Subaerial terminoglacial fans I: a semi-quantitative sedimentological analysis of the proximal environment

Fans formed under subaerial terminoglacial (previously called ice-contact) conditions have several characteristics that differ from those formed under other conditions. Twenty-five such fans in NE Poland were investigated to model the dominant genetic processes involved. These fans show, as do other types, a proximal, a middle and a distal environment. The present study deals with the proximal environment. The fans date from the last, i.e. Weichselian or Vistulian, glacial. The proximal terminoglacial fan comprises abundant gravelly sediments, resembling the glacial deposits from which they were derived. Three facies, each subdivided into two subfacies, can be distinguished; these are dominated by mass flows, unchannelised flows, and stream (= channelised) flows, respectively. The characteristics of the facies are described and illustrated. It is concluded that the irregular supply of water by the nearby ice masses dominates the sedimentary processes.     

Ancient sand-rich submarine fans: depositional systems, models, identification, and analysis

Sand-rich submarine fans are radial or curved in plan view depending on the slope of the basin floor. They occur isolated or in coalescing systems. The fans' average lateral extent measures close to 25 km and their thickness usually less than 300 m. The thickness of outer fan sequences averages around 120 m and that of middle fan successions around 160 m. Rarely reported inner fan sequences have a maximum thickness of 80 m.

The formation of sand-rich fans is closely related to tectonic activity. Their sediment is coarse-grained and compositionally immature as indicated by significant feldspar content due to close provenance and rapid transport by short rivers with a steep gradient controlled by tectonism. Tectonic activity also provides for narrow shelves making the fans relatively insensitive to sealevel changes. Formation of sand-rich fans typically occurs in restricted continental basins. The tectonic settings are highly variable. Sand-rich fans typically receive their sediment through submarine canyons which intercept sand from longshore drift and/or are fed more or less directly by regional rivers.

The type of ancient fan system (radial, curved, isolated, coalescing) may be identified through paleocurrent map plots, facies map sketches, recognition of lateral thickness variations and sediment influx centers, as well as lateral bed correlations defining the minimum fan extent.

Important in distinguishing different environments of ancient fans are detailed measured sections, their comparison and correlation. Channelized inner fan and middle fan deposits may be distinguished from the unchannelized outer fan successions through bed correlation tests which reflect their different stratigraphic architectures and bedding patterns. Bedding in outer fan deposits (lobes) is relatively simple, parallel, and regular. The lateral bed continuity is relatively high. Channel fills, especially those of middle fan distributary channels, display a complicated bedding pattern with vertical and lateral random distribution of channel fills, axial erosion, and bed convergence towards the channel margins. Channel fills exhibit only linear bed continuity. Thus, the probability in carrying out local to regional scale lateral bed correlations is almost exclusively limited to outer fan deposits.

The measured sections will help further distinguish fan environments by revealing: (1) different facies associations in outer fan sequences (mainly B, C and D) and middle fan successions (mainly A, B, C, D, and channel margin facies); (2) greater average bed and layer thicknesses in middle fan as opposed to outer fan successions (“bed” and “layer” as used herein); (3) more frequent amalgamation surfaces in channel fills than in unchannelized outer fan deposits; (4) more frequent tabular amalgamation surfaces in outer fan sections; (5) more frequent nontabular amalgamation surfaces in channel fills; and (6) more frequent dish structures in middle fan than outer fan successions.

Rarely exposed fan valley fills may be identified by coarse conglomerates. Moreover, in proximity to fan valley fills, relatively mud-rich sediments may be observed that derive from the depositional system of the basin slope.     

Amalgamation surfaces, bed thicknesses, and dish structures in sand-rich submarine fans: numeric differences in channelized and unchannelized deposits and their diagnostic value

Hydraulic differences between channelized and unchannelized flows in sand-rich submarine fans result in different distributions of amalgamation surfaces, bed thicknesses, and dish structures in successions of these two different environments. Distribution trends of these fabrics were quantified for the sand-rich fans of the Reiselsberger Sandstein (Cenomanian–Turonian). These trends can be used as criteria to distinguish channelized from unchannelized paleoenvironments of sand-rich submarine fans.

Amalgamation surfaces in the studied fans' channelized regions are considerably more abundant than in the unchannelized fan areas. In unchannelized deposits, tabular amalgamation surfaces outnumber nontabular ones, whereas the opposite occurs in channelized successions. These results indicate a higher degree of erosive power of gravity-driven sediment flows in channels as a result of a greater flow thickness, higher flow velocity, and turbulence.

The average turbidite layer thickness in channelized successions is markedly greater than in unchannelized deposits (“layer” as defined herein). This is mainly attributed to the combined effects of differences in sediment fall-out rate and the inefficiency of sand-rich suspensions to transport sand. In the proximal and channelized fan areas, more sediment is deposited from a flow in the form of a layer than in distal unchannelized fan regions despite a higher degree of erosion in channels. The greater average bed thickness in channel fills is a function of layer thickness and more frequent amalgamations (“bed” as defined herein).

Dish structures seem to be considerably more common in midfan than in outer-fan successions. This may indicate a higher sedimentation rate from individual suspension currents in midfan areas.     

Anatomy, geometry and sequence stratigraphy of basin floor to slope turbidite systems, Tanqua Karoo, South Africa

The Tanqua area of the Karoo basin, South Africa, contains five Permian deep-water turbidite fan systems, almost completely exposed over some 640 km². Reconstruction of the basin-fill and fan distributions indicates a progradational trend in the 450 m+ thick succession, from distal basin floor (fan 1) through basin-floor subenvironments (fans 2, 3 and 4) to a slope setting (fan 5). Fans are up to 65 m thick with gradational to sharp bases and tops. Facies associations include basin plain claystone and distal turbidite siltstone/claystone and a range of fine-grained sandstone associations, including low- and high-density turbidite current deposits and proportionally minor debris/slurry flows. Architectural elements include sheets of amalgamated and layered styles and channels of five types. Each fan is interpreted as a low-frequency lowstand systems tract with the shaly interfan intervals representing transgressive and highstand systems tracts. All fans show complex internal facies distributions but exhibit a high-frequency internal stratigraphy based on fan-wide zones of relative sediment starvation. These zones are interpreted as transgressive and highstand systems tracts of higher order sequences. Sandy packages between these fine-grained intervals are interpreted as high-frequency lowstand systems tracts and exhibit dominantly progradational stacking patterns, resulting in subtle downdip clinoform geometries. Bases of fans and intrafan packages are interpreted as low- and high-frequency sequence boundaries respectively. Facies juxtapositions across these sequence boundaries are variable and may be gradational, sharp or erosive. In all cases, criteria for a basinward shift of facies are met, but there is no standard 'motif' for sequence boundaries in this system. High-frequency sequences represent the dominant mechanism of active fan growth in the Tanqua deep-water system.     

Depositional environment and sedimentary of the basinal sediments in the Eibiswalder Bucht (Radl Formation and Lower Eibiswald Beds), Miocene Western Styrian Basin,Austria

The Eibiswald Bucht is a small subbasin of the Western Styrian Basin exposing sediments of Lower Miocene age. In the past the entire sequence exposed in the Eibiswalder Bucht has been interpreted as being of fluvial/lacustrine origin; here, results are presented of detailed sedimentological investigations that lead to a revision of this concept. The lowermost siliciclastic sedimentary unit of the Eibiswalder Bucht sequence is the Radl Formation. It is overlain by the Eibiswald Beds, which are subdivided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Eibiswald Beds. The Radl Formation and the Lower Eibiswald Beds are interpreted as a fan delta complex deposited along NNW-SSE striking faults. Based on the sedimentary facies this fan delta can be subdivided into a subaerial alluvial fan facies group, a proximal delta facies group and a distal delta/prodelta facies group. The Radl Formation comprises the alluvial fan and proximal delta facies groups, the Lower Eibiswald Beds the distal delta/prodelta facies group. The alluvial fan and the proximal delta consist of diverse deposits of gravelly flows. The distal delta/prodelta consists of wave-reworked, bioturbated, low density turbidites intercalated with minor gravelly mass flows. The prodelta can be regarded as as the basin facies of the small and shallow Eibiswalder Bucht, where marine conditions prevailed. The basin was probably in part connected with the Eastern Styrian Basin, the contemporary depositional environment of the Styrian Schlier (mainly turbiditic marine offshore sediments in the Eastern Styrian Basin). Analysis of the clast composition, in conjunction with the paleotransport direction of the coarse delta mass flows of the Radl Formation, shows that the source rocks were exclusively crystalline rocks ranging from greenschists to eclogites.     

Alluvial Fan-lacustrine Sedimentation and its Tectonic Implications in the Cretaceous Athgarh Gondwana Basin, Orissa, India

The Athgarh Formation is the northernmost extension of the east coast Upper Gondwana sediments of Peninsular India. The formation of the present area is a clastic succession of 700 m thick and was built against an upland scarp along the north and northwestern boundary of the basin marked by an E-W-ENE-WSW boundary fault. A regular variation in the dominant facies types and association of lithofacies from the basin margin to the basin centre reveals deposition of the succession in an alluvial fan environment with the development of proximal, mid and distal fan subenvironments with the distal part of the fan merging into a lake. Several fans coalesced along the basin margin, forming a southeasterly sloping, broad and extensive alluvial plain terminating to a lake in the centre of the basin. Aggradation of fans along the subsiding margin of the basin resulted in the Athgarh succession showing remarkable lateral facies change in the down-dip direction. The proximal fan conglomerates pass into the sandstone-dominated mid-fan deposits, which, in turn, grade into the cyclic sequences of sandstone-mudstone of the distal fan origin. Further downslope, thick sequence of lacustrine shales occur. The faulted boundary condition of the basin and a thick pile of lacustrine sediments at the centre of the basin suggest that tectonism both in the source area and depositional site has played an important role throughout the deposition of the Athgarh succession of the present area. The vertical succession fines upward with the coarse proximal deposits at the base and fine distal deposits at the top, suggesting deposition of the succession during progressive reduction of the source area relief after a single rapid uplift related to a boundary fault movement.The NW-SE trending fault defining the Son-Mahanadi basin of Lower Gondwana sediments are shear zones of great antiquity and these were rejuvenated under neo-tensional stress during Lower Gondwana sedimentation. The E-W-ENE-WSW trending fault of the Athgarh basin, on the other hand, define tensional rupture of much younger date. In the Early Cretaceous period, there was a reversal of palaeoslope in the Athgarh basin (southward slope) with respect to the Son-Mahanadi basin (northward slope). During the phase drifting of the Indian continent and with the evolution of Indian Ocean in the Early Cretaceous period, the tectonic events in the plate interior was manifested by formation of new grabens like the Athgarh graben.     

Early Callovian ingression in southwestern Gondwana. Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the carbonate ramp (Calabozo Formation) in southwestern Mendoza,Neuquen basin,Argentina

The carbonatic sequence of the Calabozo Formation (Lower Callovian) developed in southwestern Gondwana, within the northern area of the Neuquén basin, and is widespread in thin isolated outcrops in southwestern Mendoza province, Argentina. This paper describes the facies, microfacies and geochemical-isotopic analysis carried out in five studied localities, which allowed to define the paleoenvironmental conditions of a homoclinal shallow ramp model, highly influenced by sea level fluctuations, where outer, mid and inner ramp subenvironments were identified. The outer ramp subenvironment was only recognized in the south of the depocenter and is characterized by proximal outer ramp facies with shale levels and interbedded mudstone and packstone layers. The mid ramp subenvironment is formed by low energy facies (wackestone) affected by storms (packstones, grainstones and floatstones). The inner ramp subenvironment is the most predominant and is characterized by tidal flat facies (wackestones, packstones and grainstones) over which a complex of shoals (grainstones and packstones) dissected by tidal channels (packstone, grainstones and floatstones) developed. In the north area, protected environment facies were recorded (bioturbated wackestones and packstones). The vertical distribution of facies indicates that the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Calabozo Formation results from a highstand stage in the depocenter, culminating in a supratidal environment, with stromatolitic levels interbedded with anhydrite originated under restricted water circulation conditions due to a progressive isolation of the basin. δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of the carbonates of the Calabozo Formation suggest an isotopic signature influenced by local palaeoenvironmental parameters and diagenetic overprints. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O oscillations between the carbonates of the different studied sections are related with lateral facies variations within the carbonate ramp accompanied with dissimilar reactivities in relation to diagenetic fluids. The δ¹⁸O values of all sections exhibit a rather broad scatter which may be attributed to diagenesis and recrystallisation while the carbon isotopic composition has been less affected by those processes. Carbon isotope system has best retained the primary isotopic signal and δ¹³C values (0–3.9‰) are within the Callovian isotope range. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the bulk carbonates of El Plomo creek, La Vaina creek and Potimalal River sections are in agreement with the Callovian seawater Sr-isotope curve.     

Der Untere Buntsandstein des Germanischen Beckens

Zusammenfassung Das Germanische Becken, das sich von der südlichen Nordsee bis nach Polen erstreckte, sank vom Perm bis einschließlich Trias mehr oder minder kontinuierlich ab. Die Absenkung wurde im Unteren Buntsandstein durch die Ablagerung von Klastika kompensiert, die vornehmlich aus dem sich hebenden südlichen Vorland herantransportiert wurden. Im allgemeinen nehmen die Korngrößen in Richtung Becken-Mitte ab, entsprechend der Entfernung zum Liefergebiet.In der Becken-Mitte bildete sich ein flacher, leicht übersalzener Playa-See, der häufig trockenfiel. Zu den Bändern hin herrschte ein fluviatiles Regime (braided rivers). Mariner Einfluß ist im zentralen und westlichen Teil nicht nachweisbar.Eingeschaltet in die sonst klastische Abfolge des Buntsandsteins sind zahlreiche niveaubeständige Oolith-Horizonte, die sich auf weite Entfernung korrelieren lassen. Das Maximum ihrer Verbreitung liegt südlich der Becken-Achse. Sie sind wahrscheinlich isochron sedimentiert worden und bildeten sich bei größerer Kalkübersättigung des Wassers und bei nachlassender oder fehlender Sedimentation von Klastika.Die fazielle Analyse der Oolith- und der sie begleitenden Stromatolith-Horizonte legt eine diskontinuierliche Zufuhr von Klastika nahe, die durch die unterschiedliche Hebungsintensität des Vorlandes gesteuert wird.

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The center of the Germanic Basin extended from the North Sea to Poland. The basin subsided more or less continuously from Permian to Triassic times. Subsidence was compensated during the Lower Buntsandstein by the deposition of clastic material, which arrived mainly from southern directions. Grain-sizes decrease toward the center correspondingly with the distance to the supplying area.The depositional environment of the basin was a shallow slightly hypersaline playa lake or inland sabkha with frequent periods of desiccation. Braided rivers dominated toward the rims. There is no marine influence in the central and western part of the basin.Numerous oolite-beds are intercalated in the usually clastic sequence of the Lower Buntsandstein. They occur within and mainly south of the basin center and can be traced over distances of more than 100 km and are used as marker horizons. They are associated with stromatolites and most likely deposited isochronously.Facies analysis suggests a discontinuous supply of clastic material to the basin, which is controlled by the temporally changing intensity of the uplift of the foreland. Oolites and stromatolites were formed during the intervals.

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Résumé La centre du bassin germanique s'étendait de la Mer du Nord jusqu'en Pologne. Le bassin subsidant de façon plus ou moins continue du Permien jusqu'en Triasique. Cette subsidence du Buntsandstein inferieur était compensé par la sedimentation clastique. Les sediments étaient provenaient principalement de la bordure meridionale du bassin en voie de soulèvement. Avec la distance de la source du matériel, on constate une diminuation de la grosseur des grains vers le centre du bassin.Au centre se développait un lac de playa hypersaline de faible profondeur, qui était souvent, desséché. Vers la bordure il existait une régime fluviatile (braided rivers). Une influence marine n'est décelable ni au centre ni dans la partie occidentale du bassin. Il y a de nombreux niveaux oolithiques (Rogenstein) qui peuvent être correlés sur de grandes distances. Leur plus grande répartition se trouve au sud de l'axe du bassin. Ils se sont vraisemblabement déposés de façon isochrone. La formation des oolites eut lieu quand l'eau était sursaturée en carbonate et pendant la diminuation ou même l'absence de la sédimentation clastique.L'analyse facielle suggère un apport clastique discontinu, controllé par les soulèvements variables de la bordure du bassin. La formation des oolithes et des stromatolithes est liée aux movements de l'activité tectonique minimale.

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Stream-dominated alluvial fan and lacustrine depositional systems in Cenozoic strike-slip basins, Denali fault system, Yukon Territory, Canada

Ancient stream-dominated (‘wet’) alluvial fan deposits have received far less attention in the literature than their arid/semi-arid counterparts. The Cenozoic basin fills along the Denali fault system of the northwestern Canadian Cordillera provide excellent examples of stream-dominated alluvial fan deposits because they developed during the Eocene-Oligocene temperate climatic regime in an active strike-slip orogen. The Amphitheatre Formation filled several strike-slip basins in Yukon Territory and consists of up to 1200 m of coarse siliciclastic rocks and coal. Detailed facies analysis, conglomerate: sandstone percentages (C:S), maximum particle size (MPS) distribution, and palaeocurrent analysis of the Amphitheatre Formation in two of these strike-slip basins document the transition from proximal, to middle, to distal and fringing environments within ancient stream-dominated alluvial-fan systems. Proximal fan deposits in the Bates Lake Basin are characterized by disorganized, clast-supported, boulder conglomerate and minor matrix(mud)-supported conglomerate. Proximal facies are located along the faulted basin margins in areas where C:S = 80 to 100 and where the average MPS ranges from 30 to 60 cm. Proximal fan deposits grade into middle fan, channelized, well organized cobble conglomerates that form upward fining sequences, with an average thickness of 7 m. Middle fan deposits grade basinward into well-sorted, laterally continuous beds of normally graded sandstone interbedded with trough cross-stratified sandstone. These distal fan deposits are characteristic of areas where C:S = 20 to 40 and where the average MPS ranges from 5 to 15 cm. Fan fringe deposits consist of lacustrine and axial fluvial facies. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Bates Lake Basin indicates that alluvial-fan sedimentation was concentrated in three parts of the basin. The largest alluvial-fan system abutted the strike-slip Duke River fault, and prograded westward across the axis of the basin. Two smaller, coarser grained fans prograded syntaxially northward from the normal-faulted southern basin margin. Facies analysis of the Burwash Basin indicates a similar transition from proximal to distal, stream-dominated alluvial fan environments, but with several key differences. Middle-fan deposits in the Burwash Basin define upward coarsening sequences 50 to 60 m thick composed of fine-grained lithofacies and coal in the lower part, trough cross-stratified sandstone in the middle, and conglomerate in the upper part of the sequence. Upward-coarsening sequences, 90–140 m thick, also are common in the fan fringe lacustrine deposits. These sequences coarsen upward from mudstone, through fine grained, ripple-laminated sandstone, to coarse grained trough cross-stratified sandstone. The upward-coarsening sequences are basinwide, facies independent, and probably represent progradation of stream-dominated alluvial-fan depositional systems. Coal distribution in the Amphitheatre Formation is closely coupled with predominant depositional processes on stream-dominated alluvial fans. The thickest coal seams occur in the most proximal part of the basin fill and in marginal lacustrine deposits. Coal development in the intervening middle and distal fan areas was suppressed by the high frequency of unconfined flow events and lateral channel mobility.     

Zur Tektonik im Bereich der Brennerlinie

Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser entwickeln aus den Ergebnissen ihrer feldgeologischen und petrographischen Untersuchungen — gestützt auf gesteinsmechanische Überlegungen und tektonische Experimente — ein neues geologisches Konzept für das Tauernwestende.

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A new concept about the geology of the Brenner region is developed from field observations, petrographic investigations, mechanic considerations and tectonic experiments.

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Résumé Les auteurs présentent une conception géologique nouvelle de la partie occidentale des Tauern d'après leurs observations géologiques sur le terrain et leurs recherches pétrographiques, en s'appuyant sur des considérations de la mécanique des roches et des expériences tectoniques.

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FrauSchmitz-Wiechowski (Wiechowski 1968) hat die Phyllitserie östlich des Brenner untersucht und tektonische Grenzflächen verfolgt.Förster bearbeitete hauptsächlich das Gebiet westlich des Brenner.     

Accumulation patterns of Tertiary calcareous nannofossils around extinctions

Quantitative analysis of accumulation of Tertiary calcareous nannofossil species allows a precise evaluation of their extinction patterns and thus, of their biostratigraphic value. Accumulation of species commonly shows marked variability, indicating that short sample intervals are necessary for estimating the true ranges. The stratigraphic resolution which can be achieved is primarily determined by the sediment accumulation rate and the depth of homogeneous sediment mixing caused by bioturbation. At about the time of extinction the accumulation usually shows a final sharp decline, which often is followed by a tail of strongly reduced accumulation having a duration in the range of 2–3×10³ to 4–5×10⁵ years. It is shown that this tail represents accumulation caused either by true production or postdepositional sediment mixing. Because of the difficulties involved in distinguishing these two casual mechanisms from each other biostratigraphic indications defined by the final sharp decline are generally superior, in terms of synchroniety and ease of identification, to those defined by the absolutely last occurrence.

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Zusammenfassung Quantitative Akkumulationsanalyse an tertiären kalkigen Nannofossilien ermöglicht eine genaue Auswertung ihrer Extinktionsmuster und, daraus folgend, ihres biostratigraphischen Wertes. Bei der Akkumulation von Species tritt öfters eine Variabilität hervor, die darauf hinweist, daß dichte Probenintervalle zur Einschätzung wahrer Ausbreitung nötig sind. Die erreichbare stratigraphische Auflösung wird von der Akkumulationsrate des Sediments und von der Tiefe der durch Bioturbation bewirkten Sedimenthomogenisierung festgelegt. Am Extinktionszeitpunkt zeigt die Akkumulation ein scharfes Abklingen, welches von einem Schweif stark reduzierter Akkumulation gefolgt wird, dessen Dauer im Bereich 2–3×10³ bis 4–5×10⁵ Jahren liegt. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieser Scheif entweder Akkumulation echter Produktion oder auch postdepositionelle Umlagerung vertritt. Wegen der Schwierigkeit, diese beiden bewirkenden Mechanismen zu unterscheiden, überragen biostratigraphische Indikatoren, definiert durch das rasche Abklingen, im Hinblick auf Synchronität und Erkennbarkeit diejenigen, die durch das absolut letzte Auftreten einer Spezies definiert sind.

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Résumé Une analyse quantitative de la quantité de nannofossiles calcaires dans les sédiments tertiaires permet d'évaluer avec précision la manière dont ces fossiles se sont éteints et, partant, leur valeur biostratigraphique. Cette quantité présente de nombreuses variations, ce qui, pour une interprétation précise, rend nécessaire l'adoption d'un intervalle serré d'échantillonnage. La résolution stratigraphique obtenue dépend du taux d'accumulation du sédiment, ainsi que de la profondeur atteinte par la bioturbation qui homogénise le sédiment. Vers le moment de l'extinction d'une espèce, son abondance montre d'ordinaire une décroissance finale rapide, souvent suivie d'une »queue« à valeur réduite qui dure 2–3.10³ à 4–5.10⁵ ans. Cette »queue« est due soit à la production réelle, soit à un mélange du sédiment postérieurement à son dépôt. Comme il est difficile de décider entre ces deux mécanismes, les indications biostratigraphiques données par la décroissance rapide d'une espèce sont en général meilleures que celles que fournit sa disparition totale, en ce qui concerne la synchronisation et la facilité d'identification.

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Geochemische Untersuchungen von Wässern aus der ägyptischen Sahara

Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit hydrochemischen Analysen ägyptischer Tiefenwässer und ihren geologischen Deutungsmöglichkeiten. Bestimmungen stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse (0¹⁸/0¹⁶ und C¹³/C¹²) vervollständigen die Untersuchungen.

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The paper deals with chemical aspects of subsurface waters and their geological consequences. Namely, stable isotopes in geohydrological cycles are discussed and geological conclusions are offered.

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Résumé Le travail a trait aux analyses chimiques d'eau de cette région et à leur signification géologique possible. Des discussions détaillées des vues d'auteurs étrangers complètent le travail.

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Publication of the Div. of Geol. Sciences California Inst. of Technology Pasadena, California, Contribution No. 1019.     

Erklärungsversuch zum Mechanismus der Ignimbritausbrüche

Zusammenfassung Ignimbrite sind flächenhaft auftretende Vulkanite, die vorwiegend aus verschweißten Glas-Aschen bestehen. Der Begriff ist vulkanologisch, nicht petrographisch gemeint. Ignimbrite entstehen aus überquellenden Glutwolken, die von absteigenden und zurückfallenden Glutwolken unterschieden werden. Nähere Analyse und Kennzeichnung des Vorgangs wird gegeben.

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The author defines Ignimbrites: Pyroclastic rocks forming layers of some extent and consisting mainly of glass-ashes welded together. Ignimbrites are formed by special types of glowing clouds. The author subdivides such clouds (or blasts) into several types. The origin of overflowing clouds is discussed.

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Résumé Des ignimbrites sont des volcanites d'allure horizontale qui consistent essentiellement en cendres et matières vitreuses soudées. Cette notion doit être comprise comme étant vulcanologique et non pétrographique. Les ignimbrites prennent naissance à partir de nuées ardentes d'allure largement débordante, qui sont à distinguer des nuées plongeantes. L'auteur donne une analyse du processus ainsi que ses caractéristiques.

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Die Klassifikation der Eruptivgesteine

Zusammenfassung Verf. berichtet über die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage, die verschiedene Fragen abklären sollte, die sich bei einer Klassifikation der Eruptivgesteine stellen. Auf Grund der Antworten und anschließender Diskussionen schlägt Verf. für Gesteine mit weniger als 90% dunkeln Gemengteilen eine Klassifikation vor, die auf dem Doppeldreieck Quarz-Alkalifeldspat-Plagioklas-Foid beruht. Verf. bespricht sodann die Abgrenzungen Andesit/Basalt, Diorit/Gabbro, Tephrit/Basanit und erörtert den Gebrauch verschiedener Gesteinsnamen (Granit, Dacit und Rhyodacit, Monzodiorit und Monzogabbro, Foyait und Plagifoyait, Trachyt und Phonolith, Essexit und Theralith, Pikrit und Alkalipikrit), femer die Verwendung besonderer Namen für paläovulkanische Ergußgesteine und die Nomenklatur im Bereich basaltischer Gesteine.

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The author reports the results of an enquiry which he addressed to those interested in petrography, with the aim to establish a suitable classification of igneous rocks. For rocks with less than 90 per cent of mafic minerals, the author proposes a classification on the base of the double triangle quartz-alkali feldsparplagioclase feldspathoid. He discusses the delimitations andesite/basalt, — diorite/gabbro, and tephrite/basanite, and the use of several rock names (as e. g. granite, dacite and rhyodacite, monzodiorite and monzogabbro, foyaite and plagifoyaite, trachyte and phonolite, essexite and theralite, picrite and alkalipicrite), as well as the use of special names for paleo-volcanic rocks and the nomenclature in the group of basaltic rocks.-- .

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Résumé L'auteur indique les résultats d'une enquête adressée aux pétrographes intéressés, dans le but d'établir une classification rationelle des roches éruptives. Pour les roches contenant moins de 90 pour cent d'éléments foncés, l'auteur propose une classification basée sur le double triangle quartz-feldspath alcalin- plagioclase-feldspathoïde. Il discute ensuite diverses questions de nomenclature, à savoir les délimitations andésite/basalte, diorite/gabbro, téphrite/basanite, ainsi que l'emploi de certains noms (granite, dacite et rhyodacite, monzodiorite et monzogabbro, foyaïte et plagifoyaïte, trachyte et phonolite, essexite et théralite, picrite et alcali-picrite), l'emploi de noms spéciaux pour les roches paléovolcaniques et la nomenclature dans le groupe des roches basaltiques.

     

广西横县六景古近纪冲积物研究

广西横县六景火车站南侧,角度不整合覆盖下泥盆统莫丁组和那叫组下段,被新近系大面积覆盖而呈两部分远距离割裂状态的一套“二元结构”特征显著的红色泥砂基底碳酸盐岩粗巨砾岩及其横向相变部分,长期以来未被将其作为一个冲积扇的有机统一体进行研究。经笔者两次实地踏勘,系统采样和分析,以现代山麓冲积扇鉴别特征为主,辅以古冲积扇特征,综合分析认为该套沉积系列相关分割露头分别为一古近系冲积扇所残存扇根、扇中和扇缘。该冲积扇为一典型的古近纪早期干旱气候条件下,母岩区为陡峻碳酸盐岩山体的古山麓冲积扇。     

内蒙古平庄盆地黑水地区上白垩统孙家湾组上段沉积相及其与铀矿化关系

内蒙古平庄盆地黑水地区上白垩统孙家湾组上段沉积相为冲积扇相,宏观上分为近端砾质辫状平原、远端砂质辫状平原及扇前洪泛平原3个亚相,进一步细分为泥石流、砾质辫状河道、砾质坝、砂质辫状河道、砂质坝、洪泛细粒、泥炭沼泽等微相。孙家湾组上段可划分为3个亚段,第一亚段为干旱_潮湿过渡气候下形成的退积型序列的旱地扇沉积;第二亚段为潮湿气候下形成的退积型序列的湿地扇沉积;第三亚段为潮湿气候下形成的进积型序列的湿地扇沉积。黑水地区的孙家湾组上段经历了早期退积型旱地扇—中期退积型湿地扇—晚期进积型湿地扇的过程。沉积相对该区铀成矿具有控制作用,铀矿化主要以不连续、局部富集的形式赋存于远端砂质辫状平原前缘的砂质辫状河砂体中,泥炭沼泽和泥质含量少的泥石流沉积中有少量存在。泥炭沼泽沉积所形成的泥岩及泥质含量高的泥石流沉积充当了局部隔水层,但由于泥炭沼泽沉积较薄,以及泥石流沉积的不均一性,致使铀矿（化）不连续、不稳定。     

Sea level controls on the textural characteristics and depositional architecture of the Hueneme and associated submarine fan systems, Santa Monica Basin, California

Hueneme and Dume submarine fans in Santa Monica Basin consist of sandy channel and muddy levee facies on the upper fan, lenticular sand sheets on the middle fan, and thinly bedded turbidite and hemipelagic facies elsewhere. Fifteen widely correlatable key seismic reflections in high-resolution airgun and deep-towed boomer profiles subdivide the fan and basin deposits into time-slices that show different thickness and seismic-facies distributions, inferred to result from changes in Quaternary sea level and sediment supply. At times of low sea level, highly efficient turbidity currents generated by hyperpycnal flows or sediment failures at river deltas carry sand well out onto the middle-fan area. Thick, muddy flows formed rapidly prograding high levees mainly on the western (right-hand) side of three valleys that fed Hueneme fan at different times; the most recently active of the lowstand fan valleys, Hueneme fan valley, now heads in Hueneme Canyon. At times of high sea level, fans receive sand from submarine canyons that intercept littoral-drift cells and mixed sediment from earthquake-triggered slumps. Turbidity currents are confined to ‘underfit’ talweg channels in fan valleys and to steep, small, basin-margin fans like Dume fan. Mud is effectively separated from sand at high sea level and moves basinward across the shelf in plumes and in storm-generated lutite flows, contributing to a basin-floor blanket that is locally thicker than contemporary fan deposits and that onlaps older fans at the basin margin. The infilling of Santa Monica Basin has involved both fan and basin-floor aggradation accompanied by landward and basinward facies shifts. Progradation was restricted to the downslope growth of high muddy levees and the periodic basinward advance of the toe of the steeper and sandier Dume fan. Although the region is tectonically active, major sedimentation changes can be related to eustatic sea-level changes. The primary controls on facies shifts and fan growth appear to be an interplay of texture of source sediment, the efficiency with which turbidity currents transport sand, and the effects of delta distributary switching, all of which reflect sea-level changes.     

Triassic carbonate submarine fans along the Arabian platform margin, Sumeini Group, Oman

ABSTRACT The Sumeini Group formed along the passive continental margin slope that bounded the northeastern edge of the Arabian carbonate platform. With the initial development of this passive continental margin in Oman during Early to Middle Triassic time (possibly Permian), small carbonate submarine fans of the C Member of the Maqam Formation developed along a distally steepened slope. The fan deposits occur as several discrete lenticular sequences of genetically related beds of coarsegrained redeposited carbonate (calciclastic) sediment within a thick interval of basinal lime mudstone and shale. Repeated pulses of calciclastic sediment were derived from ooid shoals on an adjacent carbonate platform and contain coarser intraclasts eroded from the surrounding slope deposits. Sediment gravity flows, primarily turbidites with lesser debris flows and grain flows, transported the coarse sediments to the relatively deep submarine fans. Channel erosion was a major source of intraformational calcirudite. Two small submarine fan systems were each recurrently supplied with calciclastic sediment derived from point sources, submarine canyons. The northern fan system retrogrades and dies out upsection. The southern fan system was apparently longer-lived; calciclastic sediments in it are more prevalent and occur throughout the section. The proximal portions of this fan system are dominated by channelized beds of calcirudite which represent inner- to mid-fan channel complexes. The distal portions include mostly lenticular, unchannelized beds of calcarenite, apparently mid- to outer-fan lobes. Carbonate submarine fans appear to be rare in the geological record in comparison with more laterally continuous slope aprons of coarse redeposited sediment. The carbonate submarine fans of the C Member apparently formed by the funnelling of coarse calciclastic sediment into small submarine canyons which may have developed due to rift and/or transform tectonics. The alternation of discrete sequences of calciclastic sediment with thick intervals of ‘background’ sediment resulted from either sea-level fluctuations or pulses of tectonic activity.     

济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车66块沙三下段精细沉积相分析

根据测井、地震、岩心资料,运用地质综合方法确定济阳坳陷车镇凹陷北部陡坡带砂体成因类型,搞清深水沉积边界。通过岩心观察与描述、地质地震剖面对比以及沉积相平面分布的研究,认为:车66井区沙三下段发育湖底扇、滑塌浊积扇,它们夹持于暗色深水泥岩之中,以内扇沉积为特色,在主水道及水道间堆积了中、细砾岩碎屑流与背景相泥岩。纵向上,沙三下段具有下部富砂、上部富泥的特征;平面上,自北而南由湖底扇内扇碎屑流→中扇颗粒流、浊流变化,沉积相变化具有从近源到远源发展的趋势,表明了物源来自于北部的埕子口凸起。     

广西百色盆地百岗组的聚煤模式及其预测意义

本文研究广西百色盆地百岗组的聚煤古地理和古构造条件,提出该组的聚煤盆地模式,并讨论了地震相分析的初步应用。研究表明,可分出北缘盆缘断裂一侧的扇一扇三角洲、南缘滨浅湖-小型滨湖三角洲以及中部的浅-深湖等三个沉积相带。不对称的相配置受控于半地堑的构造格架。富煤带与盆内次级坳陷部位相吻合,并沿盆缘两侧的相带展布。地震相分析有助于圈定相带的分布,进而具有预测富煤带的意义。扇三角洲具向上变粗的三层结构,顶积层以含扇沉积为特征。其间湾为富煤中心的分布部位,而其砂体则是盆内重要的储集层。