一次暴风雪过程中的中尺度重力波特征及其影响

应用地面自动气象站观测资料、数字化多普勒天气雷达探测资料和WRFV2.2.1中尺度数值模拟资料,分析了中尺度重力波与基本气流的相互作用,以及重力波活动对暴雪和大风天气的重要影响。结果表明,在波导中传播的中尺度重力波能够与基本气流进行动量交换,使得对流层中上层4.5—8 km气层内的水平平均风速趋于均匀,形成斜穿整个对流层的饱和湿空气急流,即"湿急流"。在高空急流出口区激发的垂直向下传播的重力波,使基本气流的水平风速在垂直方向上出现了加速和减速的交替变化,水平风加速的气层,反射率增大;水平风减速的气层,反射率减小。随着波动下传及其随基本气流的移动,反射率回波强度沿高空风的方向(由西南向东北)出现周期性变化,回波带呈西北—东南走向,强回波中心之间为宽约40 km的弱回波区。重力波下传期间,当地面气压迅速下降时,东北风快速增长,风向有明显的改变,反射率强度开始减弱;气压脊线过后,反射率降低到最低点。地面大风中心出现在反射率回波强度周期性变化的地带,沿西南—东北方向间隔着分布。雷达探测表明,对流层低层风速在风向切变层上下边界对称相等,因此推测在重力波与切变层汇合的高度层存在垂直环流,由风切变层上下边界附近的西南气流和东北气流与受重力波影响形成的垂直方向上的上升和下沉气流共同组成。切变层上方的动量通过垂直环流的下沉支到达地面,强风中心对应着下沉气流,出现在降水回波开始减弱之际。     

层结流体中具有纬向基本剪切流的Rossby波振幅的mKdV方程

In this paper,modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equations for the amplitude of solitary Rossby waves in stratified fluids with a zonal shear flow are derived by using a weakly nonlinear method.It is found that the coefficients of mKdV equations depend not only on the β effect and the Visl-Brunt frequency,but also on the basic shear flow.     

Resonance of baroclinic waves in the tropical oceans: The Indian Ocean and the far western Pacific

The Indian Ocean has a particularity, its width is close to half the wavelength of a Rossby wave of biannual frequency, this coincidence having been capitalized on by several authors to give the observations a physical basis. The purpose of this article is to show that this is not the case since the resonance of tropical baroclinic waves occurs in all three oceans. This is because the westward-propagating Rossby wave is retroflexed at the western boundary to form off-equatorial Rossby waves dragged by countercurrents before receding and turning back as a Kelvin wave. Thus a quasi-stationary baroclinic wave is formed, whose mean period is tuned to the forcing period. Two independent basin modes resonantly forced are highlighted – 1) a nearly symmetric zonal 1/2-yr period Quasi-Stationary Wave (QSW) that is resonantly forced by the biannual monsoon. It is formed from first baroclinic mode equatorial-trapped Rossby and Kelvin waves and off-equatorial Rossby waves at the western antinode. This QSW controls the Equatorial Counter Current at the node. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) results from a subharmonic mode locking resulting from the coupling of this QSW and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th baroclinic modes - 2) a 1-yr period QSW formed from an off-equatorial baroclinic Rossby wave, which is induced from the southernmost current of the Indonesian Throughflow through the Timor passage, propagating in the southern and northern hemispheres: the drivers are south-easterlies in the southern hemisphere and monsoon wind in the northern hemisphere.     

应用新型散度方程诊断暴雨的触发和增幅机理

分析散度及其变化是进行暴雨研究的途径之,而传统的散度方程不能显示包含热力场分布影响散度演变的问题。因此,利用陈忠明等导出的新型散度方程和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°经纬度)再分析资料,针对贵州省2007年7月25—26日持续性大暴雨天气过程,通过计算新型散度方程中的各项,定量诊断分析大气运动的正压非平衡强迫、湿斜压非地转与风垂直切变耦合强迫在暴雨发生发展过程中的作用,并与地面1、6h降水观测资料和卫星云图资料进行对比分析。探讨正压非平衡强迫、湿Q矢量与垂直风切变的湿斜压热动力耦合强迫导致辐合增加与暴雨发生、发展的动力机制。结果表明:强降水主要发生在近中性或弱不稳定层结条件下。大气运动的正压非平衡强迫导致辐合增加是强降水过程的触发机制;在暴雨维持和增幅过程中,湿斜压热动力耦合强迫在强降水的维持方面扮演了重要角色。当强降水过程发生后,才存在湿斜压热动力耦合强迫作用,湿斜压热动力耦合强迫作用是暴雨增幅的动力机制。未来6小时强降水发生的区域、降水强度、中心位置与散度演变的强负值区变化一致。新型散度方程对强降水预报有指导意义,可以作为诊断散度场演变的一种有效的数学工具。     

波流相互作用的大气系统中振荡模态的分析

把经验模态分解(EMD)方法用于波流相互作用的大气动力系统,对不同系统状态的流甬数解序列求其本征模态函数(IMF)分量,分析系统状态与IMF之间的关系,揭示流甬数的振荡结构.结果表明:随着系统的复杂性增大,构成解序列的IMF分量的个数相应增多.对于系统的定常态(Hadley流),每个流函数ψ分量的各个IMF分量都趋于零均值线;对于周期态(Rosssby流),ψ分量由1个周期性的高频IMF分量构成;对于振荡态,分量主要由2-3个较高频IMF分量构成;对于非周期流,ψ分量由多个非周期的IMF分量构成;对于周期-非周期状态,其本征模态有的有周期性,有的没有周期性.低频IMF分量表现ψ序列的长时间尺度的变化.