海陆纬向非均匀热力结构与跨赤道气流和温带西风急流分布的关系

用数值模拟方法,研究海陆热力结构季节变化对经圈环流、南北半球西风轴以及急流中心的影响。数值试验得到如下结果:(1)海陆纬向非均匀加热结构不仅有利于跨赤道气流的加强,而且形成跨赤道气流高、低层反向特征;(2)海陆纬向非均匀结构使模拟到的北半球西风急流更接近实况。说明南北半球海陆热力强迫不仅是全球跨赤道气流通道形成的重要原因,而且影响北半球西风急流的强度和分布。      

东亚夏季风强弱年大气环流和热源异常对比分析

根据黄刚等定义的东亚夏季风指数, 对强、弱东亚夏季风年大气环流、大气热源和外强迫源SST的差异进行分析, 结果表明:强 (弱) 东亚夏季风年前期冬季到夏季, 太平洋SSTA为La Ni?a (El Ni?o) 型分布, 西太平洋暖池SST暖 (冷), 使得暖池附近对流活动较强 (较弱)。与此同时, 南亚大陆从印度半岛、青藏高原南部、中南半岛至华南大气异常加热 (变冷), 并且海陆热力对比加强 (减弱), 有利于出现强 (弱) 的东亚夏季风。此外, 由于暖池附近对流活动强 (弱), 该地区上升气流较强 (弱), Walker环流增强 (减弱), 当强 (弱) 的东亚夏季风向北推进时, 副热带西风急流北撤位置偏北 (南), 副热带高压位置也偏北 (南), 7月至8月华北 (江淮流域) 位于副热带西风急流南侧, 降水偏多, 江淮流域 (华北) 降水偏少。并给出与东亚夏季风年际变异有关的大气环流和SST异常的物理图像。     

季风背景流场及跨赤道气流相关因子的探讨

本文采用数值试验方法、研究了冬季风和夏季风背景流场及跨赤道气流的相关因子。试验结果表明,西风带的分布与南北半球行星尺度锋区及赤道高温带的季节性经向位移相关。西风急流位置发生改变,可使基流与大地形强迫作用的非线性动力效应变化,导致大气运动趋向于不同背景流场的平衡态,形成了冬季风、夏季风的环流型以及跨赤道气流的季节特征。      

东亚—北太平洋大气环流和瞬变扰动的年代际变化

用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东亚—北太平洋大气环流、大气斜压性和天气尺度瞬变扰动活动的年代际变化特征。东亚—北太平洋地区低层大气温度和比湿及高层的西风急流都存在明显的年代际变化。西风年代际异常与大气斜压性年代际异常之间有密切联系。夏季北太平洋北部到西伯利亚高原上空的天气尺度瞬变扰动活动年代际增强,但夏季低层瞬变热力和瞬变水汽强迫的年代际异常对北太平洋中纬度低层平均温度和比湿年代际异常的作用并不显著。冬季,西太平洋西风急流年代际增强与急流下方大气斜压性年代际增加相一致,使该地区瞬变扰动年代际增强,增强的瞬变扰动将更多能量传送给西风气流,巩固了西风急流的年代际异常。年代际尺度上冬季异常的瞬变热力强迫和瞬变水汽强迫对低层大气温度和比湿异常有显著的削弱作用。     

海陆分布和地形对大气垂直环流影响的诊断研究

本文利用GFDL10年平均的气候资料,分析了海陆分布和地形对大气中经圈和纬圈垂直环流的影响。文中提出了用运动学方法分别在P和σ坐标系中计算大气垂直运动ω或W的新方法。讨论了欧亚非洲季风的垂直环流特征,并与非季风区相应垂直环流围进行了比较。结果表明,在具有明显南北向海陆差异的经度上（如欧亚大陆所在处）,垂直的季风经圈环流具有较大的强度,且有明显的季节变化。而在只有海洋的经度上,垂直经圈环流较弱,季节变化不明显。在纬圈方向,垂直环流圈在海陆差异较大的北半球中高纬度带也比海陆差异较小的低纬和赤道地区复杂得多。地形的作用迭加于海陆热力差异的作用之上,加强了地形区和自由大气间的热力差异,使青藏高原和落基山脉所在的经度带内的垂直环流圈变得更加复杂,季节变化更明显。     

中国冬季气温月际变化特征及其对大气环流异常的响应

基于1951—2014年中国160站月气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用季节的经验正交函数分解（S-EOF）等方法,研究了中国冬季气温月际变化的时、空演变特征及其对大气环流异常的响应。结果表明,中国冬季气温在月尺度上常常出现前、后冬相反甚至冷暖交替的现象。中国冬季气温月际变化存在3个主模态:全冬一致型、前后反相型和冷暖交替型。当西伯利亚高压冬季一致偏强（偏弱）时,冬季一致冷（暖）;当海陆热力差异由强变弱、西伯利亚高压强度由强变弱,东亚西风急流比较稳定,强度偏强,位置由南向北移动时,冬季前冷后暖;当大气环流发生突变,尤其是海平面气压场和500 hPa位势高度场上大气活动中心的频繁调整,西伯利亚高压强度在月时间尺度上强弱交替时,冬季气温呈冷—暖—冷交替变化。      

冬季黑潮暖流区加热异常对东亚副热带西风急流影响的数值研究

通过对大气环流格点模式GAMIL性能的检验表明, 模式较好地再现了东亚地区大气环流型态、高空西风急流变化及表面加热场的季节变化。在此基础上, 设计敏感性试验研究了冬季西太平洋黑潮暖流关键区加热异常对高空西风急流影响, 数值试验结果表明冬季西太平洋黑潮暖流区加热正异常将引起东亚大槽偏东, 大陆冷高压、阿留申低压及位于低纬太平洋上的西太平洋副高均有所增强, 从而导致了冬季风环流加强。相应地, 东北太平洋上出现了明显的气旋差值环流, 而在中高纬大陆海洋交界地区出现反气旋式差值环流; 同时, 西风急流区南侧的低纬地区位势高度及温度场为正异常, 而北侧的中高纬地区为负异常, 这种分布将使得急流区经向气压梯度和南北温差加大, 导致急流的增强。模式结果分别从热力适应理论及热成风的角度验证了黑潮暖流区表面加热异常对急流的影响机理。     

秋冬季节转换期东亚环流变化特征及机制分析

利用NCEP/NCAR候平均再分析资料,对秋冬季节转换前后大气环流特征及高低层季节转换的时间差异进行研究。结果表明:青藏高原表面气温的季节性转变是东亚地区秋冬季节转换的信号,其剧烈的降温将快速引导环流形势向冬季型转变,一定强度的西伯利亚冷高压的建立亦是季节转换的指示器。从秋冬季节转换前后的环流形势对比来看,急流南撤至35°N以南、急流中心稳定移至西太平洋上空、南亚高压反气旋中心退至西太平洋上空时间比较一致,可视为冬季环流建立的标志。通过分析青藏高原及江淮地区表面热通量的变化得知,秋冬季节,青藏高原地面对大气感热及潜热加热的急剧减少,远远超过了净长波辐射加热的增加,这种热量的减少使得离地最近的地面气温出现相应降温,在滞后表面加热突变后2~3候出现季节转换。由于感热的变化主要影响低层,高层对感热变化的响应主要是通过热力适应机制,导致高层的季节转换时间滞后于低层。而江淮流域地区地表潜热加热的急剧减少亦是大气环流改变的一个热力因素,可能是由于潜热加热到达一定的高度通过凝结加热的方式直接影响高层,所以高低层季节转换时间基本一致。     

经向海陆分布对大气环流的热力作用

本文提出了一个经向海陆分布对大气环流热力作用的简单图式,结合欧亚大陆及其邻近地区的地理条件,可以对冬季的南亚西风急流和夏季100毫巴面上的南亚高压以及该地区大气环流的季节变化进行一定的解释。     

东亚-太平洋地区环流场和热力场由冬向夏转换的过程特征及其可能机制

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和青藏高原逐日视热源资料,分析了东亚 太平洋地区对流层热力场和环流场的季节特征.结果表明,东亚-太平洋热力场上呈现出冬、夏半年反向的特征,冬半年热力格局为“西冷东暖”,夏半年则转为“西暖东冷”,冬半年向夏半年的过渡发生在3月底4月初,相应地,我国东部上空视热源也从冷却转为加热.热力场季节转换的同时,对流层各层环流形势也发生了调整:低层大陆冷高压减弱、东移,太平洋副热带高压显著西伸,形成东亚-西太平洋35°N以南一致的南风区;中层西风带发生了长波调整,由冬季“三槽型”向夏季“四槽型”过渡,西风急流减弱、北移;高层反气旋中心史替,我国上空偏南风由偏北风替代.环流的演变自低层向高层推进,下垫面感热加热的季节变化引起了低层环流的调整以及上升运动的发展,与上升运动相伴的凝结潜热释放则增强了东亚上空的热源,进一步加强了“西暖东冷”的热力格局,从而推进中高层环流的演变.环流调整的时间与东亚副热带季风雨带建立的时间一致,因此,由热力场季节变化引起的对流层环流形势的调整可看成是东亚副热带夏季风环流型的建立过程.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

2003年黑龙江省主要灾害性天气及其对作物生长发育和粮食产量的影响

利用40年气温、降水资料和历史上千旱、低温严重的年份与2003年进行对比分析．评估黑龙江省2003年发生的严重灾害的分布范同,灾害程度,及其对主要粮食作物生长发育和产量的影响。得出2003年的灾害是30年未遇的全省性严重灾害年,各种灾害对各种作物都产生了不同程度的影响,受害最重的作物是小麦。