Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune

We present measurements of wind velocity and sand flux performed on the windward side of a large barchan dune in Jericoacoara, northeastern Brazil. From the measured profile, we calculate the air shear stress using an analytical approximation and treat the problem of flow separation by an heuristic model. We find that the results from this approach agree well with our field data. Moreover, using the calculated shear velocity, we predict the sand flux according to well-known equilibrium relations and with a phenomenological continuum saltation model that includes saturation transients and thus allows for nonequilibrium conditions. Based on the field data and theoretical predicted results, we indicate the principal differences between saturated and nonsaturated sand flux models. Finally, we show that the measured dune moves with invariant shape and predict its velocity from our data and calculations.     

人工模拟降雨下细沟与细沟间流速的沿程分布

径流流速不仅是坡面径流的重要水动力学特性,而且是计算其他水力特性及侵蚀产沙的重要参数,本文目的在于研究坡面细沟流和细沟间薄层水流流速沿坡面的变化过程,比较细沟和细沟间径流流速的差别。实验选取1m、2．5m、4m、5．5m、7m、8．5m和10m共7个坡长的小区（均为5。）,装填粉壤土,采用历时2h、总雨量121mm的变...     

基于模式参数化方案的塔中地区临界起沙阈值分析

利用2009年7月4日~29日塔中野外试验观测数据,基于MARTICORENA和SHAO提出的2种起沙模式参数化方案,初步探讨塔中地区不同沙尘天气临界起沙风速,所得结论如下：（1）非沙尘天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 10 000;扬沙天气,10 001 ≤沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 20 000;沙尘暴天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≥ 20 001。（2）基于MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为4.88 m·s^-1,基于SHAO起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为6.24 m·s^-1,临界起沙风速在非沙尘天气最大,在沙尘暴天气最小。（3）在观测期间沙尘水平通量为732.9 kg·m^-1,其中非沙尘天气125.2 kg·m^-1,扬沙天气80.9 kg·m^-1,沙尘暴天气526.8 kg·m^-1,SHAO起沙参数化方案适合估算总沙尘水平通量以及非沙尘和扬沙天气的沙尘水平通量,MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案适合估算沙尘暴天气沙尘水平通量。     

横向沙丘背风侧沙粒风蚀起动的风洞模拟

通过风洞实验,探讨了横向沙丘背风侧“二次流”的沉积学和形态-动力学意义。在不同迎风坡坡度的横向沙丘模型背风侧,我们观测了不同位置沙粒的起动风速以及在临界状态下沙粒的运动特征。结果表明,沙丘背风侧的颗粒起动风速不仅与其距沙丘顶部的距离有关,也与沙丘迎风坡坡度有密切关系。根据沙丘背风侧颗粒运动特征,可以将其划分为向后运动区域、晃动或摆动区域以及向前运动区域,产生这一现象的原因是在沙丘背风坡气流分离、反向涡和气流重新辐合共同作用的结果。在所有的观测结果中,迎风坡坡度为15°的沙丘具有最大的沙粒起动风速和最远的气流重新辐合距离,其原因尚需进一步研究。     

Wind tunnel experimental investigation of sand velocity in aeolian sand transport

Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity.