东亚、北非干旱半干旱区边界层高度的特征研究

采用再分析资料ERA-20C对东亚、北非干旱半干旱区一百多年边界层高度(Boundary Layer Height,BLH)的时空变化特征进行比较研究,结果揭示了两个地区不同气候区BLH空间分布和时间变化的差异性。结果表明,BLH的空间分布与气候干湿程度密切相关,同时受海拔以及河流、湖泊分布等的影响;干旱区、半干旱-半湿润过渡区的BLH在东亚和北非均为升高趋势;极端干旱区、干旱-半干旱过渡区、半干旱区的BLH在东亚为升高趋势,在北非为降低趋势;极端干旱区对干旱半干旱区整体BLH年际变化贡献最小,东亚为11. 05%,北非为3. 68%;东亚半干旱区年际变化贡献最大23. 74%,北非半干旱-半湿润过渡区年际变化贡献最大28. 89%。两个地区BLH的变化均包含周期为60年、30年、10年、5～7年和2～4年的振荡,在长时间尺度的周期变化中,两个地区的BLH基本呈反位相关系,在短时间尺度的周期变化中,呈反位相、同位相交替转换的关系; BLH的长期变化趋势,东亚各季节均为升高趋势,北非只有冬季为升高趋势; BLH年际变化,夏季占主导地位,东亚年际变化贡献率是58. 50%,北非年际变化贡献率是57. 52%,北非秋季年际变化贡献率是东亚地区的2倍多。     

中国西北干旱、半干旱区春季地气温差的年代际变化特征及其对华北夏季降水年代际变化的影响

利用我国1951~2000年夏季降水观测资料分析了我国夏季降水的年代际变化特征,表明了我国夏季降水在1976年前后发生了一次明显的气候跃变,在1976年之后华北地区和黄河流域夏季降水明显减少,出现了严重持续干旱,而西北地区从20世纪70年代后期开始,降水增多,且西北地区降水振荡位相要超前于华北地区降水振荡位相5~8年。并且,本文从1960~2000年我国西北干旱、半干旱区的地温、气温观测资料分析了我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差(Ts-Ta)的变化特征,其结果表明了在20世纪70年代后期以前,我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差大部分年份偏低,低于平均值,而从70年代后期之后到2000年,我国西北干旱、半干旱地区的地气温差偏高。此外,本文还分析了西北干旱区地气温差变化的最大地区新疆西部春季地气温差与我国夏季降水的相关关系,其正相关区分别位于西北地区、东北地区和长江流域,而负相关区分别位于华北地区东部和西南地区,这表明我国西北干旱、半干旱区春季地气温差可能是华北地区夏季降水年代际变化的原因之一。     

1980~2018年龙泉驿区降水的多尺度特征

应用趋势分析、Morlet小波分析以及Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,研究了1980~2018年龙泉驿区降水整体趋势,包括降水的年际变化和季节性趋势,以及降水日数和月、旬、日降水的集中性特征。结果表明:龙泉驿区年降水量整体下降趋势明显,存在3a和9a振荡周期;降水日数存在7~8a和12a振荡主周期,以及4a振荡次周期。可引发龙泉驿区地质灾害活动的降水主要发生在7月和8月,二者降水量在年代际尺度上的变化趋势相反。旬降水量与日降水量均呈明显的准正态分布规律,旬降水量主要集中时段是7月下旬与8月中旬,日降水量较大值也出现在7月与8月。      

近30年全球干旱半干旱区的蒸散变化特征

全球变暖加剧了气候系统能量和水分循环相互作用的变化,水分平衡变化导致极端旱涝事件频发。地表蒸散是能量水分循环的重要过程,是理解气候变化的关键环节。本文基于1982~2011年FLUXNET-MTE观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了全球干旱半干旱区蒸散的时空变化特征及典型区域的变幅、趋势和季节变化。结果表明:（1）干旱半干旱区多年平均蒸散量小于300 mm。冬季蒸散量最小,夏季最大且变率也最强。1990年代前后,干旱半干旱区蒸散发生了明显的年代际转变,暖季的年代际差异尤为明显。（2）近30年来,东半球干旱半干旱区蒸散量呈增加趋势,西半球呈减小趋势。典型区域来看,南非呈显著增加趋势[25.14 mm（10 a）-1],美国西南部呈显著减小趋势[-19.86 mm（10 a）-1];萨赫勒、中国北部和澳大利亚呈增加趋势,阿根廷及智利南部呈减小趋势。（3）蒸散变化与温度、降水的变化联系密切,三者具有相似的年循环变化,但三者间相关性在干旱半干旱区具有显著的差异性。     

贵阳汛期旱涝演变特征及未来趋势预估

首先对贵阳近500 a（1470—2008年）旱涝等级资料进行增补,利用该资料进行等级序列展开频次和多尺度分析。结果表明：近58 a,贵阳出现极端旱、偏旱的频次明显高于过去近500 a的平均状况;汛期出现偏旱和旱的次数明显增多,旱重于涝的趋势非常明显。从年代际和百年际尺度看,210 a周期是贵阳旱涝振荡的主周期,而50 a周期是次周期,且20世纪80年代的干旱程度高于历史上任何一个年代;从年际和年代际尺度上,24 a周期是贵阳旱涝振荡的主周期,而7 a周期是次周期;汛期降水偏少,一般与旱灾对应一致,但若降水偏多,对应汛期各月降水分布均匀,则不一定对应涝灾。最后,结合诊断结果,借助IPCC AR4最新的模式预估数据集,预估贵阳汛期降水在未来10 a左右将处于旱涝交替频发期,之后至21世纪40年代中期将处于少雨阶段,可能会出现较长时期的干旱。     

中国北方近百年干湿变化与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

利用CRU(Climate Research Unit)1901～2002年全球0.5°×0.5°网格点月降水和月平均气温资料,利用一个能够用于检测地表干湿变化的湿润指数,对中国北方四个典型地区干湿演变特征及与北太平洋年代际振荡的关系进行了初步的分析.结果发现:降水和湿润指数在表征干湿变化的特征时有明显的差别,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区,增暖也是影响干湿变化的一个重要因素.相关分析表明,华北和西北东部的年干湿变化与同期太平洋年代际振荡(简称PDO)指数有密切的关系,PDO指数的正位相对应两个地区的干旱时段,负位相则对应两个地区的湿润时段,而新疆南部与PDO指数同期呈显著的正相关关系,即当PDO为正位相时,该地区为湿的时段,负位相对应干的时段.以100°E为界,北方的东部干湿变化与太平洋年代际振荡指数呈反相关,而西部则相反,与PDO呈正相关关系.     

基于3种指数的全球干湿变化年代际特征

通过对比AI指数、PDSI指数和土壤湿度的变化发现,3种指数能够较为一致地反映全球干湿变化的时空分布特征,在此基础上,研究了全球及不同气候区干湿变化的长期变化趋势和周期信号,并重点分析干湿指数的年代际演变及其变化机制。结果表明:近67 a来,全球整体呈现干旱化趋势,其中半湿润区干旱化最为显著,其次为极端干旱区、湿润区和半干旱区,而干旱区表现为变湿趋势;全球干湿变化存在准20 a的显著周期信号,但不同气候区的主要变化周期存在差异,其中干旱区、半干旱区和湿润区的主周期为准20 a,而极端干旱区和半湿润区为准30 a;潜在蒸散量的显著增加趋势是导致全球干旱化的主要原因,而全球干湿变化的准20 a周期主要由降水振荡所控制。     

1921～2010年天津气温和降水量序列的多尺度分析

基于集成经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,对1921~2010年天津年平均气温和降水量序列进行了多尺度分析。并结合功率谱对年平均气温和年降水量及其本征模态函数(IMF)分量进行周期分析。结果表明:天津年平均气温的变化主要是由第1、第2本征模态分量和趋势项构成,即准5 a和2~3 a的振荡与"先降后升"的长期趋势变化起主要作用。而第4、第5本征模态分量则反映出天津近90年来气温年代际尺度的冷暖变化,它们对1920年代至1940年代的暖期以及1950年代至1970年代的冷期有重要贡献。降水量的变化主要由第1、第2本征模态分量构成,即4.5 a、准9 a和2~3 a的振荡起主要作用。与气温序列相比,降水序列中年代际尺度的变化和长期趋势的贡献明显要小得多,但也反映了1980年代以后降水减少的趋势。     

全球干旱/半干旱区年代尺度干湿变化研究的进展及思考

干旱/半干旱区气候变化研究一直是广泛关注的前沿科学问题,尤其是气候干湿变化规律及未来的发展趋势。过去大量的研究揭示了全球不同干旱/半干旱区的干湿变化事实和机理,取得了一系列重要进展,IPCC第6次评估报告明确指出未来全球干旱化将加剧,但也存在诸多问题没有得到一致的认识。本文将对全球变暖背景下有关干旱/半干旱区年代尺度干湿变化,特别是年代尺度干旱研究进行梳理,系统评述当前相关研究的现状并提出干旱/半干旱区研究所面临的关键科学问题。     

Comparative analysis of interdecadal precipitation variability over central North China and sub Saharan Africa

本文对比分析了1951–2016年华北与北非降水的年代际变化,及其与全球大尺度海温和环流型的关联性。结果发现二者呈现出相似的年代际干湿演变特征。自上世纪70年代以来,华北与北非降水均由正异常转为持续负异常。90年代以后,北非降水虽仍是负异常,但呈现出显著地增加趋势。北非降水与大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和北大西洋(NAO)均显著相关,华北降水与PDO和NAO显著相关。通过经验正交分解,发现华北与北非降水的第一模态均与NAO关系密切,且二者第一模态所对应的时间序列呈现反位相变化。     

1948～2001年全球陆地12～2月降水旱涝长期变化

本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。     

1948～2001年全球陆地及大尺度区域6～8月旱涝气候变化

用 1 948～ 2 0 0 1全球陆地月降水资料 (PREC/L) ,研究了全球、北半球、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆等 6个大尺度区域 6～ 8月的旱涝气候变化。结果表明 ,全球及北、南半球 6～ 8月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。 2 0世纪 40年代末～ 70年代为全球洪涝多发期 ,80～ 90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球的特征与全球较为一致 ;南、北半球 6～ 8月的旱涝没有明显的联系 ,但发生暖 (冷 )事件时 ,两个半球可能同时出现干旱(洪涝 ) ;全球、半球的旱涝与ENSO有明显的联系。另外 ,非洲大陆和欧亚大陆旱涝年的分布有十分明显的年代际特征 ,6个大区域 6～ 8月的旱涝之间存在一定的联系。     

The regional forcing of Northern hemisphere drought during recent warm tropical west Pacific Ocean La Niña events

Northern Hemisphere circulations differ considerably between individual El Niño-Southern Oscillation events due to internal atmospheric variability and variation in the zonal location of sea surface temperature forcing over the tropical Pacific Ocean. This study examines the similarities between recent Northern Hemisphere droughts associated with La Niña events and anomalously warm tropical west Pacific sea surface temperatures during 1988–1989, 1998–2000, 2007–2008 and 2010–2011 in terms of the hemispheric-scale circulations and the regional forcing of precipitation over North America and Asia during the cold season of November through April. The continental precipitation reductions associated with recent central Pacific La Niña events were most severe over North America, eastern Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia. High pressure dominated the entire Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and weakened and displaced storm tracks northward over North America into central Canada. Regionally over North America and Asia, the position of anomalous circulations within the zonal band of mid-latitude high pressure varied between each La Niña event. Over the northwestern and southeastern United States and southern Asia, the interactions of anomalous circulations resulted in consistent regional temperature advection, which was subsequently balanced by similar precipitation-modifying vertical motions. Over the central and northeastern United States, the spatial variation of anomalous circulations resulted in modest inter-seasonal temperature advection variations, which were balanced by varying vertical motion and precipitation patterns. Over the Middle East and eastern Africa, the divergence of moisture and the advection of dry air due to anomalous circulations enhanced each of the droughts.     

A Comparative Analysis of Primary and Extreme Characteristics of Dry or Wet Status between Asia and North America

In this study, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was used to analyze the average and extreme dry/wet states of Asia and North America from 1953 to 2003. The results indicate that the two continents underwent drying trends during this period. Compared with North America, Asia showed more severe drought trends. However, more significant and regular seasonal variation for drought was found in North America. The driest regions in Asia were located in the northern region of China, Mongolia, and eastern mid-Siberian plateau. Most regions in central North America were relatively wetter than other regions. The northern and southwestern regions of North America, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific coastal areas, experienced the most drought during this period. A sharp increase of the drought area and the number of extreme drought events took place from 1997 to 2003 in both Asia and North America. Severe drought events were more likely to occur during the summer on both continents. Asia had the most extreme drought events during July, but North America reached its highest drought frequency from June to September. In Asia, a persistent increasing trend of extreme drought emerged throughout the studied period. However, a more complex evolution of drought emerged in North America: a decreasing trend appeared before the mid-1960s and an increasing trend appeared after the late 1970s. A relatively steady dry/wet status was observed between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s. The role of exceptional, extreme drought events with respect to the La Nin?a event was considered during 1997–2003.     

Hydroclimatic trends during 1950–2018 over global land

Global hydroclimatic changes from 1950 to 2018 are analyzed using updated data of land precipitation, streamflow, and an improved form of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. The historical changes are then compared with climate model-simulated response to external forcing to determine how much of the recent change is forced response. It is found that precipitation has increased from 1950 to 2018 over mid-high latitude Eurasia, most North America, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia, while it has decreased over most Africa, eastern Australia, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and parts of East Asia, central South America, and the Pacific coasts of Canada. Streamflow records largely confirm these precipitation changes. The wetting trend over Northwest Australia and Southeast South America is most pronounced in austral summer while the drying over Africa and wetting trend over mid-high latitude Eurasia are seen in all seasons. Coupled with the drying caused by rising surface temperatures, these precipitation changes have greatly increased the risk of drought over Africa, southern Europe, East Asia, eastern Australia, Northwest Canada, and southern Brazil. Global land precipitation and continental freshwater discharge show large interannual and inter-decadal variations, with negative anomalies during El Niño and following major volcanic eruptions in 1963, 1982, and 1991; whereas their decadal variations are correlated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) with IPO’s warm phase associated with low land precipitation and continental discharge. The IPO and Atlantic multidecadal variability also dominate multidecadal variations in land aridity, accounting for 90 % of the multidecadal variance. CMIP5 multi-model ensemble mean shows decreased precipitation and runoff and increased risk of drought during 1950–2018 over Southwest North America, Central America, northern and central South America (including the Amazon), southern and West Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Southeast Asia; while the northern mid-high latitudes, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia see increased precipitation and runoff. The consistent spatial patterns between the observed changes and the model-simulated response suggest that many of the observed drying and wetting trends since 1950 may have resulted at least partly from historical external forcing. However, the drying over Southeast Asia and wetting over Northwest Australia are absent in the 21st century projections.

     

ENSO-independent contemporaneous variations of anomalous circulations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: The polar-tropical seesaw mode

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the ENSO indices from the Climate Prediction Center over the period 1978–2014, we have investigated the contemporaneous circulation variations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres by performing the singular value decomposition analysis of sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA) after the ENSO signal is regressed out. It is found that there exists a polar-tropical seesaw mode (PTSM) that characterizes with the out of phase fluctuations of SLPA between the polar and tropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in boreal winter. This PTSM explains 47.74% of the total covariance of SLPA and is almost independent of ENSO. It demonstrates a long-term trend and oscillation cycles of 2–3 and 4–6 yr. The long-term trend in PTSM indicates that the sea level pressure gradually decreases in the tropics and increases in the polar region with time. This PTSM looks roughly symmetric about the equator besides the seesaw pattern of SLPA between the tropics and polar region in each hemisphere. The disturbances in the geopotential height field in association with the PTSM shows baroclinic features in the tropics whereas equivalent barotropic features in the mid and high latitudes in the troposphere. The anomalous thermal forcing in the tropical region is possibly one of the factors facilitating the formation of this PTSM. Significant global precipitation and temperature anomalies related to the PTSM are observed. In the positive PTSM phase, precipitation and temperature are higher than normal in southern Europe and the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, but lower than normal in northern Europe and Siberia. Precipitation is higher than normal while temperature is lower than normal in Northeast Asia. Significant temperature and precipitation anomalies possibly occur in the regions of western China, northern India, parts of North America, parts of subtropical Africa, Maritime Continent, and Antarctic. These results are helpful for better understanding of the circulation variations and the mechanisms behind the interactions between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the related winter climate anomalies over globe.     

地球系统模式中植被净初级生产力百年尺度时空变化及其与气候的关系

利用6个地球系统模式模拟的植被净初级生产力（NPP）对1901～2005年NPP时空变化进行了研究,并结合气候因子分析了NPP的变化与气温和降水的关系。结果表明:（1）近百年来全球NPP呈现上升趋势,模式集合平均的趋势系数为0.88,通过了99.9%的信度检验;北半球的趋势比南半球明显。（3）近百年来800 g(C) m-2 a-1以上的NPP高值区主要分布在南美洲赤道地区、非洲赤道地区、中南半岛和印度尼西亚一带的热带雨林区;低值区主要分布在北半球高纬度地区、非洲北部地区、亚洲大陆干旱半干旱区以及青藏高原西北部地区。（3）全球NPP与气温百年演变在大部分地区主要为正相关关系,仅在赤道附近的南美洲、非洲以及印度地区为负相关关系,主要由于这些地区辐射是NPP的限制因子。全球NPP与降水的百年变化在大部分地区也主要是正相关关系,在非洲北部到西亚中亚的干旱半干旱地区为负相关关系。（4）6个地球系统模式在全球21个区域的大部分地区的NPP和气温降水的变化关系较为一致,西非地区不同模式变化不一致,NPP模拟的不确定性较大,其次是地中海地区。（5）东亚地区NPP与气候的百年演变同步并且相关性高,反映了强烈的植被大气相互作用过程。     

广西前汛期降水年代际变化与南半球印度洋海温的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料对广西前汛期降水年代际变化的环流差异及其与前期南半球印度洋海温的关系进行研究,结果表明:广西前汛期整体一致变化的降水分布型具有20年左右年代际振荡及3年左右的年际周期,桂南、桂北反相变化的降水空间型具有6年和准两年振荡.在前汛期降水偏多期,欧亚大陆地表温度偏高,热力作用增强,造成大陆热低压偏强,海陆差异加大,广西区域气柱不稳定性增强,上升气流显著增强,Hadley环流减弱,西太平洋副高及南亚高压减弱,南北半球越赤道气流增强,高原南侧南支槽气流加强,水汽输送增多,造成广西降水偏多;降水偏少期形势相反.相关分析表明前期2～3月南半球中纬度印度洋海温与广西前汛期降水年代际变化呈明显负相关,意味着南半球海温对广西前汛期降水年代际变化有调控作用,这种作用是通过海温异常影响越赤道气流从而影响亚洲季风的强弱而实现的.     

Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation

With the twentieth century analysis data (1901–2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land–ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO–SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive.     

Using NWP to Assess the Influence of the Arctic Atmosphere on Midlatitude Weather and Climate

The influence of the Arctic atmosphere on Northern Hemisphere midlatitude tropospheric weather and climate is explored by comparing the skill of two sets of 14-day weather forecast experiments using the ECMWF model with and without relaxation of the Arctic atmosphere towards ERA-Interim reanalysis data during the integration. Two pathways are identified along which the Arctic influences midlatitude weather: a pronounced one over Asia and Eastern Europe, and a secondary one over North America. In general, linkages are found to be strongest(weakest) during boreal winter(summer) when the amplitude of stationary planetary waves over the Northern Hemisphere is strongest(weakest). No discernible Arctic impact is found over the North Atlantic and North Pacific region, which is consistent with predominantly southwesterly flow. An analysis of the flow-dependence of the linkages shows that anomalous northerly flow conditions increase the Arctic influence on midlatitude weather over the continents. Specifically, an anomalous northerly flow from the Kara Sea towards West Asia leads to cold surface temperature anomalies not only over West Asia but also over Eastern and Central Europe. Finally, the results of this study are discussed in the light of potential midlatitude benefits of improved Arctic prediction capabilities.