川西龙门山逆冲带北段多断层同时逆冲几何学证据

四川盆地西北部龙门山逆冲构造带北段逆冲构造变形较为复杂,其构造变形始于中三叠世末,持续到中生代末期,新生代再次重新发生构造变形,形成复杂的逆冲推覆构造带,现今仍有活动。该构造带从西向东可划分出五个构造单元:轿子顶推覆体、唐王寨推覆体、叠瓦断层系及断层相关褶皱带和前缘单斜构造带。本文基于中国石油最新油气勘探成果,通过二维地震测网构造解释及钻井资料,应用多断层同时逆冲概念建立了后展式多断层同时活动构造模式,对龙门山逆冲带北缘进行详细构造解剖,提出新解释方案,认为:①轿子顶异地推覆体之下与唐王寨逆冲推覆体后缘之间,存在古生界叠置逆冲岩片组成的褶隆构造-背斜;②唐王寨逆冲推覆体为异地推覆的大向形构造;③唐王寨推覆体前缘发育多条向南东逆冲的叠瓦逆冲断层组成的叠瓦断层系,该叠瓦断层系是由褶隆构造多个逆冲岩片中的逆冲断层向山前逆冲的前缘逆断层组成;④矿山梁、天井山等背斜构造为复杂化的一断层扩展褶皱,而且在褶皱前翼(东南翼)发育多条向南东逆冲的逆冲断层组成的一系列无序逆冲叠瓦断层;⑤前缘单斜构造带之下为早侏罗世地层不整合覆盖的早期发育的隐伏逆冲构造,野外观察和地震解释及地层之间不整合分析证实,这些无序...     

准南逆冲褶皱带超压与逆冲断层持续活动

天山北缘准南地区的褶皱带为自新生代以来一直持续活动的逆冲构造带,由于逆冲断层的持续活动,形成了现今断层和相关褶皱。钻井资料显示,准南逆冲褶皱带内的超压层主要发育在古近纪安集海河组泥岩和紫泥泉子组泥岩之中,而该泥岩同时又成为逆冲断层发育的主滑脱面。通过多年来对准南地区地面地质调查、二维地震和三维地震资料的解释以及钻井证实,我们统计出准南逆冲褶皱带现存的逆冲断层倾角分别集中在两个区间: 30±5°和50±5°区间。应力分析表明,在持续挤压应力作用下,超压层(泥岩、页岩和煤系地层)中和超压层之下地层中发育的早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在30±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比达到最小值,因此该断层最容易再次活动,形成最大的流体压力,因而断层周围的流体就会沿着最大主应力方向发生流动,断层本身就会成为流体运移的主要通道; 而早期逆冲断层与晚期最大主压应力之间的夹角处在50±5°之间时,作用在断层面上的最大主应力与最小主应力比较大,断层重新活动所需要的流体压力较高,导致断层作为流体运移的通道因被挤压而闭合。应力分析和钻井实测应力均指出,准南逆冲褶皱带发育的超压为挤压构造应力形成的超压。这些研究表明,准南逆冲褶皱带的逆冲断层持续活动,导致早期发育的断层在晚期应力作用下,断层倾角聚集在两个优势区间,油气沿最大主压应力方向运移,聚集油气则沿断层滑动面发育形成构造超压,导致该区域油气长期处于运移与聚集的动平衡状态。     

南祁连南缘弧形逆冲推覆构造

南祁 南缘弧形逆部推覆构造是一个具有双重叠置结构的推覆系统。原地系统主要为侏罗－白垩纪的含煤岩系和磨拉石建造,外来系统由元古界,古生界和三叠系组成,推覆体滑动的总体方向为ＳＳＷ,最大推移距离在１０ｋｍ以上,该推覆构造形成于燕山晚期,是在地幔底辟影响下盆地内产生伸展作用和特提斯地体碰撞过程中与板内应力复合作用的结果。     

塔里木盆地西南缘山前带逆冲推覆构造特征

塔里木盆地西南缘山前带是西昆仑逆冲推覆构造在前陆形成的冲断带,主要由断层相关褶皱、双重构造、叠瓦状构造、三角带等构造组成。通过地表构造剖面、地震与非震资料的综合解释与研究,结合平衡剖面的正演方法,对该冲断带进行了几何学、运动学与动力学研究,对冲断带断层的扩展方式以及冲断时代进行了讨论。研究认为塔西南逆冲推覆构造具有"南北分带、东西分段以及垂向结构变异"的特点。自南向北分为逆冲推覆的根带、中带、锋带和反冲断裂带,由西向东可以划分为帕米尔弧形构造段、齐姆根弧形构造段、甫沙-克里阳三角带构造段与和田南逆冲推覆体构造段。冲断带在垂向结构上由三套区域性滑脱层划分为浅构造层次的外来系统断坡背斜、中构造层次的准原地系统双重构造、三角带构造以及深构造层次的原地系统弱变形带三层结构。冲断席内断层的扩展方式为前展式,而不同冲断席间则为后展式模式。冲断带自中新世中期开始形成,中新世末发生位移推覆,上新世—早更新世定型,中更新世—全新世隆升均衡调整。     

逆冲断层前锋带的构造样式

由于逆冲断层产出构造环境和规模的不同，其前缘可以有拆离型，褶皱型，前冲型，反冲型等多种样式；每种样式又可具不同特征。此外，逆冲前缘还常伴生一些重力构造，盆地构造和不同方向的反转构造。各种构造样式可以相互转化和过渡而共存于同一逆冲带，或发育于不同逆冲带中。它们是研究塑冲作用的动力状态，，扩展方式和发展阶段的重要依据。     

南天山乌什前陆逆冲褶皱构造带的晚新生代构造地貌特征与地震活动

乌什逆冲断褶带位于南天山库车前陆逆冲褶皱构造带的西段,对该地区晚新生代构造活动的研究有利于加深对南天山前陆逆冲构造带的认识。本文通过对卫星遥感影像和DEM数据的解译分析,并结合研究区野外考察及典型地震反射剖面的分析,表明乌什逆冲断褶带东部地貌演化受褶皱生长影响较为深刻,发育一系列由新到老的冲积扇和风口。台兰河中游河流阶地和冰碛物均被秋里塔格断层错断,阶地断距为3.1～6.7 m,台兰期冰碛物(M_2)断距约80 m。秋里塔格断裂第四纪以来水平缩短速率约为1.23～1.59 mm/a。西部地区发育一系列逆冲断层,并发育典型的活动断层陡坎。乌什凹陷地震活动也具有明显的西强东弱的特点,地震活动具有沿断层呈带状分布的特点。乌什逆冲断褶带位于南天山造山带东西构造的转换地带,地震活动西部明显强于东部,且具有呈带状沿南天山及其山前逆冲断裂带分布的特点。历史地震分析表明上个世纪以来该区域未有7级以上地震发生,但其西部地区6级以上地震频发,随着阿克苏地区区域经济的快速发展和人口的快速增长,乌什逆冲断褶带的地震活动性应该引起地质学家更加深入的关注和研究。     

南天山乌什前陆逆冲褶皱构造带的晚新生代构造地貌特征与地震活动

乌什逆冲断褶带位于南天山库车前陆逆冲褶皱构造带的西段,对该地区晚新生代构造活动的研究有利于加深对南天山前陆逆冲构造带的认识。本文通过对卫星遥感影像和DEM数据的解译分析,并结合研究区野外考察及典型地震反射剖面的分析,表明乌什逆冲断褶带东部地貌演化受褶皱生长影响较为深刻,发育一系列由新到老的冲积扇和风口。台兰河中游河流阶地和冰碛物均被秋里塔格断层错断,阶地断距为31～67 m,台兰期冰碛物(M2)断距约80 m。秋里塔格断裂第四纪以来水平缩短速率约为123～159 mm／a。西部地区发育一系列逆冲断层,并发育典型的活动断层陡坎。乌什凹陷地震活动也具有明显的西强东弱的特点,地震活动具有沿断层呈带状分布的特点。乌什逆冲断褶带位于南天山造山带东西构造的转换地带,地震活动西部明显强于东部,且具有呈带状沿南天山及其山前逆冲断裂带分布的特点。历史地震分析表明上个世纪以来该区域未有7级以上地震发生,但其西部地区6级以上地震频发,随着阿克苏地区区域经济的快速发展和人口的快速增长,乌什逆冲断褶带的地震活动性应该引起地质学家更加深入的关注和研究。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘前陆冲断带二叠纪逆冲断裂活动的沉积响应

笔者从160口单井剖面、15条联井剖面及5个层位平面渐次展开了准噶尔西北缘前陆冲断带二叠纪逆冲断裂活动的沉积响应研究。各种成因扇体(冲积扇、水下扇、扇三角洲)在佳木河组和上乌尔禾组地层中最为发育，其沉积分布严格受不同时期活动的同生断裂控制。由早二叠世佳木河期至晚二叠世上乌尔禾期，扇体在克拉玛依-夏子街地区叠置程度较好，由盆缘向盆内迁移、推进明显；在车排子中拐地区叠置程度相对较差，局部略呈向盆缘老山收缩、后退趋势，表明红山嘴车排子断裂带与克拉玛依-百口泉断阶带、乌尔禾-夏子街断褶带逆冲活动的强度及地域迁移性有明显差异。二叠纪总体为一由弱到强的前展式推覆冲断及渐进式扇体迁移模式，即随同生控扇断裂由老山向盆缘的前展式推覆活动，相应地，各构造带扇体逐渐由盆缘向盆地方向发育、推进，扇体面积不断扩大，显示出明显的渐进式迁移的沉积响应，两者形成良好的耦合性。进而引入“活动性指数”的概念与方法，对前陆冲断带同生断裂的冲断活动强度进行了定量化统计分析，据二叠纪冲断推覆事件的地层、沉积标识，识别出3个逆冲推覆幕、7个逆冲推覆事件，划分出P1j-P1f、P2x—P2w、P3w三套构造层序，并指出在P1f、P2x及P2 3w各时期，由红山嘴-车排子→克拉玛依-百口泉→乌尔禾-夏子街构造带，同生断裂活动性趋于增强；在乌尔禾-夏子街断褶带，由早二叠世佳木河期到中、晚二叠世乌尔禾期，冲断推覆强度逐渐增大。     

论大别山南缘襄樊—广济断裂的两次向南逆冲推覆

位于大别山南缘的襄樊-广济断裂是扬子板块与大别造山带的边界断裂.大体以黄陂为界,断裂东段与西段在几何结构上有所差异:东段在地表浅层表现出向北反向逆冲,深部则以向南大规模逆掩为特征;西段浅层与深部一致,表现为典型的大型低角度叠瓦状逆冲推覆.野外地质数据、(40)Ar/(39)Ar定年、锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS定年...     

南天山库车褶皱-冲断带喀拉玉尔滚构造带新生代变形特征及其控制因素

喀拉玉尔滚构造带是南天山库车褶皱-冲断带的变形前缘, 其地下深层变形特征仍然不清楚.结合野外地质调查结果、数字高程模型数据、钻井数据和高品质二维地震反射剖面, 厘定喀拉玉尔滚构造带背斜的平面展布、几何学和运动学特征及变形时间, 并结合前人研究成果探讨喀拉玉尔滚构造带新生代变形控制因素.喀拉玉尔滚构造带为典型的挤压构造带, 近EW向延伸约165km, 由一系列带状背斜组成, 且背斜核部发育多条隐伏逆冲断层.喀拉玉尔滚构造带新生代变形特征主要表现为5个方面: (1)北喀背斜为盐枕构造; (2)中喀背斜和南喀背斜的几何形态不对称、背斜倾伏方向相反, 分别为向北和向南, 二者交汇处发生了位移转换; (3)羊塔克背斜和英买力背斜为基本对称的低幅度滑脱褶皱; (4)背斜幅度整体上从西往东逐渐降低; (5)背斜变形时间从西往东逐渐变新.研究结果表明, 喀拉玉尔滚构造带新生代变形主要受区域挤压作用、盐层和基底构造共同控制.      

准南前陆冲断带构造分段及其与油气关系

通过大量地面地质、地震和非地震资料的综合解释,分析了准南前陆冲断带的构造分段特征.认为乌鲁木齐-米泉断裂和红车断裂等盆内大型基底断裂是控制构造分段的主要因素,其形成演化决定了构造分段特征的出现或消失;盆缘调节构造是造成次级构造分段的主要原因.准南前陆冲断带构造分段对该区主要烃源岩与生储盖组合的形成及分布、对油气成藏期等方面具有重要的控制作用.     

西昆仑甜水海地区前陆褶皱冲断带的构造样式及其演化

运用碰撞造山带大地构造朴理论,研究了西昆仑甜水海地区三叠系的沉积特征及其构造环境,晚三叠世末羌塘陆块与塔里木板块南缘的晚古生代一早中生代山弧碰撞造成的前陆褶皱冲断带的构造样式及其演化。通过对地层构造岩石组合、沉积环境及其变形强度特征的分析,得出该区三叠纪的沉积是一套典型的深水－半深水的复理石建造,形成于被动大陆边缘的沉积环境;其变形具有典型的前陆褶皱冲断带特征,并将褶皱冲断带按变形特征分５个带。提     

Simulation for the Controlling Factors of Structural Deformation in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin

According to the differences of structural deformation characteristics, the southern margin of the Junggar basin can be divided into two segments from east to west. Arcuate thrust-and-fold belts that protrude to the north are developed in the eastern segment. There are three rows of en echelon thrust-and-fold belts in the western segment. Thrust and fold structures of basement-involved styles are developed in the first row, and décollement fold structures are formed from the second row to the third row. In order to study the factors controlling the deformation of structures, sand-box experiments have been devised to simulate the evolution of plane and profile deformation. The planar simulation results indicate that the orthogonal compression coming from Bogeda Mountain and the oblique compression with an angle of 75° between the stress and the boundary originating from North Tianshan were responsible for the deformation differences between the eastern part and the western part. The Miquan-ürümqi fault in the basement is the pre-existing condition for generating fragments from east to west. The profile simulation results show that the main factors controlling the deformation in the eastern part are related to the décollement of Jurassic coal beds alone, while those controlling the deformation in the western segment are related to both the Jurassic coal beds and the Eogene clay beds. The total amount of shortening from the Yaomoshan anticline to the Gumudi anticline in the eastern part is ~19.57 km as estimated from the simulation results, and the shortening rate is about 36.46%; that from the Qingshuihe anticline to the Anjihai anticline in the western part is ~22.01 km as estimated by the simulation results, with a shortening rate of about 32.48%. These estimated values obtained from the model results are very close to the values calculated by means of the balanced cross section.     

盐层厚度对褶皱拼接样式的影响——以库车褶皱 冲断带西段前缘背斜带为例

本文综合利用钻井、地震反射剖面、遥感卫星影像和数字高程模型数据,分析了库车褶皱-冲断带前缘盐层厚度的变化特征及其对背斜样式(波长W)、褶皱拼接样式的影响。研究表明,秋里塔格构造带由于下伏盐层初始厚度约1.0km,且存在大量外来盐岩流入,发育延伸大约300km的背斜带;其背斜初始波长约22km,枢纽间距(D)达到10.3km的背斜也能发生斜向拼接。然而,喀拉玉尔滚构造带下伏盐层初始厚度为0.1~0.9km,且由西往东减薄;它主要由雁列式背斜构成,背斜波长较小(大约7~11km)。由于下伏盐层厚度不同,背斜核部断层发育特征也存在明显差异,导致枢纽间距(D)为6.5km的中喀、南喀背斜发生斜向拼接,而枢纽间距较小(D=6.1km)的北喀背斜却成为孤立背斜。因此,我们认为盐层的厚度不同导致了褶皱波长和断层发育特征的差异,进而影响背斜之间能否发生拼接。本文的研究结果需要得到进一步深入研究的验证,但势必将有助于加深对于挤压环境下盐构造变形样式及其对褶皱发育的控制作用的理解。     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt,Northern Tarim Basin,China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarim Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 mm/year.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt, Northern Tarim Basin, China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarirn Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 ram/year.     

辽西地区燕山板内造山带东段中生代逆冲推覆构造

本文厘定并阐述了辽西地区燕山中生代板内造山带东段发育的推覆构造的宏观构造格局、运动学特征、形成时代和形成过程；探讨了形成该构造体系的区域构造背景及其大地构造意义。该区的逆冲构造系统由6条主干逆冲断层组成。分布于西北和东南缘的两条最外缘逆冲断层走向为ENE，居于其间的逆冲断层呈NNE-NE，而且，向东北和南西方向这些断层具有汇合的趋势。在东北端收敛于凌源-东官营子断裂（“内蒙地轴”南缘断裂）上，而在西南端则汇拢于大屯-锦州断裂及其西延的密云-喜峰口断裂。总体上构成一个类似于双重构造（duplex)的巨型逆冲系统。该区逆冲作用始于中侏罗世之前，于株罗纪末达到高峰并基本形成了本区的推覆构造格局。本区逆冲断层系统，总体逆冲方向指向南东，与燕山板内造山带中段、西段以向北、北西逆冲为主的逆冲推覆构造明显不同。结合燕山中段发现的近东西向右行走滑断裂系统及其与本区逆冲推覆构造体系的时-空关系分析，指出本区逆冲推覆构造的形成，是没燕山东西向构造带右行走滑作用因构造方向的改变发生构造转换的结果。     

Late Cenozoic Deformation Sequence of a Thrust System along the Eastern Margin of Pamir, Northwest China

A thrust belt formed in the basin along the eastern margin of Pamir. The thrust belt is about 50 km wide, extends about 200 km, and includes three compressive structures from south to north: the blind Qipan structural wedge and Qimugen structural wedge, and the exposed Yengisar anticline. The thrust belt displays a right-stepping en echelon pattern. The Qipan structural wedge dies out northward to the west of the Qimugen structural wedge, and the Qimugen structural wedge dies out northward to the west of the Yengisar anticline. Detailed analysis of seismic reflection profiles of the western Tarim Basin reveal that fan-shaped growth strata were deposited in the shallow part of the thrust belt, recording the deformation sequence of the thrust belt. The depth of the Cenozoic growth strata decreases from south to north. The growth strata of the Qipan structural wedge is located in the middle-lower section of the Pliocene Artux Formation (N2a), the growth strata of the Qimugen structural wedge is close to the bottom of the Pleistocene Xiyu Formation (Q1x), and the growth strata of the Yengisar anticline is located in the middle section of the Xiyu Formation (Q1x). Combined with magnetostratigraphic studies in the western Tarim basin, it can be preliminarily inferred that the deformation sequence of the thrust belt along the eastern margin of Pamir is progressively younger northward. The geometry and kinematic evolution of the thrust belt in the eastern margin of Pamir can be compared with previous analogue modeling experiments of transpressional deformation, suggesting that the thrust belt was formed in a transpressional tectonic setting.     

库车前陆冲断带秋里塔格构造带水系形态与褶皱生长

水系形态能够非常敏感的记录活动构造的演化过程,尤其对于褶皱横向生长的地区,常形成特征的水系形态。库车前陆冲断带发育平行于南天山造山带走向的褶皱带,并形成特征的水系形态。利用遥感影像、卫星照片、以及从数字高程数据中提取的地貌和水系参数,对库车前陆冲断带秋里塔格构造带水系形态进行分析研究,得出库车前陆冲断带褶皱具有横向生长的演化特征,并识别出判别褶皱生长的5个水系形态标志。这些水系形态标志包括：不对称的水域形态,水系受到阻挡发生弯曲、捕获、并流现象,背斜脊部风口的形成以及高度依次降低排列,不对称的冲积扇体,被纵向河流分隔的两侧背斜的水系形态差异。褶皱的横向生长最终导致相互拼接形成更大规模的褶皱带,秋里塔格构造带正是由多条背斜的横向生长,并拼接而成现今延伸~300km的褶皱带。