江西相山酸性火山-侵入杂岩精确年代学与演化序列研究

相山火山盆地主体岩石为一套由熔结凝灰岩、流纹英安岩、流纹英安斑岩、碎斑熔岩、粗斑花岗斑岩及似斑状花岗岩组成的酸性火山-侵入杂岩体, 构成了两个完整的喷发-溢流(侵出)-侵入的岩浆活动亚旋回。本文在野外地质调查的基础上, 采用SIMS、LA-ICP-MS技术对主要岩类进行了高精度的锆石U-Pb年代学研究, 并建立了火山-侵入杂岩体的演化序列。结果表明, 打鼓顶组熔结凝灰岩代表了相山火山-侵入活动的最早期产物, 其锆石U-Pb年龄为140.7±2.7 Ma、140.1±1.8 Ma和138.2±1.6 Ma, 第一亚旋回主体流纹英安岩的锆石U-Pb年龄135.0±1.8 Ma。鹅湖岭组熔结凝灰岩代表了火山-侵入活动的第二亚旋回的开始, 其U-Pb年龄为135.6±1.2 Ma, 第二亚旋回主体碎斑熔岩的锆石U-Pb年龄133.6±1.3 Ma, 沙洲单元的粗斑花岗斑岩和似斑状花岗岩属于该亚旋回最晚期的侵入岩, 其锆石U-Pb年龄代表了相山火山-侵入活动的结束时间(分别为133.4±1.2 Ma和133.9±1.1 Ma)。相山早白垩世火山-侵入活动延续时间较短, 整体上呈现一个连续的过程, 初始时间在141 Ma附近, 结束时间在132 Ma左右。概言之, 第一亚旋回(141~135 Ma)以形成熔结凝灰岩、流纹英安岩和流纹英安斑岩为主, 第二亚旋回(135~132 Ma)以熔结凝灰岩、碎斑熔岩、粗斑花岗斑岩和似斑状花岗岩为主。岩石地球化学和野外地质特征也与两个亚旋回火山-侵入岩浆活动相吻合。     

相山“流纹英安岩”单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

相山火山-侵入杂岩主要由晚中生代打鼓顶组、鹅湖岭组火山岩和浅成-超浅成侵入岩所组成,主要岩石类型有酸性火山碎屑岩、碎斑熔岩、花岗斑岩和“流纹英安岩”等,“流纹英安岩”长期作溢流相火山岩处理。应用单颗粒锆石U-Pb法,对相山“流纹英安岩”进行了测年,获得其年龄为129.54±7.93Ma,该年龄小于相山火山-侵入杂岩的主体岩石——碎斑熔岩的年龄,结合其产状形态特征,认为“流纹英安岩”属火山期后浅成-超浅成侵入的流纹英安斑岩。结合前人测年资料,参照上侏罗统与下白垩统的145.5Ma界线年龄,提出相山火山-侵入杂岩的形成时代为早白垩世的新认识。     

江西相山铀矿田燕山期岩浆活动的多阶段性及其意义

相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山岩型铀矿田,区域内主要出露有碎斑熔岩、流纹英安岩、花岗斑岩等火山岩—潜火山岩。前人对这三种岩浆岩进行了较为详尽的年代学研究。近年来随着相山西部深部钻探的开展,发现钻孔中由上至下出现‘碎斑熔岩—流纹英安岩—碎斑熔岩’的现象,现有的年代学结果还不能给予合理的解释。为此,我们对相山西部典型钻孔中的上下两层碎斑熔岩及其间的流纹英安岩,以及相山北部和西部钻孔中的三个花岗斑岩样品进行了详细的年代学研究,结果显示,流纹英安岩的锆石206Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为139.7±1.0Ma,碎斑熔岩（上层）的加权平均年龄为135.3±0.9Ma,碎斑熔岩（下层）的加权平均年龄为129.9±0.9Ma,不同地点的三个花岗斑岩样品的加权平均年龄分别为125.4±1.0Ma, 134.4±1.3Ma,148.8±2.3Ma,结合上下两层碎斑熔岩的镜下特征,认为下层碎斑熔岩是在上层碎斑熔岩形成后沿流纹英安岩之下的凝灰岩接触面超浅层侵入形成,从而在剖面上显示出“上老下新”的特征。这些结果表明相山燕山期岩浆活动持续时间较长（长达约24Ma）,为成矿有利因素,而不是前人认为的相山燕山期岩浆活动是一次短暂而集中的活动。对相山火山—侵入杂岩锆石的Hf同位素研究表明,各岩石样品的锆石εHf(t)值相近,分布在-10.6~-4.9之间,锆石的Hf模式年龄TDM2介于1478~1844Ma之间,本研究认为相山火山—侵入杂岩体可能起源于相山深部中元古代岩地壳所衍生的基底副变质岩部分熔融。     

江西相山火山-侵入杂岩矿物学特征研究及其示踪意义

江西相山火山-侵入杂岩体的岩性主要为上侏罗统打鼓顶组、鹅湖岭组酸性、中酸性火山熔岩、陆相碎屑沉积岩,局部夹火山碎屑岩.火山活动具有两个明显的旋回:第一旋回呈裂隙式喷溢,形成中酸性流纹英安岩;第二旋回呈中心式喷溢-侵出,形成一套酸性火山熔岩碎斑熔岩.     

江西相山铀矿田邹家山矿床中流纹斑岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成

在相山铀矿田邹家山矿床中发现晚期侵入到碎斑熔岩中的流纹斑岩岩脉。本文运用激光等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对该岩脉中锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定,获得了134.6±1.2Ma(2σ,MSDW=1.2)的形成年龄。该年龄与我们己报导的相山火山侵入杂岩中流纹英安岩、流纹英安斑岩、碎斑熔岩等岩石的年龄一致,进一步表明相山大规模火山活动的时间为早白垩世,并且是一次集中的岩浆活动。相山邹家山流纹斑岩具有高硅,富钾,铝过饱和指数(A/CNK)大于1.1,属于过铝质岩系。该岩石还具有Rb、Th、U、La、Ce、Nd、LREE元素相对富集;Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti明显负异常和中等铕负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.32～0.46)的特点。岩石的锶同位素初始比值ISr为0.7097～0.7136,εNd(t)值为-8.49～-9.62,锆石的εHf(t)值为-3.6～-9.4(集中在-7到-9之间),这些特征表明相山流纹斑岩为硅铝层地壳物质重熔演化的产物。流纹斑岩的Sr-Nd同位素,锆石Hf同位素以及稀土元素配分模式与前人报导的相山火山岩、次火山岩及基底变质岩相似,表明相山火山侵入杂岩在成岩物质的来源上与基底变质岩关系密切,可能是由基底变质岩经部分熔融的产物。结合前人的研究资料,认为相山流纹斑岩可能也是形成于与太平洋板块俯冲作用有关的弧后拉张环境。     

江西九龙嶂和相山火山-侵入杂岩岩石地球化学的对比研究

九龙嶂和相山火山-侵入杂岩是中国华南地区与铀矿有关的中生代流纹英安质火山-侵入杂岩。相山火山-侵入杂岩是华南地区最大的火山岩型铀矿赋矿围岩,其主体岩石为流纹质碎斑熔岩,浅成-超浅成侵入岩有英安斑岩、花岗斑岩等;九龙嶂火山-侵入杂岩的铀资源潜力尚待评价,主体岩石为流纹质熔结凝灰岩,浅成-超浅成侵入岩有英安斑岩、石英二长斑岩等。两地区的火山-侵入杂岩的岩石化学成分及其变化特点极为相近,微量元素蛛网图和稀土配分型式也基本一致,它们具有相似的岩浆过程和统一的活动陆缘构造背景;同时,从早期火山岩浆活动到晚期浅成-超浅成岩浆侵入活动,其w(SiO₂)和w(Rb)/w(Sr)的值降低,而w(MgO)以及w(K)/w(Rb)、w(Ba)/w(Rb)和w(LREE)/w(HREE)的值增高,晚期浅成-超浅成侵入岩与早期火山岩没有直接的分异演化关系。     

江西相山火山侵入杂岩的锆石U-Pb精确定年及其地质意义

相山铀矿是我国最大的火山岩型铀矿,其赋矿围岩是一套火山侵入杂岩,主要由流纹英安岩(包括流纹英安斑岩)、碎斑熔岩,晚期的次火山岩(花岗斑岩)以及中酸性岩脉(石英二长斑岩,英安斑岩)组成,在晚阶段次火山相的岩石中含有闪长质的淬冷包体.     

江西相山火山-侵入杂岩体锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

采用锆石SHRIMP微区U-Pb测年技术,测定了江西相山铀矿田火山-侵入杂岩的时代。采自于相山西北部的石马山和西部南陂的鹅湖岭组碎斑熔岩的SHRIMP锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值分别为(134.6±1.0)Ma(MSWD=1.5)和(134.1±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.65),可以限定相山第二火山喷发旋回的结束时代为134 Ma;采自于相山北部巴泉和南部浯漳的似斑状花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(133.3±0.8)Ma(MSWD=0.82)和(134.7±0.9)Ma(MSWD=1.08),与碎斑熔岩的年龄在误差范围内基本一致,结合野外地质事实和前人的地球化学测试分析结果,确认碎斑熔岩和似斑状花岗岩属于同期、同来源的火山喷发-侵入的产物,形成于134～133 Ma。书堂钻孔ZK111A-1中打鼓顶组顶部流纹英安岩的锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(141.6±1.7)Ma(MSWD=0.9),表明第一旋回火山喷发的时代应结束于142 Ma,大部分属于晚侏罗世火山活动。岗上英钻孔岩心中石英二长花岗斑岩的锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(136.4±1.0)Ma(MSWD=1.7),如意亭剖面第二采石场流纹质英安斑岩的锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(137.4±1.7)Ma(MSWD=1.11);推测这两者应属于早晚两期火山喷发旋回间隔期的次火山-侵入岩,进而限定136～137 Ma为相山两期火山喷发旋回的间隔时期。综合前人资料和本文测试分析结果,可将相山火山喷发第二旋回鹅湖岭组的时代限定为136～133 Ma,应属于早白垩世的火山活动,进而认为将相山地区"鹅湖岭组"的地层时代划归为早白垩世较为合适。     

相山铀矿田流纹英安斑岩的厘定及与铀矿化的关系

本从地质产状、岩石学和同位素年龄等特征出发，对相山铀矿田的两套英安岩进行了厘定，指出流纹英安岩为溢出相岩石，而流纹英安斑岩为浅成侵入相岩石，两系不同时期形成的产物。在时间序列上，流纹英安斑岩形成于淬斑熔岩和花岗斑岩之后，与火山隐爆或气爆作用有关，是相山矿田铀矿化的有利主岩之一。     

福建古田-溪尾碎斑熔岩体的基本特征及成因

古田—溪尾地区碎斑熔岩体的形成受北东向基底断裂带控制,具明显水平和垂直分带。由中心到边缘可划分出中酸性、酸性粒状碎斑熔岩,霏细状、隐晶状碎斑熔岩等４种岩石类型,是晚侏罗世火山活动衰亡和火山机构塌陷时期岩浆侵出—溢流相的产物。碎斑熔岩与同期潜花岗斑岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩是同源岩浆分异及演化的结果,在空间上构成三相一体的共生组合体。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.