台湾海峡南部海洋线虫种类组成及其取食类型

1997年 8月对台湾海峡南部 4个取样站进行了海洋线虫调查 ,获得了海洋线虫 85种 ,隶属于 3目 2 5科 75属。密度较高的种有变异矛咽线虫 (Dory laimopsisvariabilis)、萨巴线虫 (Sabtieriasp .)、(Vasostomasp .1 )、(Vasostomasp .2 )和 (Xyalasp .)等 ,其平均密度分别为 1 .1 4、1 .1 2、0 .6 1、0 .87和 0 .34× 1 0 4个 /m2 ,分别占海洋线虫总平均密度的 1 1 .7%、1 1 .5 %、6 .2 %、9.2 %和 3.5 %。与其他海域相比 ,台湾海峡南部海洋线虫优势种的密度低 ,但与大型底栖动物或多毛类相比 ,海洋线虫种类多样性指数较高 ,均在 4.0以上。台湾海峡南部海洋线虫的取食类型以选择性和非选择性食沉积物者类型占多数 ,但刮食性种类也不少 ,这与台湾海峡南部沉积物类型密切相关。台湾海峡南部既有细的陆源沉积物流入 ,又有上升流、黑潮暖流等的作用而形成的较粗沉积物 ,因而构成台湾海峡南部沉积物的复杂性。     

海洋微型底栖生物调查方法与操作规程

海洋微型底栖生物包括底栖细菌、底栖微藻及底栖原生动物等单细胞原核和真核生物,是底栖微食物网中能量传递的基础和关键环节,在海洋生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要作用.然而我国现有的<海洋调查规范>国家标准中有关底栖生物的研究仅涉及利用网筛分选的大型和小型底栖动物,缺少微型底栖生物调查的方法与规程,严重制约了对海洋整体食物网能...     

中国近海卵织纹螺亚科的分类研究（腹足纲：织纹螺科）

卵织纹螺亚科（Cylleninae）隶属于腹足纲（Gastropoda）、织纹螺科（Nassariidae）。此亚科动物主要分布于热带印度．太平洋海区,通常栖息于潮间带至浅海的砂或泥沙质海底。以往中国对本亚科动物除一些零星报道外,缺乏系统的分类研究。作者利用传统的形态分类方法,对中国科学院海洋生物标本馆收藏的卵织纹螺科...     

青岛岩礁附植小型底栖动物ATP含量的研究

2004年10～12月对青岛太平角潮间带2种海藻（鼠尾藻和羊栖菜）上附生的小型底栖动物进行了连续3个月的采样调查,并进行了附植小型底栖动物优势类群和线虫优势种类ATP含量的测定.2种海藻上共采得12个小型底栖动物类群,平均丰度为518.9nds./g dwt algae,海洋线虫和桡足类为优势类群,两者的相对丰度之和大于84%.鼠尾藻上的线虫ATP含量平均为5.57ng/ind.（以下单位相同）,桡足类为4.69;羊栖菜上的线虫ATP含量平均为2.46,桡足类为15.06.共鉴定出海洋线虫28种或分类实体.2种海藻上的线虫优势种类均是刮食食性的三齿棘线虫（Acanthonchus tridentatus）.不同粒级海洋线虫的个体干重为0.14～32.65μg/ind.,ATP含量为1.18～297.64ng/ind.,C/ATP比值为43∶1～99∶1.     

只可远观不可接触的水中杀手——水母

广义上说,水母是多种生物的统称,包括水母、海葵、珊瑚、水螅等。水母在地球上出现的时间比恐龙还早,大约6.5亿万年前就存在了,不过现在它们仍然属于较低等的生物,目前地球上被称为"水母"的生物大约有200多种。在分类上有些属于水螅纲,有些属于钵水母纲,其生活史中,几乎所有种类都有两型,即水螅型和水母型,并有两型在有性生殖与无性生     

基于静水池模型试验的金枪鱼围网沉降性能研究

基于重力相似准则,通过静水池模型试验研究下纲重量、放网速度和网衣材料对围网下纲沉降性能的影响。研究得出以下结论:(1)金枪鱼围网网翼后部下纲沉降速度最快,其次为网翼中部和取渔部;(2)下纲重量和放网速度与下纲沉降速度呈显著的正相关关系(P0.01);(3)同等条件下,涤纶(PES)模型网下纲沉降性能显著优于聚酰胺纤维(PA)模型网,可能与涤纶材料密度较大有关;(4)放网速度1.5m/s和下纲重量47.5g/m条件下,PA材料模型网的网翼中部下纲沉降速度变化规律为先短暂上升,尔后呈快-慢-快趋势下降,平均沉降速度为0.12m/s。     

不同孔径底层筛对胶州湾大型底栖动物取样结果的影响

利用2003年11月在胶州湾所设的20个站,每站成功取4个定量采泥样品,每两个样品分别用底层筛孔径0．5mm和1．0mm的套筛冲洗所得的大型底栖动物样品,进行大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量及种数比较分析。结果显示,0．5mm孔径底层筛样品的总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总种数分别是1．0mm底层筛的样品的1．36,1．19,1．15倍;两种筛所获的样品对大型底栖动物的栖息密度影响最明显,对生物量、种数影响较小;环节动物多毛类、甲壳动物类群中的钩虾类个体较细小,是受底层筛孔径影响最明显的类群;0．5mm孔径底层筛的取样质量明显好于1．0mm孔径底层筛。     

南黄海潮间带海洋线虫多样性及中国海4个新纪录种记述

为了查清南黄海自由生活海洋线虫(Nematoda)种类组成和物种多样性,作者开展了南黄海沿岸潮间带自由生活海洋线虫的分类和多样性研究。通过形态学分类方法鉴定出海洋线虫247种或分类实体,其中最优势属为吞咽线虫属(Daptonema),属内个体占线虫总数的19.6%,次之为近色矛线虫属(Chromadorina)、折咽线虫属(Ptycholaimellus)和棘刺线虫属(Theristus)。最优势种为暹罗海单宫线虫(ThalassomonhysterasiamensisKito&Aryuthaka,1998),数量上占线虫总数的12.6%,其次为拟短毛吞咽线虫(Daptonema parabreviseta Huang&Sun, 2018)和眼点折咽线虫(Ptycholaimellus ocellusHuang&Wang,2011)等。描述并图示了中国4个海洋线虫新纪录种,即居中嘴咽线虫(Enoplolaimusmedius Pavljuk, 1984)、暹罗海单宫线虫(Thalassomonhystera siamensis Kito&Aryuthak...     

中国近海荔枝螺属的研究(腹足纲:骨螺科)

荔枝螺属Thais,隶属于腹足纲（Gastropoda）、骨螺科（Muricidae）。本属动物主要生活在潮间带的岩石上或石砾间。过去对荔枝螺属虽有些零星报道,但缺乏系统研究。作者通过整理分类中国科学院海洋生物标本馆收藏的骨螺科标本,共鉴定出荔枝螺属20种,其中2种在中国沿海为首次报道。     

大亚湾秋季小型底栖生物初步研究

2009年10月对大亚湾海域的小型底栖动物丰度和生物量进行了研究.结果表明,小型底栖动物的平均丰度为(593±265)ind·(10cm)?2,呈湾内向湾外递增趋势;平均生物量和生产量分别为(568.39±294.49)μg·(10cm)?2(干重)和(5115.53±2811.14)μg·(10cm)?2(干重).在分选的17个主要类群中,海洋线虫在丰度上占绝对优势达92.24%,其次是多毛类和桡足类,分别为2.05%和1.98%.在生物量上,海洋线虫(38.47%)和多毛类(29.97%)为绝对优势类群,其次是寡毛类(13.82%)和介形类(9.15%).在垂直分布上,占总量约53.02%的小型底栖动物和51.44%的海洋线虫分布于0—2cm表层.统计分析表明,本海域的小型底栖动物生物量与含水率、中值粒径和黏土+粉砂含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),多毛类的生物量与小型底栖动物表现的显著相关性相同,桡足类的生物量与中值粒径值呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与沉积物的黏土+粉砂含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而线虫生物量与环境因子无显著相关关系.由海洋线虫与桡足类的数量比(用 N/C 表示)与本海域环境状况的分析表明,该数值可以在一定尺度上为海洋环境检测提供参考.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.