四川盆地中南部寒武系白云岩特征及形成机制

四川盆地寒武系厚度达千米,岩性从下到上依次由泥页岩-粉砂质泥岩-灰质白云岩-纯白云岩组成,其优质储层主要为中—上寒武统冼象池组的白云岩。本文通过与川东北长兴组—飞仙关组、塔河油田奥陶系白云岩对比,应用微量元素、稀土元素、碳、氧、锶同位素等分析测试结果,对四川盆地中南部寒武系白云岩特征及形成机制进行了研究。研究结果表明:四川盆地中南部寒武系白云岩具有较高的铁、锰质量分数,平均值分别为6 502.9×10~(-6)和468.3×10~(-6),较低的锶质量分数,平均值为74.0×10~(-6),较低的碳氧同位素值,δ~(13)CVPDB和δ~(18)OVPDB平均值分别为-2.38‰和-7.74‰;四川盆地中南部寒武系碳酸盐岩经历了大气淡水淋滤作用,可能为准同生白云石化或混合水白云石化作用。     

新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系湖相白云岩形成机理初探

利用薄片染色、微量元素和稳定同位素测试等方法对三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组与湖相暗色泥岩共存的白云岩的形成机理进行了探讨。白云岩分为纹层状藻云岩和斑块白云岩两种类型。白云岩的微量元素和同位素特征表明其形成于较高盐度、高Mg/Ca比、强还原的沉积环境。通过对白云岩镁离子来源的分析,认为纹层状藻云岩形成于准同生期,而斑块白云岩则是在埋藏成岩期火山物质淋滤、交代作用下形成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系马六段白云岩特征及形成机制研究

鄂尔多斯盆地马六段在盆地大部分地区被剥蚀,仅在盆地周缘地区分布,因此,有关该盆地马六段白云岩成因研究较少。本文通过对马六段白云岩岩石学特征、阴极发光特征、微量元素特征以及碳氧同位素地球化学特征进行分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部马六段白云岩特征及形成机制进行了研究。研究结果表明,盆地南部马六段白云岩主要由细—中晶白云岩组成,白云石具"雾心亮边"结构,阴极发光呈暗红色光。微量元素总体上具有较低的Fe、Mn值,平均值分别为447×10~(-6)和62×10~(-6),较高的K、Na值,平均值分别为517×10-6和252×10~(-6),以及中等含量的Sr元素值,平均值为155×10~(-6)。δ~(13)C值平均为-0.617‰,δ~(18)O值平均为-7.6‰,以上特征均反映出海源流体特征。白云石的"雾心"和"亮边"结构中微量元素含量相差不大,认为是在相同成岩环境的不同成岩阶段形成,其中"雾心"形成于浅埋藏环境的渗透回流白云石化作用,而"亮边"是在深埋藏环境下对早期白云石的调整和加强。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部中奥陶统斑状白云岩成因研究

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部,中奥陶统桌子山组和马五段到马三段斑状白云岩广泛分布。通过岩石、矿物学及地球化学特征研究,发现该白云岩具有岩溶、生物遗迹、深埋藏的证据,其原岩是早成岩阶段浅埋藏环境下形成的粉晶~细晶白云岩,在晚成岩阶段深埋藏环境下发生差异白云石化,形成细~粉晶白云石组成的斑块。因此,细晶~粗粉晶斑状白云岩受生物影响,是表生岩溶作用和深埋藏环境导致的差异白云石化作用的产物。     

关于白云岩、白云石、白云岩化、白云石化和白云化等术语的辨析

白云岩是指以白云石为主要组分的碳酸盐岩,其中白云石矿物的含量应超过50%。在白云岩中常含有方解石、石膏等化学沉淀矿物,也可含有黏土、陆源砂、粉砂等。白云岩与石灰岩有相似的外貌,但白云岩与盐酸反应较石灰岩弱。白云石分子式是CaMg\[CO₃\]₂,其常含有Fe、Mn的类质同象混入物。白云石化,指方解石矿物中的钙离子部分地或全部地为镁离子代换,从而使方解石矿物转变为多镁方解石矿物或白云石矿物的作用,其英文术语为dolomitization。白云石化的结果可使石灰岩转变为白云石化的石灰岩或白云岩。由于白云石化的最终结果是石灰岩转变成白云岩,所以也可以把白云石化称作白云岩化。白云岩化的英文术语也是dolomitization。近几十年来,笔者基本上未使用白云石化和白云岩化这两个术语,而使用白云化这一笼统的或概括性术语代替白云石化和白云岩化。这样,许多有争议的问题就都避免了。白云石化作用、白云岩化作用、白云化作用,其含意与白云石化、白云岩化、白云化的含意相同。关于白云石和白云岩,在以前的英文文献中,均称作dolomite。近些年,一些作者用dolostone代表白云岩,而把dolomite仅限于白云石矿物。这是个很好的进展。近几十年来,笔者就是这么用的。现在,有些学者继续把dolomite兼指白云石和白云岩。可以这么兼指,只要把问题讲清楚就行。还有dedolomitization这一术语,其原意是去白云石化作用,指白云石中的镁离子被钙离子代换,从而使白云石矿物转变为多镁方解石矿物或方解石矿物的作用。其最终结果当然是白云岩转变为石灰岩。把它称作去白云石化或去白云岩化,均可。当然,笔者更倾向于把它称作去白云化。去白云石化作用、去白云岩化作用、去白云化作用,其含意与去白云石化、去白云岩化、去白云化的含意相同。看来,要把白云石化、白云岩化、白云化,去白云化、去白云岩化、去白云化,白云石、白云岩等术语的含意讲清楚,好似“绕口令”,令人不胜其烦。笔者建议：白云石（dolomite）专指矿物,白云岩（dolostone）专指岩石;白云化（dolomitization）兼指白云石化和白云岩化;去白云化（dedolomitization）兼指去白云石化和去白云岩化;“作用”二字要不要均可,不要更简单更好。     

川东北上二叠统长兴组白云岩地球化学特征及形成机制

四川盆地东北部长兴组储集层主要由细—中晶白云岩组成,其次为微晶白云岩。根据薄片观察、阴极发光、电子探针分析发现,细—中晶白云岩与微晶白云岩在阴极发光特征方面很相似,都不发光,且在Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn、Sr和Ba含量方面也没有区别。根据上述分析结果认为,研究区的细—中晶白云岩是微晶白云岩在准同生期重结晶形成的,控制重结晶的主要因素是引起准同生白云石化的蒸发卤水下渗。这一认识为确定研究区白云岩储集层的空间分布提供了新的思路。     

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩及其与海相白云岩的差异

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷古近系沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩主要为颗粒白云岩和泥晶白云岩两大类,常与泥质岩成薄互层或与其他碳酸盐岩互层产出。该湖相白云岩有序度较低,类似于海相准同生白云岩;Mg/Ca值偏离正常的化学计量值,具有富钙特征,说明其为快速交代的产物;碳氧同位素、Z值分析结果则反映了湖水的咸化程度较高。根据低海平面期蒸发浓缩盐水在湖底形成密度层并向灰质沉积层中回流渗透导致白云石化发生的机理,建立了歧口凹陷沙一下亚段湖相白云岩的成因模式。湖相白云岩的分布特征及其与海相白云岩的差异分析表明,湖相白云岩具有分布面积小、白云石化作用不彻底等特征,油气储集性能较为局限。     

白云石化作用及白云岩问题研究述评

近年来,关于白云石化作用及白云岩问题,取得了更深层次的发展。从白云石化作用入手,介绍根据古代白云岩的成因所建立的五个主要成因模式:蒸发作用模式、渗流-回流模式、混合白云石化模式、埋藏白云石化模式及海水白云石化模式,并介绍了国内外最新研究进展和成果。认为利用染色薄片鉴定、阴极发光显微镜观察、微量元素分析、碳氧稳定同位素测定及包裹体测温等综合手段进一步研究,最终将解决这些问题。     

白云岩成因相关问题及主要形成模式

在综述白云岩成因研究历程和最新成果的基础上,总结阐述了与之相关的4个方面的问题:①尽管白云岩原生沉淀与次生交代成因分歧依旧,但越来越多的证据表明白云岩的形成以次生交代为主;②白云石难以直接沉淀的原因是受结晶动力学条件制约,而非热力学因素;③控制次生交代强度和规模的关键条件是富Mg流体的来源及其量的大小;④微生物活动很可能有助于白云岩的形成。关于白云岩化模式,其核心是构建富Mg流体与先成钙质碳酸盐岩相互作用的条件与场所,其中浓缩正常海水模式、萨布哈模式、混合水模式和埋藏白云岩化模式等具有一定的普遍性。理清白云岩成因问题,对于认识以白云岩及其相关的碳酸盐岩为储层的油气勘探工作尤为重要。     

四川盆地震旦系白云岩成因研究

自然界有无原生沉淀白云岩成为白云石成因研究中长期争论的话题.迄今为止,在世界范围内对白云石成因机制尚没有完善的科学答案.有趣的是前寒武纪全球广泛发育白云岩,而寒武纪以来形成的白云石很少.目前很少有文章涉及这未解之谜.本文选择了四川盆地震旦系藻白云岩和非藻白云岩,将宏观全球构造、板块运动观点与微观先进分析方法相结合,对白云石形成的地质构造背景、水介质条件、成因机制进行了深入讨论,提出藻白云岩,微、泥晶白云岩为原生(或准同生)形成,纯细晶白云岩为早期成岩白云石化作用形成,含硅细晶白云岩为埋藏环境白云石化作用形成的认识,并首次应用晶胞参数和结晶有序度判别原生和次生白云石.     

Dolomitization and the causes of dolomitization dolomite reservoir

This paper utilizes multi-methods,such as core observation,slice identification,isotope analysis,trace element analysis,fluid inclusion technique and so on,to study the causes of the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag and the origins of the dolomite reservoir.The study results show that the forming environment of dolomite in the Nanpu Sag is a fresh-water lake environment,and the dolomite is the product of dolomitization which is caused by volcanic thermal fluids in the Early Dongying period.With the development of intergranular pores in the dolomitization process,a lot of dissolved pores/vugs and fractures were formed by denudation in the later periods because of the influence of thermal fluids including the associated fluids of volcanic activities and the expelled hydrocarbon fluids of the source rocks.On the whole,these secondary dissolution spaces greatly enhance the reservoir ability of the dolomite,and there are enough reservoir spaces in the dolomite in the Nanpu Sag.     

湖相原生白云石的微生物成因机理探讨*

近年来,随着对微生物白云石模式研究的不断深入,为解释“白云石问题”提供了新思路。前人对微生物白云石成因研究侧重于微生物对未固结沉积物的改造,即有机准同生白云石化作用,这与实验室中以微生物为媒介形成的“有机原生白云石”在成因机理上存在差异。笔者将微生物白云石机理引入湖相原生白云石成因解释中,认为在湖水—沉积物交界处也会发生微生物成因的原生白云石沉淀,即有机原生白云石。湖水与沉积物交界处的微环境存在明显区别,总体可分为有氧和缺氧2种亚环境,不同亚环境中生活有不同的微生物群落。根据湖泊亚环境特性和微生物种类及其在白云石形成过程中所发挥的作用,可以区分出细菌有氧氧化模式、硫酸盐还原模式和产甲烷模式3种微生物白云石模式。不同模式对应于不同的湖泊环境: 细菌有氧氧化模式主要发生于有氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;硫酸盐还原模式主要发生于缺氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;产甲烷模式主要发生于缺氧、低Mg/Ca值的淡水/咸水湖环境。另外,还探讨了pH值变化、SO42-的存在和硫化物对镁水合物脱水的影响以及微生物白云石沉淀的环境因子。对微生物成因的原生白云石模式的深入认识,将为湖相白云石成因研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

Microcrystalline dolomite in a middle Permian volcanic lake: Insights on primary dolomite formation in a non-evaporitic environment

Lacustrine dolomite nucleation commonly occurs in modern and Neogene evaporitic alkaline lakes. As a result, ancient lacustrine microcrystalline dolomite has been conventionally interpreted to be formed in evaporitic environments. This study, however, suggests a non-evaporitic origin of dolomite precipitated in a volcanic–hydrothermal lake, where hydrothermal and volcanic processes interacted. The dolomite occurs in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu intracontinental rift basin, north-west China. Dolostones are composed mainly of nano-sized to micron-sized dolomite with a euhedral to subhedral shape and a low degree of cation ordering, and are interlaminated and intercalated with tuffaceous shale. Non-dolomite minerals, including quartz, alkaline feldspars, smectite and magnesite mix with the dolomite in various proportions. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.704528 to 0.705372, average = 0.705004) and δ²⁶Mg values (−0.89 to −0.24‰, average = −0.55‰) of dolostones are similar to those of mantle rocks, indicating that the precipitates mainly originated from fluids that migrated upward from the mantle and were subject to water–rock reactions at a great depth. The δ¹⁸O values (−3.1 to −22.7‰, average = −14.0‰) of the dolostones indicate hydrothermal influence. The trace and rare earth element concentrations suggest a saline, anoxic and volcanic–hydrothermally-influenced subaqueous environment. In this subaqueous environment of Lucaogou lake, locally high temperatures and a supply of abundant Mg²⁺ from a deep source induced by volcanic–hydrothermal activity formed favourable chemical conditions for direct precipitation of primary dolomite. This study's findings deepen the understanding of the origin and processes of lacustrine primary dolomite formation and provide an alternative possibility for environmental interpretations of ancient dolostones.     

微生物白云岩模式研究进展

白云石（岩）问题一直是沉积学领域长期关注的研究主题之一。近年来,在研究含有白云石的现代自然环境和促进原生白云石的沉淀实验中,都加入了微生物因素,并取得了令世人关注的效果,这无疑为白云石（岩）的成因研究提供了新思路与新途径。在前人研究基础上,总结现有的观察资料和实验结果,将微生物促进白云石沉淀的机理模式归纳为厌氧模式和需氧模式2种,并分别介绍这两种模式中硫酸盐还原细菌、产甲烷菌和嗜盐好氧细菌促进白云石沉淀的机理;与微生物相关的矿物形态学特征中,球形和哑铃形白云石及白云石最初的成核阶段所形成的纳米球粒状结构具有一定代表意义,尤其是纳米球粒状结构可以作为生物矿物学上微生物白云石的标志性结构。通过这些特殊的形态特征来寻找微生物作用的证据,或可为古代相似成因白云石（岩）的成因研究提供一种标志。     

Mineralogy,nucleation and growth of dolomite in the laboratory and sedimentary environment: A review

Dolomite [CaMg(CO₃)₂] forms in numerous geological settings, usually as a diagenetic replacement of limestone, and is an important component of petroleum reservoir rocks, rocks hosting base metal deposits and fresh water aquifers. Dolomite is a rhombohedral carbonate with a structure consisting of an ordered arrangement of alternating layers of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ cations interspersed with anion layers normal to the c‐axis. Dolomite has symmetry, lower than the (CaCO₃) symmetry of calcite primarily due to Ca–Mg ordering. High‐magnesium calcite also has symmetry and differs from dolomite in that Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions are not ordered. High‐magnesium calcite with near‐dolomite stoichiometry (≈50 mol% MgCO₃) has been observed both in nature and in laboratory products and is referred to in the literature as protodolomite or very high‐magnesium calcite. Many dolomites display some degree of cation disorder (Ca²⁺ on Mg²⁺ sites and vice versa), which is detectable using transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. Laboratory syntheses at high temperature and pressure, as well as studies of natural dolomites show that factors affecting dolomite ordering, stoichiometry, nucleation and growth include temperature, alkalinity, pH, concentration of Mg and Ca, Mg to Ca ratio, fluid to rock ratio, mineralogy of the carbonate being replaced, and surface area available for nucleation. In spite of numerous attempts, dolomite has not been synthesized in the laboratory under near‐surface conditions. Examination of published X‐ray diffraction data demonstrates that assertions of dolomite synthesis in the laboratory under near‐ambient conditions by microbial mediation are unsubstantiated. These laboratory products show no evidence of cation ordering and appear to be very high‐magnesium calcite. Elevated‐temperature and elevated‐pressure experiments demonstrate that dolomite nucleation and growth always are preceded by very high‐magnesium calcite formation. It remains to be demonstrated whether microbial‐mediated growth of very high‐magnesium calcite in nature provides a precursor to dolomite nucleation and growth analogous to reaction paths in high‐temperature experiments.     

前陆盆地沉降机理和地层模型

前陆盆地形成的主要原因是造山带负载导致的岩石圈挠曲。逆冲作用造成地壳增厚,造山带的巨大质量又导致下部岩石圈的区域均衡沉降,从而临近和平行于造山带发育了凹陷。另外,前陆盆地的演化也受到沉积物供应、盆地内沉积物扩散能力、岩石圈强度、造山带逆冲速率、全球海平面变化、和俯冲有关的动力沉降及俯冲负载等众多其它因素的影响。本文阐述了这些因素与前陆盆地沉降的关系,介绍了与幕式逆冲有关的地层模型和欠补偿-过补偿地层模型。希望本文能够对中国西北地区前陆盆地的研究起到一定的借鉴意义。     

雪峰山西侧地区下古生界海相白云岩储层的成岩作用

分析雪峰山西侧震旦系灯影组、寒武系武陵统—芙蓉统海相白云岩的区域分布特征和储层岩石学特征,并结合普通薄片、铸体薄片、碳氧同位素、常量元素、电子探针等资料,定量化研究对储层发育起建设性作用的成岩类型,探讨其纵横向差异。结果表明,研究区白云岩的分布特征明显受相带变化的影响和控制;震旦系灯影组主要为晶粒白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩和藻白云岩,武陵统—芙蓉统则以灰质白云岩、晶粒白云岩和残余颗粒白云岩为主。灯影组与武陵统—芙蓉统白云岩成岩期主要经历了压实压溶、胶结和矿物充填、重结晶、白云岩化、硅化、溶蚀、破裂等作用,其中对形成有利储集空间起积极作用的主要有白云岩化、溶蚀、破裂等。区域对比表明,武陵统—芙蓉统和灯影组白云岩储层在纵向上和平面上存在差异,在区域展布上存在不均一性。研究结果为下一步区块优选提供了一定的依据。     

Microbial dolomite in the sabkha environment of the middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin,NW China

In the Tarim Basin, dolomite, which formed during the middle Cambrian associated with evaporites, has been attributed to the sabkha-style dolomite formed during the syndepositional period. The sedimentary microfacies suggests dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian is an ancient analogue of the sabkha of Abu Dhabi. Poorly crystallised dolomite spheroids or ovoids within or on the surface of dolomite crystals are a common phenomenon that can be widely observed in different stromatolites in the upper part of the intertidal zone and strongly resemble the morphology in modern sabkha dolomite-producing microbial mats and in microbial culture experiments. These lines of evidence suggest organic substrates for dolomite nucleation. Dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin has been considered a classic analogue for carbonate and evaporate assemblages. The extent of microbial dolomite in ancient sabkha environments is proposed as an alternative model for dolomite formation, in which the mineral properties of organic substrates play a crucial role.