的居里等温面深度明显偏浅,最浅仅为16 km,明显低于本区莫霍面深度,对应较高的大地热流值。④ 综合本文与前人研究结果表明,海南岛岩石圈厚度为55 ~ 90 km,为典型的去根减薄的岩石圈,莫霍面的温度为600 ~ 900 ℃,局部异常高的莫霍面温度,可能与本区软流圈地幔置换古老岩石圈地幔提供了热量有关。     

深部地球化学

板块大地构造学说在60年代末的兴起突破了地质学主要从事地壳研究的界限。地球化学也向纵深迈出一大步,跨越莫霍面而研究地球深部的化学问题。在深部地球化学产生的背景方面,固体地球物理、深海钻探以及高压研究的进展为探讨地球内部的化学演化提供了大量基础资料。60年代初国际上地幔委员会成立,开始国际合作执行上地幔计划(Upper Mantle Project,1960—1970),包括实测横贯大陆综合地球物理和地球化学     

莫霍面地震反射图像揭露出扬子陆块深俯冲过程

近垂直深地震反射剖面对莫霍面变化的观测 ,强有力地说明大陆莫霍面的复杂特征记录了岩石圈的构造历史。横过大别山造山带前陆的深地震反射剖面长约 1 4 0km ,记录时间达 3 0s ,探测深度超过莫霍面深达岩石圈地幔。深地震反射剖面揭示出扬子陆块与大别山造山带结合部位的岩石圈精细结构、清晰的莫霍面及其变化特征。作为相关解释的第一步 ,我们将探测到的莫霍面变化特征与其他特殊反映不同地质年代和岩石圈构造历史的深地震反射剖面进行对比 ,以追索扬子陆块与大别山造山带的岩石圈构造过程。总体北倾的莫霍面和同样北倾的下地壳结构记录了中生代扬子陆块的向北俯冲。北倾的莫霍面错断、叠置现象描述出扬子陆块的俯冲过程。大别山前向北和向南倾斜的交叉反射图像 ,反映了扬子陆块与大别山造山带岩石圈尺度的碰撞关系     

华北克拉通东部显生宙地幔演化

华北克拉通东部显生宙以来的地幔可以划分为3种类型:克拉通型地幔,大陆活动带型地幔和大陆裂谷型地幔。1 700 Ma—古生代末,地幔属于克拉通型:ε(Nd,t)值高于-5,为弱富集型;层圈相互作用以幔源的熔体和/或流体与古老的岩石圈地幔的作用为主,但规模较小,范围局部。100 Ma以前的中生代地幔属于“大陆活动带型”:ε(Nd,t)值低,在-5以下,为富集型;地幔中含有地壳的组分,层圈相互作用以下地壳与弱化的岩石圈地幔之间的作用为主;发生的时间为190~100 Ma,高峰期在130 Ma左右;发生的部位邻近莫霍面,导源的岩浆多为钙碱性系列,部位浅,活动范围广泛。100 Ma至新生代,地幔属于“大陆裂谷型”:为亏损型的软流圈地幔,ε(Nd,t)值高,几乎均为正值。层圈相互作用转变为软流圈岩石圈地幔之间的作用,转变的时间具有约40 Ma的过渡时期,前锋开始于100~109 Ma,导源的岩浆大致沿NWW和NEE向的大型断裂带分布。进一步证实了软流圈地幔上隆的不均匀性和主动性。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114001273

Mantle xenoliths(150) and concentrates from late autolithic breccia and porphyritic kimberlite from the Sytykanskaya pipe of the Alakit field(Yakutia) were analyzed by EPMA and LAM ICP methods.In P-TX-f(O_2) diagrams minerals from xenoliths show widest variations,the trends P-Fe~#-CaO,f(O_2)for minerals from porphyric kimberlites are more stepped than for xenocrysts from breccia.Ilmenite PTX points mark moving for protokimberlites from the lithosphere base(7.5 GPa) to pyroxenite lens(5-3.5 GPa) accompanied by Cr increase by AFC and creation of two trends P-Fe#OI ~ 10-12%and13-15%.The Opx-Gar-based mantle geotherm in Alakit field is close to 35 mW/m2 at 65 GPa and 600 C near Moho was determined.The oxidation state for the megacrystalline ilmenites is lower for the metasomatic associations due to reduction of protokimberlites on peridotites than for uncontaminated varieties at the lithosphere base.Highly inclined linear REE patterns with deep HFSE troughs for the parental melts of clinopyroxene and garnet xenocrysts from breccia were influenced by differentiated protokimberlite.Melts for metasomatic xenoliths reveal less inclined slopes without deep troughs in spider diagrams.Garnets reveal S-shaped REE patterns.The clinopyroxenes from graphite bearing Cr-websterites show inclined and inflected in Gd spectrums with LREE variations due to AFC differentiation.Melts for garnets display less inclined patterns and Ba-Sr troughs but enrichment in Nb-Ta-U.The~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar ages for micas from the Alakit mantle xenoliths for disseminated phlogopites reveal Proterozoic(1154 Ma) age of metasomatism in early Rodinia mantle.Veined glimmerites with richterite- like amphiboles mark ~1015 Ma plume event in Rodinia mantle.The ~600-550 Ma stage manifests final Rodinia break-up.The last 385 Ma metasomatism is protokimberlite-related.     

高温高压微束衍射实验进展及其地学应用

同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术与静态高压装置(包括金刚石压砧设备和大腔体压力机设备)结合运用是研究高温高压下物质晶体结构、相变等的有效方法。金刚石压砧高温高压实验技术的发展体现在:在产生极端高温高压的同时,获得准确的实验温度压力值,采用充装气体传压介质等方法减小压力梯度,采用激光双面加温技术和改进激光光路以减小样品径向和轴向的温度梯度。大腔体压力机高温高压实验技术的发展主要表现在产生更高的实验压力,以及测试过程中使样品在一定幅度摆动以消除晶体生长和择优取向对衍射数据的影响。同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术的发展主要表现在更高亮度和更宽能量范围的同步辐射光源的使用、X射线聚焦技术的发展,以及角色散X射线衍射测试技术的进步。介绍了近年来高温高压微束衍射实验在地球科学领域所取得的一些最新进展,包括硅酸盐超钙钛矿的实验发现,铁的高温高压相变及熔融曲线、SiO2 超斯石英相变、橄榄石尖晶石相—超尖晶石相转变压力的精确测定等研究结果;认为硅酸盐超钙钛矿的进一步深入研究,水对地球深部矿物岩石力学性质及熔融行为的影响,高温高压下物质的化学反应性和地球深部元素的地球化学行为等,是今后高温高压实验研究的重要方向。     

Features of the Early Palaeozoic Mantle beneath Langao County and Its Formation Mechanism

Phlogopite-amphibole pyroxenite xenoliths contained in an Early Palaeozoic alkali subvolcanic lam-prophyre complex in Langao County, Shaanxi Province, are metasomatized mantle xenoliths, composed mainly of clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite, apatite, pervoskite, ilmenite and sphene with well-developed subsolidus metamorphism-deformation textures, such as "triple points" and "cataclastic boundaries" . Minerological studies indicate that clinopyroxene is rich in SiO2 and MgO and poor in TiO2 and Al2O3, which is notably different from magmatogenic deep-seated megacrysts and phenocrysts formed in the range of mantle pressure. Amphibole and phlogopite have the compositional feature of mantle-derived amphibole and phlogopite. Sm-Nd isotope studies suggest that the metasomatized mantle beneath Langao County is the product of metasomatism of primitive mantle by melt (fluid) derived from the mantle plume, and the mantle metasomatism occurred 650 Ma ago. The process of mantle metasomatism changed from mantle me     

Signature of the upper mantle density structure in the refined gravity data

The gravitational signal of the upper mantle density structures is investigated in the refined gravity data which are corrected for the gravitational contributions of the crust density structures and the Moho geometry. The gravimetric forward modeling is applied to compute these refined gravity data globally on a 1 × 1 arcdeg grid using the global geopotential model (EGM2008), the global topographic/bathymetric model (DTM2006.0) including the ice-thickness data, and the global crustal model (CRUST2.0). The characteristics of the upper mantle density structures are further analyzed in association with the Moho parameters (i.e., Moho depths and density contrast). The 1 × 1 arcdeg global data of the Moho parameters are estimated by applying the combined least-squares approach based on solving Moritz’s generalization of the Vening–Meinesz inverse problem of isostasy. The refined gravity data exhibit mainly the mantle lithosphere structures attributed to the global mantle convection. A significant correlation found over oceans between the refined gravity data and the Moho density contrast is explained by the increasing density of the oceanic lithosphere with age. Despite the lithosphere structures attributed to the global mantle convection are confirmed also in the refined gravity data over continents, the significant correlation between the refined gravity data and the Moho parameters is in this case absent. Instead, the significant proportion of lateral variations of the Moho density contrast within the continental lithosphere is attributed to the depth-dependant density changes due to pressure and thermal gradient.     

Mantle sources of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks of East Asia: Derivatives of slabs,the sublithospheric convection,and the lithosphere

The spatial-temporal variations of the trace element and Sr isotope composition were analyzed in the Middle-Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the East Asian continental margin. The heterogeneity of the sublithospheric mantle was characterized, the active sources of the supraslab mantle were distinguished, and the Southern and Northern sublithospheric convective subdomains of the Transbaikalian low-velocity domain at a depth of 410–200 km were distinguished. The supply of isotopically homogenous mantle from the convective subdomains was replaced in space and time by their mixtures. Isotopically highly depleted material was derived from the mantle above the Kula-Izanagi and Pacific slabs ～43.5, 23–17, and <15 Ma, while moderately depleted mantle was derived from the Northern and Southern subdomains ～37, 31–23, and ～16 Ma and 19–12 Ma, respectively. Similar convective but shallower isotopically enriched material was determined in mixtures from the Southern convective subdomain in the Northeast Japanese arc within 30–9 Ma and in mixtures with isotopically enriched lithospheric mantle in the central Heilongjiang Province <9.6 Ma. Lithospheric melts erupted during drastic changes in the dynamics of the sublithospheric convective subdomains.     

Precambrian basement around Wadi Halfa,Sudan: a new perspective on the evolution of the East Saharan Craton

This paper provides new geochemical and isotopic data on the evolution of the western foreland to the Nubian shield of north-east Africa. There is abundant evidence for early to middle Proterozoic crust west of the River Nile, but this was severely affected by the Pan-African ( 500–900 Ma) orogenic cycle. The results are reported of Rb-Sr whole rock and zircon evaporation geochronological studies and whole rock Sm-Nd and feldspar Pb isotopic analyses for four rock units around Wadi Halfa in northernmost Sudan. These results indicate the presence of heterogeneous pre-Pan-African crustal components, preserved in mylonitic gneisses and in conglomerates that unconformably overlie the gneisses. Several episodes of crust formation, inferred from zircon ages, are preserved in the gneisses : 2.6, 2.4, 2.0, 1.7, 1.2 and 0.72 Ga. Nd model ages for the same units are invariably older than the zircon ages, yet still record a predominantly late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic history, with depleted mantle model ages between 1.3 and 2.8 Ga. The earliest recorded Pan-African magmatic event is about 720 Ma and dates the beginning of collisional deformation. A younger Pan-African volcanic sequence ( 650 Ma) has isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd compatible with derivation from late Prote rozoic asthenospheric mantle. A 530 Ma anorogenic A-type granite also has isotopic compositions suggesting derivation from a primitive source. The inferred tectonic evolution began with rifting to form an oceanic re-entrant. This was followed by subduction leading to collision at about 700 Ma, accompanied by post-orogenic rifting at about 650 Ma.     

Moho topography and lower crustal wide-angle reflectivity around the TESZ in southern Scandinavia and northeastern Europe

The Moho topography is strongly undulating in southern Scandinavia and northeastern Europe. A map of the depth to Moho shows similarities between the areas of the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone (TTZ) in Poland and the Fennoscandian Border Zone (FBZ), which is partly coinciding with the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ) in Denmark. The Moho is steeply dipping at these zones from a crustal thickness of approximately 32 km in the young Palaeozoic Platform and basin areas to approximately 45 km in the old Precambrian Platform and Baltic Shield. The Moho reflectivity (P_MP waveform) in the POLONAISE'97 refraction/wide-angle seismic data from Poland and Lithuania is variable, ranging from ‘sharp’ to strongly reverberating signals of up to 2 s duration. There is little or no lower crustal wide-angle reflectivity in the thick Precambrian Platform, whereas lower crustal reflectivity in the thin Palaeozoic Platform is strongly reverberating, suggesting that the reflective lower crust and upper mantle is a young phenomena. From stochastic reflectivity modelling, we conclude that alternating high- and low-velocity layers with average thicknesses of 50–300 m and P-wave velocity variations of ±3–4% of the background velocity can explain the lower crustal reflectivity. Sedimentary layering affects the reflectivity of deeper layers significantly and must be considered in reflectivity studies, although the reverberations from the deeper crust cannot be explained by the sedimentary layering only. The reflective lower crust and upper mantle may correspond to a zone that has been intruded by mafic melts from the mantle during crustal extension and volcanism.     

Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic evolution of the North German Basin—results from 3-D geodynamic modelling

The Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic evolution of the North German Basin has been investigated by 3-D thermomechanical finite element modelling. The model solves the equations of motion of an elasto-visco-plastic continuum representing the continental lithosphere. It includes the variations of stress in time and space, the thermal evolution, surface processes and variations in global sea level.The North German Basin became inverted in the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic. The inversion was most intense in the southern part of the basin, i.e. in the Lower Saxony Basin, the Flechtingen High and the Harz. The lower crustal properties vary across the North German Basin. North of the Elbe Line, the lower crust is dense and has high seismic velocity compared to the lower crust south of the Elbe Line. The lower crust with high density and high velocity is assumed to be strong. Lateral variations in lithospheric strength also arise from lateral variations in Moho depth. In areas where the Moho is deep, the upper mantle is warm and the lithosphere is thereby relatively weak.Compression of the lithosphere causes shortening, thickening and surface uplift of relatively weak areas. Tectonic inversion occurs as zones of preexisting weakness are shortened and thickened in compression. Contemporaneously, the margins of the weak zone subside. Cenozoic subsidence of the northern part of the North German Basin is explained as a combination of thermal subsidence and a small amount of deformation and surface uplift during compression of the stronger crust in the north.The modelled deformation patterns and resulting sediment isopachs correlate with observations from the area. This verifies the usefulness and importance of thermomechanical models in the investigation of intraplate sedimentary basin formation.     

Plume interaction and mantle heterogeneity:A geochemical perspective

Mantle plumes originating from the Core-Mantle Boundary(CMB) or the Mantle Transition Zone(MTZ) play an important role in material transfer through Earth's interior.The hotspot-related plumes originate through different mechanisms and have diverse processes of material transfer.Both the Morganian plumes and large low shear wave velocity provinces(LLSVPs) are derived from the D " layer in the CMB,whereas the Andersonian plumes originate from the upper mantle.All plumes have a plume head at the Moho,although the LLSVPs have an additional plume head at the MTZ.We compare the geochemical characteristics of various plumes in an attempt to evaluate the material exchange between the plumes and mantle layers.The D" layer,the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes are consisted of subducted slab and post-perovskite from the lower mantle.Bridgmanite would crystallize during the upwelling process of the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes in the lower mantle,and the residual is a basalt-trachyte suite.Unlike the Morganian plumes,the crystallization in the LLSVPs is insufficient that material accumulates beneath the MTZ to form a plume head.Typically,the secondary plumes above the plume head occur at the edge of the LLSVPs because it is easier for bridgmanite crystal separating from the plume head at the edge,and the residual material with low density upwells to form the secondary plumes.Meanwhile,Na and K are enriched during the long-term crystallization process,and then the basalt-phonolite suite appears in the LLSVPs.The geochemical characteristics of Andersonian plumes suggest that the basalt-rhyolite suite is the major component in the upper mantle.Meanwhile the basalt-rhyolite suite also appears in the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes because of the assimilation and contamination in the plume head beneath the Mono.