关于湿球溶冰的一些个人意见

在冬半年仍用干湿球测湿度的台站,由于此时湿球球部经常冻结,如何获得准确的湿球温度,对于提高湿度的准确度至关重要,为此,本文从大气热力学角度引进湿球温度的定义,并依此来说明一些个人看法。 1.湿球温度的热力学定义及一些讨论考虑到冬天湿球球部的实际情况,可以认为湿球球部是干空气、水汽和冰组成的封闭热力学系统。对于该系统,可知湿球温度T_S的热力学定义:在绝热等压过程中,冰升华使空     

四川省自动气象站与人工站观测数据对比分析

本文利用四川省基本(准)站的自动观测和人工观测资料,对2004年对比观测期间的温度、降水进行了统计分析.结果发现:94.5%的台站人工站与自动站的气温对比差值在误差(±0.2℃)允许的范围内,并且64.1%的台站自动站观测的气温比人工站偏高;自动站与人工站的降水量的差异与气温的差异比较起来明显比气温大,且71.8%的台站自动站的降水量比人工站偏多.     

湿球温度不正常的处理办法

用不正常的湿球温度计算相对湿度,会使相对湿度记录失实。本文分析了湿球温度不正常的原因,及资料的处理方法。１ 湿球温度不正常的原因和判别方法 （１）湿球温度表溶冰不当 在巡视仪器时,湿球温度表己结冰。对湿球进行溶冰处理后,如观测时湿球温度仍不稳定;或湿球溶冰后,所读得的湿球温度大于干球温度（在广东的气候条件下,当其差值超过０．２℃时）,可认为是溶冰不当所致。 （２）湿球温度大于干球温度 在大雾天气,若出现湿球温度稍大于干球温度现象（允许差值为０．１℃）,按规范规定,可作为正常记录。但当相对湿度＜９５％…     

四川省自动气象站与人工站观测数据对比分析

本文利用四川省基本(准)站的自动观测和人工观测资料,对2004年对比观测期间的温度、降水进行了统计分析。结果发现:94.5%的台站人工站与自动站的气温对比差值在误差(±0.2℃)允许的范围内,并且64.1%的台站自动站观测的气温比人工站偏高;自动站与人工站的降水量的差异与气温的差异比较起来明显比气温大,且71.8%的台站自动站的降水量比人工站偏多。     

湿球温度计算方法及序列连续性研究

湿球温度是许多大型工程设计的重要参数,是影响工程安全、投资成本和运营效益的关键因子。停止观测后,寻求合理的湿球温度计算方法及对其的连续性研究迫在眉睫。文章选取牛顿迭代法和最优逼近法,基于江苏省70台站1991—2001、2004年(及13站长年代——近40年)的观测数据检验两种方法的估算偏差及探讨资料的连续性应用。最优逼近法的计算精度高,离散度低,与湿球温度的观测记录吻合好(90.8%~100%),显著优于牛顿迭代法(12.7%~20.1%),且呈现出09—20时符合率较高,日出前后符合率较低的变化特征。近40年的长年代对比分析表明,最优逼近法的计算结果稳定性好,在一定程度上可替代湿球温度的观测值,估算效果在温度高时较好,温度低时相对较弱;并且基于最优逼近法,利用百叶箱柱状干湿表数据估算的时间序列,相对长年代数据的不均一性,对湿球温度数据的连续性研究更为可靠。     

相对湿度自动与人工观测的差异分析

利用四川135个站自动与人工第二年平行观测相对湿度(下文简称湿度)资料,就自动与人工观测相对湿度的差异及引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明:相对湿度自动与人工观测相比,日平均值平均偏低2.7270%、月平均值平均偏低2.7970%、年平均值平均偏低2.7472%。56.35%的时次自动观测湿度值与人工观测湿度值的差值在5%以内,86.66%的时次自动观测湿度值与人工观测湿度值的差值在10%以内,2.61%的时次自动观测湿度值与人工观测湿度值的差值在20%以上。自动与人工观测湿度的差值无明显地域性差异。湿球纱布包扎不规范、纱布不清洁,干湿球温度表人工读数误差,干湿球温度表的通风状态,观测时间的不一致,自动观测在高湿状况下的非线性以及其他原因均会导致自动与人工观测湿度产生差异,甚至是显著差异。     

当心,湿球温度零度

观测时,湿球之水正处于液、固两态的转化过程中,因熔解热远大于比热,湿球温度要在0.0℃这点停留较长时间.特别是在无风高湿的条件下,湿球和空气的热交换极少,湿球温度处于0.0℃的时间会更长. 可以这样认为:湿球温度稳定在0.0℃,     

自动气象站湿球温度快速计算方法

湿球温度是采暖通风、电厂冷却塔等工程设计中的重要气象参数。随着自动气象站在台站的广泛使用,湿球温度的直接观测资料逐渐停止,这给工程设计中湿球温度的气象参数分析和气象资料的应用造成了困难。对于自动气象站湿球温度的计算,现提出基于地面气象观测的湿度参量公式和牛顿迭代法基本思想,采用简化一般的迭代公式,并利用湿球温度的经验公式计算初始值,采用EXECL电子表格完成湿球温度的迭代计算。结果表明,该方法计算湿球温度,精度较高,计算量较小,计算过程简单可控,可广泛应用于自动气象站的湿球温度计算。     

塔城基准站自动与人工观测常规要素对比分析

通过数理统计方法,分析了塔城基准站2005年自动观测与人工观测两种不同观测方式所采集数据之间的差异及相互关系.初步阐述了自动观测与人工观测资料差值的日变化、季变化及年变化,提供了自动观测与人工观测同类资料可以相互代替,自动观测所取数据序列能够作为人工观测资料历史序列延续的依据.     

湿球温度失真的几种原因

在用百叶箱干湿球温度表测定空气湿度时,有时会发现湿球温度明显失真现象,实测的相对湿度值与湿度计读数的差值突然增大,即实测的相对湿度值明显偏高。在值班中,如果不引起注意,不找出故障原因,不及时排除,就影响了观测记录的“三性”,使测得的资料难以应用。根据多年来的观测经验,发现湿球温度失真的原因大致有如下三种情况:     

Evaluation of urban thermal environments in commercial and residential spaces in Okayama City, Japan, using the wet-bulb globe temperature index

We estimated wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) using measured meteorological data to understand the bioclimates of human living spaces during the summer season. Our research focused on commercial and residential areas of Okayama City, Japan (population ～700,000). The commercial spaces (CO) mainly consisted of multi-story office buildings, whereas the residential spaces (RE) consisted of one- or two-story residential buildings. On a fine day with southeast winds, the spatially averaged WBGT measured in the CO was higher than that in the RE. The difference was statistically significant and would have caused noticeable discomfort and a high risk of heat disorder for occupants of the CO over the long term. For instance, at 1900 Japan Standard Time (JST), the maximum difference in the WBGT between the CO and RE sites was 2.0°C (23.5°C for the CO and 21.5°C for the RE). From 1800 to 1900 JST, the wet-bulb temperature in the CO was still 1.5–2.0°C higher than that in the RE, even though both areas had the same dry-bulb temperature. This indicates that the CO retained greater amounts of water vapor for longer periods compared to the RE. The wet-bulb temperature in the CO increased rapidly at most observation points when the southeast sea breeze arrived. In contrast, in the RE, the wet-bulb temperature decreased until evening. This difference was caused by moist air transported from a river about 1 km upwind from the CO. The moist air forced an increase in the WBGT and elevated the risk of heat disorder in the CO. The spatially averaged globe temperature of the CO at 1500 JST was 6.2°C lower than that at the RE, causing the WBGT of the CO to decrease. The results suggest that the higher WBGT in the CO was caused by higher wet-bulb temperatures. On a day with southwest winds, the CO and RE showed no difference in WBGT because the river was not included in the upwind source area.     

夏季湿球温度客观预报服务系统

按照大气动力学和热力学的原理，采用划分天气型、定性判别和定量计算相结合，预报与服务系列化，在微机上研制出６－９月湿球温度短期客观预报服务系统，湿球预报的开展，为纺织，仓贮等行业空调工艺超前决策提供重要依据。     

Precision of evaporation measurements using the Bowen ratio

Energy balance/Bowen ratio estimation of evapotranspiration is examined to determine the effects of different sources of error. General usage of the approximate psychrometric equation which neglects terms of order 1/p (p atmospheric pressure) can lead to large bias errors if the wet-bulb temperature depression is large. Temperature and pressure corrections on the psychrometric constant cannot be neglected without the risk of a bias error in excess of precision limits placed on a result. Aspiration to an isothermal block for wet-bulb temperature measurement compared with measurement at the air stream source does not necessarily lead to a more precise estimate of the Bowen ratio.     

A numerical investigation of the JASIN atmospheric boundary layer

A numerical model of the cloudy marine boundary layer is described and used to investigate the role of entrainment instability on the developing boundary layer. In general, previous studies have been limited to boundary layers capped by convectively stable inversions or have described only cumulus fields. Here we extend a stratus-capped boundary-layer model to consider the transition to a convectively unstable cloud layer capped by an inversion across which there is a rapid decrease in wet-bulb or equivalent potential temperature. In this case, the inversion is very active and the entrainment rate is determined by the active instability at the interface, in contrast to the mean turbulent motion within the boundary layer.The model is used to interpret the observed boundary layer from the JASIN experiment. Cool, dry air is modified by prolonged passage over increasingly warmer ocean which leads to the development of a convectively unstable cloud layer.     

The estimation of the energy balance of a lake from simple weather data

The energy balance of a lake with an area of approximately 46000 ha and a depth of 3 m has been estimated from simple weather data measured along the perimeter of the lake. These measurements are dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, both at 1.5-m height, windspeed at 3-m height and sunshine duration. The estimated energy balance values were compared with the values computed from the measurements at the station situated at the centre of the lake. At this station, net radiation, water temperature, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature at a height of 2 m were measured. It is possible to estimate the daily evaporation from the lake with an error of 0.6 mm day^–1, if the location of measurement is downwind from the lake.     

人工冻土观测的冻点对应的土壤温度研究

基于2018年12月至2020年3月喀左、沈阳、辽阳、满洲里4个国家级地面气象站人工冻土器与测温式冻土自动观测仪观测的资料,对人工冻土观测获得的冻点与测温式冻土自动观测仪获得的相应深度的温度进行对比分析.结果表明:人工冻土器获取的冻点对应的土壤温度与0℃总体一致,又不完全重合;0—35 cm深度范围,冻点对应的温度变化...     

Inversions,and fog,stratus and cumulus formation in warm air over cooler water

Two aspects of convection over oceans are discussed and the following conclusions are derived from theoretical considerations.

1. The air layer over the sea will usually convect even when the water surface is ten degrees or more colder than the initial air temperature.
2. An inversion at stratus cloud tops is created by the stratus, and is not a necessary preexisting condition. Such inversions persist after subsidence evaporates the cloud.
3. Radiation heat exchange does not play an essential role in stratus formation or maintenance, and can either heat or cool the cloud.
4. Dry air convection does not erode inversions at the top of the convecting layer. Examples of soundings are discussed.
5. Fogs are most likely to form at sea where the water is coolest, and need no radiation effects to initiate cooling, or a boost from patches of warmer water, to begin convection.
6. Both stratus cloud growth, and the evaporation of clouds by cloud top entrainment, readjust the vertical structure of the air to leave a constant wet-bulb potential temperature with height.

These conclusions are supported by, firstly, a convective model which has been developed and which shows that vapor-driven convection over the ocean will proceed with zero or negative heat fluxes, at rates which saturate the lowest layer of the atmosphere in a few hours to altitudes of many tens of meters. Secondly, the availability of condensed moisture at the top of the surface layer cools the warmer entrained overlying dry air parcels so that when they descend they are no warmer than the sea surface temperature, and this induces downward moving plumes. This occurs if the wet-bulb potential temperature of the overlying air is less than the sea surface temperature, even if it is ten degrees C, or more, warmer in actual temperature.     

乌拉特中旗器测能见度与PM_(10)变化关系

利用乌拉特中旗国家基准气象站安装的PM10质量浓度监测仪和能见度观测仪获得的资料,对2008年1—12月器测能见度的变化以及与PM10质量浓度变化的关系进行了分析。     

地面气象观测站自动检测系统研究

为了解决目前的计量检定标准设备和方法不适于地面气象观测站仪器,检测的自动化水平及工作效率低等矛盾,研究设计了地面气象观测站自动检测系统,特点是将地面气象观测站的温度、湿度、大气压力、风速风向和降水等传感器和地面气象观测站的数据采集器分开进行性能的自动检测.传感器自动检测系统采用多通道设计,可同时进行多个传感器的自动检测并自动输出检测结果.数据采集器自动检测系统可以对气象台站使用的各种不同的地面气象观测站数据采集器系统进行性能测试.文章所设计的地面气象观测站自动检测系统提高了地面自动观测仪器的检测效率,确保了各台站的地面气象自动观测仪器观测数据的准确可靠.     

Wet-bulb,dew point,and air temperature trends in Spain

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This study analyses trends of mean (T m), maximum (T x), minimum (T n), dew point (T d), and wet-bulb temperatures (T w) on an annual, seasonal, and monthly...