HIRS-Tb12揭示的亚洲夏季风建立的气候学特征及与华东旱涝

HIRS－Tb12资料和常规资料对比分析表明：南、北半球副热带高压区域具有不同的温度、湿度和垂直运动的结构特征，HIRS－Tb12资料能很好地表征出这些特征。当南海地区、阿拉伯海地区高压迅速减弱，且HIRS－Tb12小于200W/m^2时，分别对应于南海季风、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾季风爆发。华东地区显著干旱年和显著雨涝年两半球副热带高压下沉区演变趋势具有显著的差异。     

东亚副热带夏季风槽的气候特征及其与南海夏季风槽的比较

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,从气候特征角度研究了东亚副热带夏季风槽的结构和演变特征及其与南海夏季风槽的区别.结果表明,无论是辐合还是对流,南海夏季风槽都强于副热带夏季风槽.南海夏季风槽伸展高度较低,位置少变;而副热带夏季风槽伸展高度较高,并且随高度向北倾斜.南海夏季风槽建立早且突然,表现为对流层低层正相对涡度突然出现,其撤退缓慢;副热带夏季风槽则是渐进式建立,表现为低层云贵高原、广西地区的正相对涡度逐步向东北方向扩展,其撤退较快.南海夏季风槽建立过程中东西风向逆转是一个很明显的指示因子,而副热带夏季风建立过程没有伴随明显的风向逆转,主要特征是西风增强.南海夏季风槽不具备锋面性质,副热带夏季风槽则具备明显的锋面性质.     

THE EAST ASIAN SUBTROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ITS RELATION WITH THE CLIMATE ANOMALIES IN CHINA

A new East Asian subtropical summer monsoon circulation index is defined, where the barotropic and baroclinic components of circulation are included. Results show that this index can well indicate the interannual variability of summer precipitation and temperature anomalies in China. A strong monsoon is characterized by more rainfall in the Yellow River basin and northern China, less rainfall in the Yangtze River basin, and more rainfall in south and southeast China, in association with higher temperature in most areas of China. Furthermore, comparison is made between the index proposed in this paper and other monsoon indexes in representing climate anomalies in China.     

东亚副热带夏季风环流指数及其与中国气候的关系

采用大气环流正、斜压分解方法,从东亚副热带夏季风为正、斜压混合型季风观点出发,定义并计算了1958-1997年东亚副热带夏季风环流指数。该环流指数与1961-1995年中国160站夏季降水、气温的相关分析表明,它与中国东部夏季降水和气温的关系密切：强季风年,以河套地区为中心的黄河流域及华北地区多雨,长江流域少雨,华南和东南沿海多雨,以长江流域为中心的全国绝大部分地区气温偏高。弱季风年情况相反。此外,还将该环流指数与目前常用的4种东亚夏季风指数进行了对比分析。     

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summer monsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introduced later.     

ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA

By using the daily-14 year(1983—1996)NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,wecarefully study in each pentad the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China and givento it a new definition.This definition considered the intensity of southwesterly winds at 850 hPatogether with its degree in temperature and moisture.The result revealed that:(1)The advance of the summer monsoon in China shows three abrupt northward shifts andfour relatively stationary stays.The four stable stages correspond to the peak of the pro-summerrainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in the Changjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe RiverValleys.the rainy season in the downstream of the Huanghe(Yellow)Riyer Valleys and the rainyseason in northern China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is so fast that it totally retreatsfrom the mainland at about the mid-August.(2)The northward advance of summer monsoon in China is basically controlled by theseasonal variation latitudinally of the upper level planetary westerlies.It is in roughly accord withthe temporal variation in the position of 15 m s~(-1) isotaeh at 200 hPa.The fast retreat of thesummer monsoon is mainly due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau.(3)The advance of 500 hPa subtropical high of the western Pacific is also in aecordanee withthe advance of the summer monsoon in China.During the advancement of the summer monsoon,the eastward movement of the subtropical high shows great meaning that it creates the essentialcondition for the convergence of southward intrusion cold airs with the warm and humidsouthwesterly winds,which result in precipitation.There are three manifest eastward movementsof the subtropical high during its northward advancement.They coincide correspondingly to thebeginning of the peak of the pre-summer rainy period in South China,the“Meiyu”season in theChangjiang(Yangtze)-Huaihe River Valleys and finally the rainy season in northern China.Thewestern part of the subtropical high moves eastward to the region of Japan in late July and thebeginning of August.It then stays there for quite a long time which results in the straightmovement of cold airs intruding from the north to the east of Tibetan Plateau,i.e.the easternregion of China.This provides good condition for the fast southward retreat of the summermonsoon.(4)The intensifieation and development of the Tibetan high at 200 hPa are closely related to the eastward movement of the subtropical high,they often occur simultaneously.     

ENSO对亚洲夏季风环流和中国夏季降水影响的诊断研究

文中以ＳＶＤ分析技术为基础,发展了一种用以提取一个矢量场和一个标量场耦合信号的统计诊断方法——联合ＳＶＤ方法（简记为ＣＳＶＤ）,并运用ＣＳＶＤ分析了ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲季风环流系统及中国夏季降水的年际变化的影响。结果表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年,印度夏季风减弱,东亚夏季风增强;而在ＬａＮｉｎａ年,印度夏季风增强,东亚夏季风减弱。且ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲夏季风环流影响显著的区域主要在长江流域南北气流交汇区和索马里急流区,而对中国夏季降水影响最显著的区域则在江淮流域。     

亚洲热带气候态夏季风涌传播特征及其对中国降水的影响

基于1979—2020年逐日的NOAA向外长波辐射资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,以及全球CMAP再分析降水资料,探讨了气候态亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播过程及与我国夏季相应的降水联系。分析结果表明,主汛期亚洲热带气候态夏季风季节内振荡(CISO)活动是亚洲夏季风活动的主要特征,随时间北传的亚洲热带夏季风CISO称为亚洲热带夏季风涌,主要有南亚夏季风涌和南海夏季风涌。亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播可分为四个阶段。在亚洲热带夏季风涌的发展阶段,印度洋区域低频气旋与对流活跃,孟加拉湾和南海热带区域被低频东风控制,我国大部分地区无降水发生,降水中心位于两广地区。当进入亚洲热带夏季风涌活跃阶段,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低频气旋和对流活跃,东亚低频“PJ”波列显著,我国降水中心北移到长江以南的附近区域。亚洲热带夏季风涌减弱阶段,孟加拉湾与南海低频气旋消亡,对流减弱,低频西风加强,日本南部附近为低频反气旋控制,我国长江中下游低频南风活跃,降水中心也北移到长江中下游地区,而华南地区已基本无降水,此阶段的大气低频环流场与亚洲热带夏季风涌发展阶段基本相反。进入亚洲热带夏季风涌间歇阶段时,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低...     

乌拉尔阻塞高压影响亚洲夏季风环流和我国东部旱涝的数值试验

使用郭晓岚。钱永甫ｐ－σ坐标系５层原始方程球带（３０°Ｓ～７０°Ｎ）模式，将乌拉尔阻塞高压的作用作为初、边条件引进模式，通过实例对比和控制对比试验研究了乌拉尔阻高对亚洲季风环流和我国东部旱涝的影响。发现乌拉尔阻高作为一个激发源能激发出一支东南一西北向的定常波列，其高空反气旋辐散环流（低空为槽区）恰好位于长江中下游地区，同时它增强东亚西风急流，有利于扰动的发展，且在急流入口区诱导出附加的次生环流，增强东亚季风上升气流。因此乌拉尔阻高的存在及其激发的定常波列是导致江淮洪涝的大尺度关键因子和影响机制。     

热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度变化及其对西南地区东部夏季旱涝的影响

利用1959—2006 年西南地区东部20 个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR 再分析月平均资料,分析了热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度异常特征及其对西南地区东部夏季降水(旱涝)的影响,结果表明:前期赤道东太平洋海表温度偏高,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多的可能性大;当前期春季印度洋海表温度偏高时,西南地区东部夏季降水可能偏多。太平洋区的海表温度距平(SSTA)分布呈“V”字型特征,赤道中东太平洋及南、北美西部沿海的SSTA 与赤道西太平洋、南北太平洋的SSTA 呈反相关分布,与西太平洋的亚洲大陆东部沿海的SSTA 呈正相关,赤道印度洋及南印度洋的大部分地区的SSTA 与赤道中、东太平洋的SSTA 变化是一致的。当春季赤道中东太平洋及印度洋海表温度(SST)偏高(偏低)时,夏季南亚高压位置偏南(偏北),强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),同时西太平洋副高强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),位置偏南(偏北),西伸(东退)明显,东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风偏弱(偏强),我国华北及华南地区盛行下沉(上升)运动,而整个长江流域及青藏高原东部盛行上升(下沉)运动,西南地区东部也盛行弱的上升(下沉)运动,这有利于西南地区东部降水偏多(偏少),出现洪涝(干旱)的可能性大。      

东亚夏季风区的低频振荡对长江中下游旱涝的影响

利用相关分析与合成分析的方法,讨论了东亚夏季风区的低频振荡及其与我国长江中下游地区旱涝的关系。研究发现,东亚强季风涌年,准30～60d振荡的影响显著,容易造成长江中下游多雨;东亚弱季风涌年,准30-60d振荡减弱,10-20d低频振荡为主要的振荡周期,容易造成长江中下游干旱。研究结果初步揭示了低频振荡对我国长江中下游地区旱涝的影响。研究表明,东亚夏季风中低频振荡传播规律对长江中下游地区降水的中长期预报有重要的指导意义。     

赤道涡旋与南海夏季风爆发

文中应用１９７９－１９９５年共１７ａ的８５０ｈＰａ风场资料和ＮＯＡＡ卫星的ＯＬＲ资料，分析了南海夏季风爆发的特征。证实南海夏季风爆发，落后于同纬度的中南半岛和菲律宾岛屿地区。但在南海的东部和西部，季风爆发几乎是同时的，具有某种驻波的特征。文中还证实，大多数年份的４，５月间在１０５°Ｅ附近有赤道涡旋形成，这个涡旋引导它上游的赤道西风或南半球西风进入南海南部，为南海的季风爆发创造有利条件。这种涡旋不活跃的年份，季风爆发往往偏晚。它们之间可能存在某种联系。４月中旬，这个涡旋的形成和１０５°Ｅ越赤道气流的初步建立是同时的。进入５月份，这支越赤道气流逐渐加强。南海夏季风的活动与这支气流可能关系密切。如果称位于１０５°Ｅ附近的赤道涡旋为东亚的爆发涡旋，它显然与南亚季风的情况有较大差别。南亚的爆发涡旋与季风爆发的关系是直接的，而在东亚，则是间接的，这也说明了东亚季风比南亚季风更具有复杂性。     

THE TIMING OF SOUTH-ASIAN HIGH ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO TROPICAL ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST-CENTRAL CHINA IN SUMMER

The timing of the South Asian High (SAH) establishment over the Indochina Peninsula (IP) from April to May and its relations to the setup of the subsequent tropical Asian summer monsoon and precipitation over eastern-central China in summer are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data and the daily precipitation data from 753 weather stations in China. It is found that the transitions of the zonal wind vertical shear and convection establishment over tropical Asia are earlier (later) in the years of early (late) establishment of SAH. In the lower troposphere, anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly circulation dominates the equatorial Indian Ocean. Correspondingly, the tropical Asian summer monsoon establishes earlier (later). Furthermore, the atmospheric circulation and the water vapor transport in the years of advanced SAH establishment are significantly different from the delayed years in Asia in summer. Out-of-phase distribution of precipitation in eastern-central China will appear with a weak (strong) SAH and western Pacific subtropical high, strong (weak) ascending motion in the area south of Yangtze River but weak (strong) ascending motion in the area north of it, and cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) water vapor flux anomaly circulation from the eastern-central China to western Pacific. Accordingly, the timing of the SAH establishment at the upper levels of IP is indicative of the subsequent onset of the tropical Asian summer monsoon and the flood-drought pattern over eastern-central China in summer.     

DIAGNOSES OF THE SEVERE DROUGHT OVER YUNNAN AREA IN THE EARLY SUMMER OF 2005

High temperature and drought occurred in Yunnan province during the late spring and early summer in 2005, which was the most severe event in this region since 1950’s. Based on the observational data and relevant diagnoses, this extreme weather event was studied and discussed. The results show that the occurrence of this event could be due to the following observational facts that happened in 2005. (1) The seasonal adjustment of middle-high-leveled atmospheric circulation was delayed. (2) The cold air activity center was deviated north. (3) The onset of summer monsoon over South China Sea was delayed. (4) The tropical convection activity was much weaker than usual. (5) The subtropical high over the western Pacific was located southwestwards and relatively strong.     

东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的标准、日期及其主要特征分析

文中利用中国东北区 80个测站 ,1980年以来近 2 0a逐日降水和同期NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料 ,提出了东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立和撤退的标准 ,即取 85 0hPa候平均资料 ,作沿 12 2 .5°E时间 纬度剖面图 ,将θse的336K和南风 4m/s等值线同时越过 4 0°N的候定义为东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的日期 (候 ) ,持续及累积的总候数为影响时间 ;该年θse的 336K等值线永久撤离到 4 0°N以南的候为东亚夏季风从中国东北区撤退的日期 ;如果某年θse的 336K和南风 4m/s等值线没有同时北移越过 4 0°N的候出现 ,确定为东亚夏季风在中国东北区没有建立的年份。文中相应给出 1980～ 2 0 0 0年建立、持续及累积和撤退的时间年历表 ,经计算东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的平均日期为第 4 1候 ( 7月第 5候 ) ,累积平均影响候数为 3.6候 ( 18d左右 ) ,开始撤退的平均日期为第 4 5候( 8月第 3候 ) ;东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立前后的候降雨量增加和撤退前后候降雨量递减十分显著 ,建立时水汽场由辐散转变为辐合。文中还定义了中国东北区强夏季风的年份 (建立的时间早 ,且累积候≥ 4候的年份 )为1981,1988,1990和 1994年 ,与国内学者定义的强夏季风年基本一致 ;在中国东北区没有建立东亚夏季风的年份为1980 ,1983,1987,1991,     

青藏高原对亚洲夏季风爆发位置及强度的影响

通过数值模拟,研究了青藏高原位于不同经度位置时,亚洲夏季风的爆发和演变情况,从动力和热力学角度分析了青藏高原大地形对亚洲夏季风爆发位置的影响。结果表明,青藏高原的“热力滑轮”作用引起:高原东南面热带陆地上空的偏南气流加强,降水增加,凝结潜热加强;高原西南面热带陆地上空出现偏北气流,降水减弱,陆面的感热加热加强。青藏高原对于亚洲夏季风的爆发地点有锚定的作用,在热带海陆分布的背景下,使亚洲夏季风首先在高原东南面的海洋东岸—陆地西岸爆发,并使亚洲季风降水重新分布。     

东亚夏季风南北进退的年代际变化对我国区域降水的影响

利用1958-2001年的中国740站逐日降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF) ERA40再分析资料,综合动力因子和热力因子定义了东亚夏季风指数,并利用该指数的变化定义了东亚夏季风前沿,客观、详尽地描述了季风的移动特征.结果表明,在1958-2001年期间,东亚夏季风活动在1965、1980和1994年出现3次明显转变.1958-1964年东亚夏季风前沿在华南和华北地区停留时间异常偏长,而在长江中下游地区停留时间异常偏短；1965-1979年季风前沿在华南和黄河下游地区停留时间稍长；1980-1993年季风前沿集中在长江中下游地区时间异常偏长,而在华北地区停留时间异常偏短；1994-2001年东亚夏季风在长江以南停留时间偏长,从而导致了我国东部区域降水的异常分布、旱涝灾害频繁发生.     

2005年6月东亚夏季风活动异常及其影响机制初步分析

应用欧洲中心（ECMWF）N日08时客观分析资料、中国测站降水资料、OLR资料和NCEP2再分析资料以及国家气象中心提供的1976～2006年的逐日西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置，利用合成分析、小波分析和带通滤波等方法，初步分析了2005年东亚夏季风的活动特征和影响机制。结果发现2005年6月东亚夏季风活动出现明显异常，其中31～32候季风前沿异常停留在南海-菲律宾一带以及华南西部，33～35候季风前沿停滞在华南地区，较常年明显偏南，造成了我国华南洪涝；36候季风前沿跳至黄淮地区，导致长江空梅、黄淮地区多雨。进一步研究发现西太平洋副热带高压和中高纬槽脊活动异常及热带和中高纬度低频振荡是导致2005年6月东亚夏季风异常的主要原因。     

东亚夏季风与中国夏季降水年际异常的分型研究

以海陆气压差定义的夏季风强度指数为依据,讨论了东亚夏季风年际异常与中国夏季降水的关系,发现东亚夏季风强时,中国夏季降水可能多也可能少,但以少雨为主,季风弱时,中国降水也是或多或少,但以多雨为主,依此可以将季风与降水的异常关系分成强季风强降水（Ａ）,强季风弱降水（Ｂ）,弱季风强降水（Ｃ）,弱季风弱降水（Ｄ）四种关系,其中（Ａ）型和（Ｄ）型,（Ｂ）型和（Ｃ）型的降水呈反相似性分布,主要特殊性反映在东北     

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND EASTERN ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY SYSTEMS AND DYNAMICAL MODEL INVERSION FORECAST

Based on the adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), methods to filter out the noise of impact factors from the main signal are discussed. Focusing on the abnormal weather conditions in 2010, we use the delay-relevant method to analyze the five members of the summer monsoon system that had the largest effect on the subtropical high anomalies from the observational data. ANFIS is suitable for research and simulation of subtropical highs that are difficult to describe accurately with dynamics, allowing the effect of five factors on the subtropical high anomalies to be examined. Our results show that the Mascarene cold high, the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, and the South China Sea monsoon trough had the largest effect on the subtropical high anomalies. Diagnostic analysis, with genetic algorithms (GA) and dynamical reconstruction theory, reconstructed the nonlinear dynamical model of the subtropical high and its main factors objectively and accurately from the sequence of observations in 2010. Furthermore, a dynamically extended forecast experiment is performed. The forecasts for the subtropical high area index, the Mascarene cold high index, the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, and the South China Sea monsoon trough index all show a strong short-term effect over less than 25 days. The forecasting trend is accurate, and the error rate is no more than 7%. Our results provide new insight and methods for research on the association between the western Pacific subtropical high and the East Asian summer monsoon system, and for the prediction of the western Pacific subtropical high index.