正射影像辅助下的LiDAR点云构建DEM方法

提出了结合两类数据的DEM生成方法,该方法先将原始LiDAR点云自动滤波得出粗略地面点,经数据抽稀后提取地面关键点点集,再利用航迹文件和相机文件进行空三加密生成数字正射影像.在此基础上将粗分类点云与正射影像匹配,在少量人工干预下,对点云进行二次分类获得精确地面点点集,构建DEM.实验结果表明该方法是可行和有效的.     

车载探地雷达地下目标实时探测法

中国的城镇化加快了地下空间大规模开发与利用的进程。摸清地下空间目标的分布状况,保障城市可持续发展和地下空间资源的永久利用,是维护未来城市安全中的重要任务。探地雷达(GPR)凭借其数据采集速度快、成像分辨率高、无损检测等优点在地下空间资源调查中得以广泛应用。但仍存在GPR数据地下目标识别不准确、自动化程度低等缺陷,自动检测GPR数据中的地下目标或目标缺陷仍然是一个亟待解决的难题。为此,本文分析并确定了GPR影像中可进行识别的城市道路地下空间的7类典型目标(如雨水井、电缆等)。并根据其反射信号特征,标记了GSSI SIR30设备以400 MHz波段采集的GPR数据中的典型地下目标,构建了GPR地下目标样本库,共包含7类总数为3033个。通过迁移学习的方法,精调预训练后的Darknet53网络参数,通过端到端的YOLOV3检测方法完成地下目标的自动识别与定位。最后,利用深圳福田区彩田路GSSI SIR30装备以400 MHz波段采集的GPR数据进行试验验证。试验结果表明,本文提出的基于深度学习的地下目标探测方法对城市典型地下目标的检测精度和召回率达到85%以上,检测速度达到了16帧/s,能够有效探测GPR数据中的城市地下目标。     

Remote leveling of tide gauges using GNSS reflectometry: case study at Spring Bay,Australia

We further developed a new approach using GNSS reflectometry to determine the leveling connection between a tide gauge and a GNSS antenna. This approach includes the optimization of the unknown receiver bandwidth and the estimation of frequency changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) oscillation through an extended Kalman filter/smoother algorithm. We also corrected the geometric bending of the GNSS signals due to tropospheric refraction using local meteorological observations. Using 3 weeks of SNR data in Spring Bay, Australia, from a GNSS antenna placed sideways (i.e., ground plane orientated vertically and directed in azimuth toward the sea surface) to improve the SNR interference near the horizon, we obtained mean leveling differences of approximately 5 mm, with an RMS of approximately 3 cm level with respect to the nominal leveling from classical surveying techniques. SNR data from three different receiver manufacturers, coupled to the same antenna, provided similar leveling results. With a second antenna in the usual upright configuration, we obtained mean leveling differences of 1–2 cm and a RMS of about 10 cm. In the upright configuration, the leveling differences may include errors in the GNSS antenna phase center calibration, which are avoided in our technique but not in the classical surveying techniques. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the reflectometry technique to obtain precisely and remotely the leveling between a GNSS antenna and a tide gauge. In addition, this technique can be applied continuously, providing an independent and economical means to monitor the stability of the tide gauge zero.     

Measurement of soil water content using ground-penetrating radar: a review of current methods

Soil water content (SWC) is a crucial parameter in ecology, agriculture, hydrology, and engineering studies. Research on non-invasive monitoring of SWC has been a long-lasting topic in these fields. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), a non-destructive geophysical technique, has the advantages of high resolution, deep detection depth, and high efficiency in SWC measurements at medium scale. It has been successfully applied in field investigations. This paper summarizes the recent progress in developing GPR-based SWC measurement methods, including reflected wave, ground wave, surface reflection, borehole GPR, full waveform inversion, average envelope amplitude, and frequency shift methods. The principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of these methods are described in detail. A comprehensive technical framework, which comprises the seven methods, is proposed to understand their principles and applicability. Two key procedures, namely, data acquisition and data processing, are emphasized as crucial to method applications. The suitable methods that will satisfy diverse application demands and field conditions are recommended. Future development, potential applications, and advances in hardware and data processing techniques are also highlighted.     

Estimation of glacier depth and moraine cover study using ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the Himalayan region

Himalayan region has one of the largest concentrations of mountain glaciers whose areal extent is changing due to global warming. In order to assess future changes in glacier extent due to global warming, information about glacier depth and debris cover is important. In this paper, application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) is discussed to assess glacier depth and debris cover. This investigation was carried out at Patseo and Samudratapu glaciers in Himachal Pradesh (West Himalaya). Antennas of frequency 50 and 100 MHz have been used for glacier depth and 500 MHz for moraine depth estimation. GPR signatures of glaciers were collected and further analyzed using velocities of electromagnetic waves in different media. The depth of Patseo glacier was estimated as 40 m. However, depth of the larger Samudra Tapu glacier could not be estimated using 50 and 100 MHz antennas. The depth of moraines was estimated using 500 MHz antenna and it varies from 0.35 cm to 0.85 cm for medial and around 1–2 m for lateral moraine at the experimental site.     

Detecting and Locating Dielectric Objects Buried Under a Rough Interface

We present a method to detect and locate dielectric objects buried under a rough surface. The method is based on the determination of appearing surface impedance of the half-space, where the dielectric objects are located. The equivalent surface impedance is obtained directly from the impedance boundary condition, which requires the knowledge of the electric field and its normal derivative on the surface. These field values are obtained by measuring the far-field data and using single-layer-potential representation of the scattered field. Using the equivalent surface impedance, one can detect and locate the buried objects. The efficiency and efficacy of the method are tested via numerical simulations     

Efficient Calculation of Born Scattering for Fixed-Offset Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys

A formulation is presented for efficient calculation of linear electromagnetic scattering by buried penetrable objects, as involved in the analysis of fixed-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems. The actual radiation patterns of the GPR antennas are incorporated in the scattering calculation by using their plane-wave transmitting and receiving spectra     

Laser Doppler vibrometer-based acoustic landmine detection using the fast M-sequence transform

Acoustic landmine detection using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) has demonstrated success in recent field tests. However, low detector signals and speckle noise are still challenging problems in the LDV-based acoustic-to-seismic detection of buried landmines. This letter describes the use of binary maximum-length sequences as the acoustic excitation for achieving high SNRs of scanning results. Some relevant issues associated with the detection system design and experimental field results are discussed.     

Investigation of GPS antenna mean phase centre offsets using a full roving observation strategy

In practice, a relatively simple calibration method of full rotation and antenna swapping techniques can be used to control individual GPS antenna mean phase centre offsets without any ground truth survey. Based on these techniques a new full roving strategy is introduced, which is a generalisation of the full rotation and antenna swapping techniques for estimating all of the three components of the mean phase centre offsets in one processing step. This new technique can be used not only for calibration purposes, but also as an observation strategy for a local high-precision network. In the latter case, the proposed method is similar to the classical geodetic approaches, where the biases are cancelled or estimated by proper observation strategies.     

On the Characterization of Buried Targets Under a Rough Surface Using the Wigner–Ville Transformation

This letter considers the problem of detecting and characterizing a target buried beneath a rough surface separating two homogeneous half spaces. The problem of detecting the target is tackled by analyzing the frequency-averaged Wigner-Ville function, the purpose of which is to filter out rough surface scattering. Characterization of the target is performed using the iterative solution derived from the Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm as applied to the Wigner-Ville function instead of the scattered field as is usually done. In addition, the scattering model involved in the inversion scheme assumes a flat interface, and surface roughness is handled as clutter. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated through numerical experiments, and the comparison between inversions from the scattered field and the Wigner-Ville function is reported     

GBAS testbed development in Taiwan with a prototype GPS/GBAS receiver

In this paper, we present the development of a local area differential GPS testbed of the ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) as the future airport navigation facility in the Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR) in Taiwan. The testbed is mainly a GBAS ground facility, which consists of a ground station, three GBAS receivers, and a VDL (VHF data link) broadcast antenna. We also present an airborne GPS/GBAS prototype receiver in this paper. The airborne subsystem (a GPS/GBAS receiver) receives the correction messages from the ground subsystem to perform a differential GPS (DGPS) positioning. In order to provide an ILS-look-alike approach and landing, the output messages of the airborne receiver are packed in an ARINC 429 format. The proposed airborne system has a software-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver structure.     

Tomographic airborne ground penetrating radar imaging: Achievable spatial resolution and on-field assessment

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) airborne systems are gaining an increasing attention as effective monitoring tools capable of underground investigation of wide areas. With respect to this frame, the paper deals with a reconstruction approach specifically designed to image buried targets from airborne gathered scattered field data. The role of the measurement configuration is investigated in order to address the practical problem of how multi-monostatic and multi-frequency data should be gathered, in terms of synthetic aperture length and frequency range, and how the available data affect the achievable reconstruction capabilities. Such an analysis allows us to evaluate the performance of the reconstruction approach in terms of transversal and depth resolution limits. Finally, an experimental validation of the approach is performed by processing real data.     

结合正则化K-SVD和Hampel滤波的探地雷达数据重建

为减弱因地形起伏造成的探地雷达数据间的能量差异,保证探地雷达图像解译和识别的准确性,本文提出了一种正则化K-SVD字典学习和Hampel滤波算法相结合的探地雷达数据重建方法。试验采用正则化K-SVD字典学习对探地雷达信号进行能量均衡,利用Hampel滤波算法剔除均衡后的信号异常值,并对均衡后的信号进行二维可视化,从而完成探地雷达图像重建。对比试验表明,本文方法不但可以均衡原始的探地雷达信号,而且其均衡后的信号更加符合探地雷达信号传播规律,可以保证单道数据信号的质量;其重建的图像效果更好,在探地雷达图像重建方面具有较好的实用价值。     

IPWV Estimation from Different GNSS Antenna

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely used nowadays in variety of applications. The observation file for the near real time estimation of Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour (IPWV) received at the ground-based receiver is mixed with ambiguities. Multi-path effects affect the positional accuracy as well as range from satellite to ground based receiver of the system. The designing of the antenna suppress the effect of multi-path, cycle slips, number of observations, and signal strength and data gaps within the data streams. This paper presents the preliminary data quality control findings of the Patch antenna (LeicaX1202), 3D Choke ring antenna (LeicaAR25 GNSS) and Trimble Zephyr antenna (TRM 39105.00). The results shows that choke ring antenna have least gaps in the data, cycle slips and multi-path effects along with improvement in IPWV. The signal strength and the number of observations are more in case 3D choke ring antenna.     

基于城区机载雷达数据的双重滤波算法

机载激光雷达扫描技术能快速且高精度地获取地面点的3维坐标,而激光雷达数据处理的首要任务就是点云的滤波,也即是将地面点和非地面点进行分离.传统的滤波方法大都是基于一定的地形条件或是小规模数据量进行的.针对城区的3维点云处理提出了一种双重滤波方法:先构建三角网,根据三角面片的角度信息过滤出一部分点云,将剩余点划分成规则格网;然后通过移动最小二乘曲面拟合法,将高差大于一定阈值的点滤除,从而获得地面点云.     

基于Car(p,q)模型和数学形态学理论的LiDAR点云数据滤波

在分析现有的LiDAR点云数据后处理方法的基础上,本文提出了一种点云数据“分步”滤波方法。首先对LiDAR点云数据进行数学形态学“粗”滤波,得到“地面点假设”和“非地面点假设”。然后引入顾及因果关系的自回归模型（car）对两类点云数据假设进行模型化处理和假设检验,根据假设检验的结果判断地面点和非地面点,最终得到可靠的分类结果。与单纯的“最小二乘拟合预测法”或“数学形态学”方法相比,这种“分步”处理的思想用于LiDAR点云数据分类处理的结果更可靠。     

GPS snow depth meter with geometry-free linear combinations of carrier phases

Multipath in global positioning system (GPS) is the interference of the microwave signals directly from satellites and those reflected before reaching the antenna, typically by the ground. Because reflected signals cause positioning errors, GPS antennas are designed to reduce such interference. Recent studies show that multipath could be utilized to infer the properties of the ground around the antenna. Here, we report one such application, i.e. a fixed GPS station used as a snow depth meter. Because the satellite moves in the sky, the excess path length of reflected waves changes at rates dependent on the antenna height. This causes quasi-periodic variations of the amplitude and phase of the received signals. Accumulation of snow reduces effective antenna heights, and we can see it by analyzing multipath signatures. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are often used to analyze multipath, but they are not always available in raw GPS data files. Here, we demonstrate that the geometry-free linear combination (L4), normally used to study the ionosphere, can also be used to analyze multipath signatures. We obtained snow depth time series at a GPS station in Hokkaido, Japan, from January to April in 2009 using L4 and SNR. Then, we compared their precisions. We also discuss mechanisms responsible for the possible underestimation of the snow depth by GPS. Finally, we investigate the possibility of inferring physical conditions of the snow surface using amplitudes of multipath signatures.     

3维激光雷达在优化选线中的应用研究

由于激光波长短,能够穿透植被叶冠到达地表,可同时获取地表和植被的信息,此外,还能够探测细小目标（如电力线）。这些都是传统测量技术无法做到的,本文以3维激光雷达在优化选线中的应用为研究对象,研究探讨了LiDAR在输电线路优化中的应用流程,分析了数据获取和数据处理的相关思路,探讨了3维激光雷达在电力选线工程中的技术优越性。     

SBAS监测站构成及部署方法分析

星基增强系统(SBAS)可以增强全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）的定位精度和完好性服务等性能,满足以民航用户为主的服务需求．地面监测站是SBAS的重要组成部分,其构成、布局、数据质量等对星基增强系统的服务性能具有重要的影响．因此,本文以美国WAAS和欧洲EGNOS实测数据为基础,对地面监测站的构成及分布,监测站天线分布、监测站数据质量以及多路径相关性进行了详细的分析,总结出适用SBAS系统地面监测站构成及部署的通用方法,为SBAS监测站建设的实施途径提供参考．      

探地雷达在城市管线测量中的应用研究

探地雷达作为一种新的城市管线探测方法,在城市测量应用中逐步得到推广,通过使用LD9000型探地雷达对天津市部分区域进行综合管线探测和分析,阐述了探地雷达在城市管线测量中的应用原理和测量过程,得出有益建议。