水工勘测中物探观测信号的处理及解译

针对电磁法物探观测信号离散傅立叶变换中信号畸变问题,研究了不同尺度窗口对信号分析的作用和影响.研究表明,不同尺度窗口表现了信号的不同特点,并各自具有一定的优缺点.信号解译中首先应进行小波分析,剔除病态信号,再根据信号和勘测目的,选用不同尺度窗口函数,从而准确、有效地进行信号处理与解译.     

Instability of wave propagation in saturated poroelastoplastic media

In the present work, stationary discontinuities and fluttery instabilities of wave propagation in saturated poro‐elastoplastic media are analysed in the frame of Biot theory. The generalized Biot formulations are particularly employed for simulating non‐linear coupled hydro‐mechanical behaviour of the media. Inertial coupling effect between the solid and the fluid phases of the media is also taken into account. The non‐associated Drucker–Prager criterion to describe non‐linear constitutive behaviour of pressure dependent elasto‐plasticity for the solid skeleton of the media is particularly considered. With omission of compressibility of solid grains and the pore fluid, the critical conditions of stationary discontinuities and flutter instabilities occurring in wave propagation are given in explicit forms. It is shown that when the stationary discontinuity is triggered at the surface of discontinuity there still may exist real wave speeds. The wave speeds across the stationary discontinuity surface entirely cease to be real only in non‐associated plasticity, certain ranges of value of Poisson's ratio and when compression stress normal to the surface of discontinuity dominates the stress state at the surface. It is also indicated that the fluttery instabilities, under which some wave speeds cease to be real even in strain hardening stage, may occur prior to stationary discontinuities only for non‐associated plasticity under certain conditions. These conditions are: (1) both the porosity and the Poisson's ratio possess relatively low values and (2) the deviatoric part of the effective stress normal to the surface of discontinuity is compressive. A region in the porosity–Poisson's ratio plot, in which fluttery instabilities are possible to occur, is given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Infra-low-frequency gravitational wave signals in the electric and magnetic fields of the earth

Signals with infra-low frequencies corresponding to the frequencies of gravitational-wave radiation from known binary star systems have been detected in the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth. The use of a eigenvector and signal-component analyzer has proved effective in detecting energetically not dominant components in time series of the electric and geomagnetic fields. The amplitude and probability characteristics of these signals are estimated.     

VTI介质隐式有限差分平面波偏移

这里研究了VTI（Vertical Transverse Isotropy）介质隐式有限差分（IFD）波场外推算子和VTI介质平面波偏移。在文中设计了VTI介质IFD波场外推算子,将Taylor分析法求得的差分系数,作为初始解,用非线性优化方法迭代求得算子系数。将设计的外推算子频散曲线和偏移脉冲响应与理论解进行了对比分析,验证出外推算子有较高的精度。从各向同性介质平面波偏移理论出发,结合VTI介质IFD波场外推算子,将平面波偏移推广到VTI介质中。对Hess VTI标准模型拟合数据进行偏移,偏移结果验证了平面波偏移在VTI介质中的有效性,以及在加强特定陡倾界面成像方面的优势。并且,与常规VTI介质叠前深度偏移相比,VTI介质平面波偏移在保证成像质量的前提下,大大减少了计算量,为各向异性偏移成像研究提供了新的技术思路。     

西南岩溶地区不同含水介质地球物理勘查技术

针对西南岩溶地区表层带岩溶水、管道型岩溶水(溶洞、暗河、管道等)、构造裂隙岩溶水等不同类型地下水赋存介质特点,通过适宜的地球物理方法使用条件以及找水特点的分析,提出不同含水介质中寻找地下水地球物理勘查要解决的地质问题、拟采用的综合物探方法,分别总结出了它们的电性参数(或曲线)的响应特征,形成了不同含水介质的地球物理勘查技术组合方案。最后通过实例验证其实用性,并对在西南岩溶地区地下水地球物理勘查工作中积累的技术经验进行了总结。      

基于高频GPS数据探测地震波信号的研究

介绍了适合于处理高频GPS数据的精密单点定位(PPP)和单点测速(PVD)两种算法,并通过静态模拟实验对其估值精度进行评估。精密单点定位算法解算的动态NEU三维坐标分量RMS分别为4.2、4.7和7.3mm;单点测速算法得到的NEU三维速度分量RMS分别为2.2、1.8和4.3mm/s。针对2010年4月4日墨西哥Baja California MS7.2级地震,选取震中距为60km的观测台站。采用精密单点定位和单点测速算法,分别解算高频GPS观测站的位移和速度的时间序列,其结果与并址的强震仪加速度积分得到的位移和速度的时间序列相比具有较好的一致性。实验结果表明:高频GPS能够有效提取地震波信号,且在强震中不易受仪器倾斜等因素影响,不存在积分偏差,是监测地震等地壳运动的重要手段。两种算法在地震监测应用中各有特点,精密单点定位可获得观测台站的永久变形量,单点测速可实时探测到高精度的地震波信号。     

非均匀介质中地震波传播的数值模拟

地震波场数值模拟方法多种多样,各种方法都有各自的特点.这里推出一种全新地震波场模拟方法--基于Forsyte广义正交多项式的迭积微分算子法,该方法将计算数学中的Forsyte多项式,应用到地震波传播的数值模拟中,它同时具有广义正交多项式迭积微分算子的高精度和有限差分短算子算法的高速度.通过对算子长度的调节及算子系数的优化,可同时兼顾波场解的全局信息与局部信息.复杂非均匀介质模型数值模拟结果说明了该方法的可行性.将该方法的计算结果与傅氏变换伪谱法、错格高阶有限差分法相比较,结果说明,该方法在波场模拟方面具有较好的发展潜力,并具有自身独到的优越性.     

TTI介质中波传播的伪谱法折叠效应的消除方法研究

在弹性波传播问题的研究中,伪谱法是一种很好的模拟方法。该法的最大优点是节省存储空间,运算速度优于其它方法。但是伪谱法也存在一定的问题,由于折叠效应的影响,普通的吸收边界条件不能达到良好的效果。所以,这里采用一种"反周期延拓"与普通吸收边界相结合的新办法,用来消除折叠效应和边界反射的影响,并在TTI介质的伪谱法正演模拟中加以应用。模拟结果表明,这种新的方法能有效地达到消除伪谱法正演模拟过程中所产生的折叠效应,具有一定的推广价值。     

多孔黏弹介质平面波理论及波场数值模拟

本文将黏弹固体骨架与各向异性多孔弹性模型相结合,并将地层黏弹性的特性考虑其中,更好地刻画了快P波和横波在地震频带的衰减现象。将多孔黏弹模型模拟结果同传统弹性模型模拟结果对比显示,多孔黏弹模型在模拟真实储层方面更具优势。     

应力波在非线性结构面介质中的传播规律

用切线刚度和法线刚度描述结构面特性,研究结构面初始刚度、频率、法向闭合量与其最大允许闭合量的比值对透射系数的影响。采用基于连续介质的块体离散元程序（CDEM）模拟结构面发生非线性变形条件下块体响应,研究结果表明,应力波在岩体中传播是一个传播和块体响应的过程,结构面的存在影响了应力波传播和响应,存在一个特征频率能够有效反映结构面刚度变化,给出了近似计算该特征频率的表达式,对岩体结构探测具有一定的指导意义。     

完全非线性聚焦波浪的数值模拟

利用高阶边界元方法求解拉普拉斯方程,建立了模拟完全非线性聚焦波的时域数值模型,其中追踪流体自由表面的方法为满足完全非线性自由水面条件的半混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法,运用四阶Runga-Kutta方法计算每一时间步新的波面高度和速度势,同时通过入射边界给定速度的二阶Stokes解析解产生波浪,并应用镜像格林函数消除水槽两个侧面和底面上的积分。对不同波陡的聚焦波群在水槽中开展了物理模型实验,并把试验结果和数值结果进行了对比,两者吻合得很好,然后对非线性条件下聚焦波的特点进行了研究。     

On the time scales of nonlinear instability in miscible displacement porous media flow

In this paper, we analyze the time scales associated with instable fingering induced by density contrasts in miscible displacement porous media flow. We perform numerical simulations of a two-dimensional domain with boundaries that are closed to flow and identify the three regimes of the dynamics, namely the development of a stable diffusive boundary layer, the onset and growth of instabilities, and the fully nonlinear dynamics. Special focus is given to the onset of the fully nonlinear regime. The results are generic in the sense that there are no parameters in the non-dimensional model problem. Large ensembles are studied and an error estimate is given based on the combined effect of numerical errors and sampling errors. The nonlinear time scales show a dependence on the size of initial perturbations. We estimate this size for three formations used for CO₂ storage and find that the onset of enhanced convective mixing is considerably delayed compared with the linear onset time.     

Seismic wave propagation in laterally inhomogeneous poroelastic media via BIEM

This work addresses in‐plane pressure P and vertically polarized shear SV seismic wave propagation in a finite, laterally inhomogeneous, multilayered poroelastic geological region resting on the homogeneous elastic half‐space. The particular approach followed here is based on a combination of the (i) viscoelastic approximation (isomorphism) to Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity and on the (ii) boundary integral equation method (BIEM) using frequency‐dependent fundamental solutions of the governing wave equations. The problem is formulated under plane strain conditions and time‐harmonic motions are assumed. Validation of the viscoelastic isomorphism and verification of the BIEM is done by solution of benchmark examples. These simulation studies reveal that the proposed methodology is able to depict a sensitivity of the seismic signals recovered to the following parameters: (i) poroelastic properties of fluid saturated layers; (ii) lateral geological inhomogeneity; (iii) surface topography and (iv) frequency content and direction of the incident wave. It is concluded that the combination of viscoelastic isomorphism with BIEM software provides an effective numerical tool for evaluating site‐effect phenomena in multilayered, fluid saturated geological regions with complex geometry. The numerical results obtained demonstrate that dynamic poroelasticity interacting with other physical peculiarities of the Earth's surface layers, such as lateral heterogeneity, material properties along the wave path, local geological profile and type of elastic wave, gives rise to complex seismic signals on the free surface at the site of interest. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Clarification of nonlinear retardation factors for colloid-enhanced transport in porous media

There have been a couple of contaminant retardation factors reported for the three-phase (aqueous, solid, and colloid) groundwater system. However, the retardation factor has often been presented by itself and not incorporated into the relevant transport equation, particularly when derived from the mass fraction approach. This may cause a misunderstanding of the retardation factor especially for the systems where multi-phases exist due to the presence of colloids and/or nonlinear sorption processes are involved. It is, therefore, necessary to clarify the form of the nonlinear retardation factor along with the relevant transport equation in the multi-phase system. Alternative forms of the retardation factor and relevant transport equation for specific conditions are presented in various combinations of the nonlinearity of involved sorption mechanisms. The retardation factors for specific conditions are compared with the ones available in the literature. The results indicate that more caution should be given in applying the retardation factor in order to explore contaminant transport in the multi-phase system where any nonlinear sorption is involved. Finally, presentation of the retardation factor along with the relevant transport equation in this study would help prevent possible misuse of the retardation factor in investigating contaminant transport in the multi-phase system.     

Transformation of the geophysical ecological function of abiotic spheres of the Earth under the impact of technogenesis and its consequences

Among the ecological functions of the Earth’s spheres that play an important role in the formation of ecological conditions on the Earth, the geophysical function is “assigned” the role of a regulator of energy exchange between living and inert matter. The geophysical ecological function is realized through the natural and technogenic physical fields, whose total potential is a factor of physical (energy) impact on living organisms. As a result there can be an energy imbalance that would lead to a change in the ecological situation surrounding humans and the world of coexisting living organisms.     

运用Hartley变换模拟地震波在正交各向异性介质中的传播

在地震传播理论中,地震波场的正演数值模拟一直是研究的热点。而在正演数值模拟方法的研究中,计算精度和计算效率是评价此方法的有效性及优越性的二个关键问题。伪谱法在计算精度与计算效率方面优越性十分明显,常用的有Fourier变换法和Hartley变换法;虽然Hartley变换法在求取导数时较Fourier变换法复杂,但由于Fourier变换法的计算同时涉及复数的实部与虚部,在计算速度和占用内存方面不如Hartley变换法。这里详细地阐述了利用Hartley变换求解正交各向异性介质波动方程的数值方法,并模拟了多种正交各向异性介质模型,对比分析了地震波在各向同性介质与正交各向异性介质中的传播差异。结论表明,该方法能正确、高效、直观地反应地震波在正交各向异性介质中的传播规律。     

爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展的动态分析

采用透射式焦散线测试系统,进行爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展试验,研究了含与炮孔共线的预制裂隙介质裂纹扩展速度、加速度、裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子和动态能量释放率的变化规律以及它们之间的变化关系。试验结果表明,在爆炸应力波作用下裂隙两端产生了两条翼裂纹A、B,翼裂纹A的长度较翼裂纹B长,两条翼裂纹向相反的方向扩展;在翼裂纹扩展过程中,存在着加速与减速的过程,扩展速度瞬间达到峰值,其后逐渐振荡下降;动态应力强度因子也呈现瞬间达最大值到逐渐减小连续振荡变化的趋势,动态应力强度因子 > ;翼裂纹尖端的动态能量释放率对裂纹扩展具有驱动作用。